# syncCache

key: SVW64JBH
data:
  {"key":"SVW64JBH","version":507,"data":{"key":"SVW64JBH","version":507,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The characteristic of spray using diesel water emulsified fuel in a diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sangki","lastName":"Park"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Seungchul","lastName":"Woo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hyungik","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kihyung","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"In this study, it was applied to the diesel-water emulsified (DE) fuel that carried out the experiment for the characteristic of sprat using diesel water emulsified fuel in a diesel engine, and the possibility of its application to conventional diesel engines was evaluated from the fundamental characteristics of diesel-water emulsified fuel. According to the results of the spray characteristics such as spray penetration and spray distribution were measured in the experiment, and then analyzed through digital image processing. The DEs were applied to actual diesel engines and their combustion, emission, and fuel consumption characteristics were compared with those of diesel. The results showed that the experiments were confirmed as the spray atomization characteristics at the various emulsified fuels.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"176","issue":"","pages":"209–220","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.069","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.069","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engine"},{"tag":"Diesel-water emulsified fuel"},{"tag":"Micro-explosion"},{"tag":"NOx"},{"tag":"PM"},{"tag":"Spray atomization"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z"}}


key: QS8CKJL5
data:
  {"key":"QS8CKJL5","version":507,"data":{"key":"QS8CKJL5","version":507,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of Nozzle Diameter on Diesel Spray Flames: A numerical study using an Eulerian Stochastic Field Method","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kar Mun","lastName":"Pang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mehdi","lastName":"Jangi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xue Song","lastName":"Bai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jesper","lastName":"Schramm"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jens Honore","lastName":"Walther"}],"abstractNote":"The present numerical study aims to assess the performance of an Eulerian Stochastic Field (ESF) model in simulating spray flames produced by three fuel injectors with different nozzle diameters of 100 μm, 180 μm and 363 μm. A comparison to the measurements shows that although the simulated ignition delay times are consistently overestimated, the relative differences remain below 28%. Furthermore, the change of the averaged pressure rise with respect to the variation of nozzle diameter is captured by the model. The simulated flame lift-off lengths also agree with the measurements, with a maximum relative difference of 13%. The spray flame produced by a larger nozzle diameter has a fuel-richer premixed core region despite the longer lift-of length, indicating that the higher fueling rate used with the larger nozzle diameter is a more dominating factor than the lift-off length is in influencing the air entrainment into the upstream of the spray flames. In addition, the simulated normalised flame lengths are found to decrease when the nozzle diameters increase. These predictions are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental observation. This work proves that the ESF model can serve as an important tool for the simulation of spray flames in marine diesel engines, where fuel injectors with different nozzle diameters are applied for pilot and main injections.","publicationTitle":"Energy Procedia","volume":"142","issue":"","pages":"1028–1033","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.350","ISSN":"18766102","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.350","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier B.V.","tags":[{"tag":"Eulerian Stochastic Fields"},{"tag":"diesel spray flame"},{"tag":"flame length"},{"tag":"nozzle hole diameter"},{"tag":"turbulent combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z"}}


key: C3RLAXGQ
data:
  {"key":"C3RLAXGQ","version":506,"data":{"key":"C3RLAXGQ","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"1","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. D.","lastName":"Han, Z. and Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"The RNG κ-ϵ turbulence model derived by Yakhot and Orszag (1986) based on the Renormalization Group theory has been modified and applied to variable-density engine flows in the present study. The original RNG-based turbulence transport approximations were developed formally for an incompressible flow. In order to account for flow compressibility the RNG ϵ-equation is modified and closed through an isotropic rapid distortion analysis. Computations were made of engine compressing/expanding flows and the results were compared with available experimental observations in a production diesel engine geometry. The modified RNG κ-ϵ model was also applied to diesel spray combustion computations. It is shown that the use of the RNG model is warranted for spray combustion modeling since the ratio of the turbulent to mean-strain time scales is appreciable due to spray-generated mean flow gradients, and the model introduces a term to account for these effects. Large scale flow structures are predicted which are affected by the spray and the squish and are consistent with endoscope combustion images. The effects of flow compressibility on both non-reacting compressing/expanding flows and reacting flows are discussed. It is concluded that predicted combustion parameters, particularly, soot emissions, are significantly influenced by the treatment of flow compressibility in the turbulence model.","publicationTitle":"Combustion Science and Technology","volume":"106","issue":"","pages":"","date":"1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z"}}


key: WPFNLQGA
data:
  {"key":"WPFNLQGA","version":506,"data":{"key":"WPFNLQGA","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Influence of deposit on spray behaviour under flash boiling condition with the application of closely coupled split injection strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiao","lastName":"Ma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yizhou","lastName":"Jiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yanfei","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"}],"abstractNote":"The effects of deposit on the spray macroscopic characteristics and droplet behaviour under flash boiling condition were investigated through high speed imaging and Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) techniques. Closely coupled split injection strategy was tried to alleviate the negative effect of deposit on spray characteristics. It was found that with single injection strategy, deposit led to smaller cone angle and longer penetration due to poorer atomization and dispersion. Deposit also resulted in larger droplet size by introducing large droplets and lowering the potential of further breakup into small ones. When split injection strategy was employed under non-flash boiling condition, the effects of deposit of on the over-penetration and the resultant high potential of impingement were alleviated, while the negative effect of deposit on droplet size was enhanced. However, when split injection was used under strong flash boiling condition, the negative influence of deposit on the spray over-penetration was significantly alleviated and the negative impact on the droplet size was almost eliminated although reduced potential for large droplets to further break up was still found. The employment of optimal split injection strategy is believed to be important for the alleviation of the adverse effect of deposit on the spray characteristics and the emissions.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"190","issue":"","pages":"67–78","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.012","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.012","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Deposit"},{"tag":"Flash boiling"},{"tag":"Split injection"},{"tag":"Spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z"}}


key: TKZBCM7W
data:
  {"key":"TKZBCM7W","version":506,"data":{"key":"TKZBCM7W","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Control Strategy Development of Natural Gas / Diesel Dual Fuel Engine for Heavy Duty Vehicle","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhanming","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0628.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z"}}


key: VKE2XR8T
data:
  {"key":"VKE2XR8T","version":506,"data":{"key":"VKE2XR8T","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Three-Zone Heat Release Model for DI Diesel Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G V J","lastName":"Sastry"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Harish","lastName":"Chandra"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"412","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z"}}


key: 89582T6T
data:
  {"key":"89582T6T","version":506,"data":{"key":"89582T6T","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"MicrOfilms International","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E","lastName":"Ploumis-Devick"}],"abstractNote":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the career development patterns of male and female music education majors at The Florida State University. Factors such as parental influence, role model influence, peer influence, music related experiences, and career counsel- ing were examined. The Music Educator's Career Development Survey (MECDS) developed by the investigator was used for data collection. The population consisted of all undergraduate music education majors enrolled at The Florida State University during the 1982 spring semester. The responding group consisted of 140 (70%) of the 201 undergraduates. The research questions were: 1. Are there differences in the career development patterns of instrumental and choral music education majors? 2. Are there differences in the career development patterns of male and female music education majors? 3. Are there differences in the career development patterns of male and female instrumental and choral music education majors? The conclusions drawn were: 1. Significant differences were found to exist among music education majors when categorized as male or female majors in the following areas: a) Preference of teaching level; b) Preference for teaching or performing; c) Confidence in the personal success expected to be gained from the music education pro- fession; d) Confidence that the music education profession would provide a desired level of social status; e) Nurber of years private music inst∼uction had been received before beginning college. 2. No significant difference was found between the factors which affect the career development patterns of music education majors when categorized as instrumental or choral majors. iii","publicationTitle":"Social Change","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"125","date":"1983","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0181061313176","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:01Z"}}


key: 5F95W54K
data:
  {"key":"5F95W54K","version":506,"data":{"key":"5F95W54K","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Parametric investigation of natural gas port injection and diesel pilot injection on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged common rail dual-fuel engine at low load","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chengxun","lastName":"Xi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yifu","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT","volume":"87","issue":"","pages":"297–304","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","ISSN":"0196-8904","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: KQ7GNNFT
data:
  {"key":"KQ7GNNFT","version":506,"data":{"key":"KQ7GNNFT","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Transport Equation Residual Model Incorporating Refined G-Equation and Detailed Chemical Kinetics Combustion Models","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shiyou","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claudia O","lastName":"Iyer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jianwen","lastName":"Yi"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"1","issue":"1","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: 4FVI74WB
data:
  {"key":"4FVI74WB","version":506,"data":{"key":"4FVI74WB","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Eccentric needle motion effect on near-nozzle dynamics of diesel spray","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Weidi","lastName":"Huang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Seoksu","lastName":"Moon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ya","lastName":"Gao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhilong","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jin","lastName":"Wang"}],"abstractNote":"The eccentric needle motion has been regarded as an important cause of in-nozzle flow disturbances and hole-to-hole spray variations of modern fuel injectors. However, the experimental investigations on this subject have rarely been reported due to great difficulties in the direct measurements of eccentric needle motion and the flow characteristics of individual holes in an injection nozzle. In this study, the axial and eccentric needle motion and the near-nozzle spray dynamics of 3-hole, 5-hole and 8-hole diesel injection nozzles were investigated in varied injection pressure conditions using an X-ray phase-contrast imaging technique. The eccentric needle motion and near-nozzle spray axial velocity showed temporal oscillations during the injection with different oscillation frequencies. The frequencies of these two oscillations were independent to the nozzle hole number and injection pressure. To discuss the mutual dependency of these two oscillations, the time traces of the spray axial velocity were measured for individual holes. The results showed that the oscillation phase, frequency and amplitude of the spray axial velocity were almost identical for all holes, which indicated that the sac pressure variation rather than hole-to-hole flow variation can be the primary cause of the spray axial velocity oscillation by the eccentric needle motion. The adequacy of this consideration was thoroughly discussed using a mass balance model in the nozzle sac that predicted the sac pressure variation during an injection event.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"206","issue":"","pages":"409–419","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.012","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.012","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel injector"},{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Eccentric needle motion"},{"tag":"Spray axial velocity"},{"tag":"X-ray phase-contrast imaging"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: Z4CHJMK9
data:
  {"key":"Z4CHJMK9","version":506,"data":{"key":"Z4CHJMK9","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Diesel fuel jet lift-off stabilization in the presence of laser-induced plasma ignition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lyle M.","lastName":"Pickett"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sanghoon","lastName":"Kook"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Helena","lastName":"Persson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Öivind","lastName":"Andersson"}],"abstractNote":"The mechanisms affecting lift-off stabilization at diesel conditions were investigated by laser-igniting a diesel fuel jet upstream of its natural lift-off position. Single-nozzle fuel sprays penetrating into an optically accessible constant-volume chamber were ignited using laser-induced plasma formation both prior to natural autoignition or after a quasi-steady lift-off length was established. Fuel sprays ignited readily, with reaction kernels growing in connected regions. After laser-ignition, the lift-off persists upstream of the natural lift-off position for a substantial period of time indicating that upstream ignition has a strong influence on lift-off stabilization. While not discounting the role of flame propagation downstream of the ignition event, these results show that upstream ignition sites can start a chain of events that effectively controls lift-off. Lift-off eventually returns to its natural position, but only after injection times that are too long for practical engines. The time of return to the natural position depends upon the relative distance of the laser-ignition site to the natural lift-off length. A theory for fuel jet lift-off stabilization based on flame propagation into pure fuel-ambient reactant streams fails to predict the long upstream stabilization away from the natural lift-off length because turbulent velocities are higher in upstream regions of the fuel jet. Likewise, upstream lift-off stabilization by autoignition of pure reactants (no mixing with combustion products) fails because of cooler temperatures and shorter residence times. A potential mechanism explaining the transient lift-off response to laser-ignition is offered based on turbulent mixing with high-temperature combustion products found at the jet edges.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"32 II","issue":"","pages":"2793–2800","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.082","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1540-7489","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel combustion"},{"tag":"Lifted flames"},{"tag":"Plasma ignition"},{"tag":"Soot"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: S2FLVT2V
data:
  {"key":"S2FLVT2V","version":506,"data":{"key":"S2FLVT2V","version":506,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Structure and breakup properties of sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G. M.","lastName":"Faeth"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L. P.","lastName":"Hsiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. K.","lastName":"Wu"}],"abstractNote":"Multiphase flow phenomena relevant to spray combustion are reviewed, emphasizing the structure of the near-injector dense-spray region and the properties of secondary and primary breakup. Existing measurements of dense-spray structure are limited to round pressure-atomized sprays in still gases and show that the dispersed flow region is surprisingly dilute, that separated flow effects are significant because the flow is dilute and developing, and that atomization involves primary breakup at the liquid surface followed by secondary breakup, while effects of collisions are small. Available information about secondary breakup emphasizes breakup due to shock wave disturbances at large liquid/gas density ratios and shows that secondary breakup is a dominant feature of dense sprays that must be resolved as a function of time so that secondary breakup can be properly treated as a rate process. Finally, available information about primary breakup has been dominated by effects of disturbances in the injector passage; therefore, while some understanding of turbulent primary breakup has been achieved, more information about aerodynamic primary breakup is needed to address practical spray combustion processes. © 1995, All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"21","issue":"","pages":"99–127","date":"1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/0301-9322(95)00059-7","ISSN":"03019322","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0301-9322","tags":[{"tag":"atomization"},{"tag":"dispersed flow"},{"tag":"injection"},{"tag":"primary breakup"},{"tag":"secondary breakup"},{"tag":"sprays"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: L76BRLXI
data:
  {"key":"L76BRLXI","version":505,"data":{"key":"L76BRLXI","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Investigating the Reaction Mechanism of Al/PVDF Films at 1 atm","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Miles C","lastName":"Rehwoldt"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeffery B","lastName":"DeLisio"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haiyang","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dylan J","lastName":"Kline"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rohit J","lastName":"Jacob"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael R","lastName":"Zachariah"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th National Combustion Meeting","volume":"2","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"heterogenous combustion"},{"tag":"reaction mechanisms"},{"tag":"thin films"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: HTFFMJA4
data:
  {"key":"HTFFMJA4","version":505,"data":{"key":"HTFFMJA4","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Availability analysis of n-heptane and natural gas blends combustion in HCCI engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.K.","lastName":"Amjad"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Khoshbakhi Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.M.S.","lastName":"Mahmoudi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Rahimi"}],"abstractNote":"One of the major problems associated with HCCI combustion engine application is lack of direct control for combustion timing. A proposed solution for combustion timing control is using a binary fuel blend in which two fuels with different auto-ignition characteristics are blended at various ratios on a cycle-by-cycle basis. The aim of this research is to investigate the exergy analysis of HCCI combustion when a blended fuel, which consists of n-heptane and natural gas, is used. In order to accomplish this task, a single-zone combustion model has been developed, which performs combustion computations using a complete chemical kinetics mechanism. The study was carried out with different percentages of natural gas in blended fuels and EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) ranging from about 45 to 85 percent and 0 to 40 percent, respectively. The results reveal that, when mass percentage of natural gas increases, exergy destruction is decreased increasing the second-law efficiency. Introducing EGR into the intake charge of dual fuel HCCI engine up to some stage (optimum value) enhances the second-law performance of the engine in spite of a reduction in work.","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"36","issue":"12","pages":"6900–6909","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.046","ISSN":"03605442","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: VWN85VGQ
data:
  {"key":"VWN85VGQ","version":505,"data":{"key":"VWN85VGQ","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion in Gas Fueled Compression: Ignition Engines of the Dual Fuel Type","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G. a.","lastName":"Karim"}],"abstractNote":"In the dual fuel engine much of the energy release comes from the combustion of the gaseous fuel while only a small amount of diesel liquid fuel provides ignition through timed cylinder injection. Such operation with optimum conversion methods has the potential to provide operational characteristics that are comparable or superior to those of the corresponding diesel or spark ignition engines. These characteristics may be realized only if sufficiently effective measures can be ensured both for the avoidance of knock, usually at high loads, and incomplete gaseous fuel utilization at relatively light loads. An objective of this contribution is to demonstrate that the main effort needed to overcome the problems associated with the operation of gas fueled dual fuel engines is via a better control of the relatively complex processes of combustion. Both experimental and analytical modeling procedures for effecting optimum improvement to the combustion process are described.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power","volume":"125","issue":"3","pages":"827","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.1581894","ISSN":"07424795","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: KJBQA4ET
data:
  {"key":"KJBQA4ET","version":505,"data":{"key":"KJBQA4ET","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A review of hydrogen and natural gas addition in diesel HCCI engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A Aziz","lastName":"Hairuddin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Talal","lastName":"Yusaf"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew P","lastName":"Wandel"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"32","issue":"","pages":"739–761","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.018","ISSN":"1364-0321","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.018","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Chemical kinetic"},{"tag":"Diesel"},{"tag":"Engine"},{"tag":"HCCI"},{"tag":"Hydrogen"},{"tag":"Natural gas"},{"tag":"Numerical"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: 2UXBN6BG
data:
  {"key":"2UXBN6BG","version":505,"data":{"key":"2UXBN6BG","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Availability analysis of n-heptane and natural gas blends combustion in HCCI engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A K","lastName":"Amjad"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R Khoshbakhi","lastName":"Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S M S","lastName":"Mahmoudi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Rahimi"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"36","issue":"12","pages":"6900–6909","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.046","ISSN":"0360-5442","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.046","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"availability analysis"},{"tag":"single-zone combustion model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:00Z"}}


key: PGMCIEEM
data:
  {"key":"PGMCIEEM","version":505,"data":{"key":"PGMCIEEM","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Changzhao","lastName":"Jiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dhananjay","lastName":"Srivastava"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiao","lastName":"Ma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karl","lastName":"Dearn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Roger","lastName":"Cracknell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jens","lastName":"Krueger-Venus"}],"abstractNote":"For modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, injector deposit is a concern because it can cause changes to the spray characteristics and lead to deterioration in fuel economy and exhaust emissions. In this study, in order to examine the link between spray variation and engine emissions deterioration due to injector deposit accumulation, 8 new injectors were installed on a GDI engine and run through a deposit accumulation process which included 6 cold starts and a 30-h steady state engine test at a speed of 2000 rpm and load of 5 bar break mean effective pressure (BMEP). One representative injector was examined before and after the deposit accumulation tests in order to understand the impact of deposit on the spray. Results showed that, at the end of the deposit accumulation test, the pulse width of the injectors stabilized at a level which was about 1.5% higher than at the start and the fuel consumption remained almost identical. High magnification and borescope imaging indicated that a significant amount of deposit had formed on the outer surface of the injector tip. However, Scan Electronic Microscope (SEM) imaging of the injector hole showed that, at this level of fouling, some deposit was present on the counterbore, while the nozzle hole was nearly completely unaffected. The deposit on the counterbore caused a 2.21% drop of the injector fuel flow rate at 150 bar injection pressure. Penetration lengths and mean droplet sizes of all jets increased significantly. As for the impacts of the varied spray characteristics on the engine emissions, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions significantly increased while other gaseous emissions (e.g. CO, NOx, CO2) only changed slightly.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"203","issue":"","pages":"390–402","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.020","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.020","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Deposits"},{"tag":"Gasoline direct injection"},{"tag":"Particulate matter"},{"tag":"Spray characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z"}}


key: U5AHA3P8
data:
  {"key":"U5AHA3P8","version":505,"data":{"key":"U5AHA3P8","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A new EDC approach for modeling turbulence/chemistry interaction of the gas-phase of biomass combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohammadreza","lastName":"Farokhi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Madjid","lastName":"Birouk"}],"abstractNote":"Small-scale grate-firing biomass combustors generate high level of pollutants as a result of poor air/fuel mixing and short residence time of combustion. Reliable gas-phase combustion modeling can play a key role in the improvement and optimization of the design of a biomass furnace. This paper proposes a new combustion model based on the framework of the well-known eddy dissipation concept (EDC) approach. The ability of EDC to incorporate detailed chemical reactions in turbulent reacting flows has made it attractive for modeling combustion. However, its application poses a challenge especially for modeling weakly turbulent reacting flow conditions, as well as reacting flows with comparable flow and chemical time scales. The newly proposed combustion scheme can reasonably describe the interaction of chemistry and turbulent flow over a wider range of turbulence conditions. To validate the model, simulations are carried out using diffusion and partially premixed jet flames covering weakly to highly turbulent flow conditions. Moreover, the capability of the new model in predicting NOx emissions, based on fuel bound nitrogen source as well as thermal NOx, is investigated. All numerical results are compared with their counterparts' experimental measurements of temperature and species concentrations. Compared to the standard EDC, the results of the new EDC approach reveal noticeable improvement in the predictions, especially for slow-forming and kinetically dominated species such as CO and NOx.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"220","issue":"January","pages":"420–436","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.125","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.125","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z"}}


key: YEFUXXDH
data:
  {"key":"YEFUXXDH","version":505,"data":{"key":"YEFUXXDH","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A study on tip penetration velocity and radial expansion of reacting diesel sprays with different fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"Desantes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"García-Oliver"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T.","lastName":"Xuan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W.","lastName":"Vera-Tudela"}],"abstractNote":"The reacting diesel spray structure was investigated using n-dodecane, n-heptane and one binary blend of Primary Reference Fuels (80% n-heptane and 20% iso-octane in mass) based on the existing database from previous experimental results from Schlieren imaging technique in a constant pressure combustion chamber. The spray tip velocity was derived from the derivative of tip penetration versus time. The operating conditions and the injector used (single axially-oriented hole, 89 mm-diameter) were chosen following the guidelines of the Engine Combustion Network. A 1D spray model was also applied here to support the analysis of experimental results. Parametric variations of injection pressure, ambient temperature and oxygen concentration have been performed for each fuel. Analysis of radial expansion and reacting tip velocity was performed in terms of an average spray radial increase (ΔR‾) and a constant (k) defining the tip penetration velocity. k values of reacting cases are always bigger than those from inert ones for both experimental and theoretical results. Based upon this parameter, quasi-steady tip penetration under the investigated conditions seems not to be affected by ambient temperature, oxygen content or fuel cetane number. Three cases with different fuels and similar ignition delay and lift-off length were further analyzed, which shows that the reactivity of the mixture has an effect on the transition timing from inert to reacting states, as well as on the initial penetration stages, but not on the quasi-steady phase. Apart from the similar tip velocity during quasi-steady phase, the full transient evolution of the tip is highly similar. The fact that this full overlap does not occur for other operating conditions indicates that early penetration stages are highly affected by the transient chemistry development, which largely depends on fuel cetane number.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"207","issue":"","pages":"323–335","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.108","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.108","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Cetane number"},{"tag":"Radial width"},{"tag":"Reacting Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Tip velocity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z"}}


key: C39F55WS
data:
  {"key":"C39F55WS","version":505,"data":{"key":"C39F55WS","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"On the accuracy of laminar flame speeds measured from outwardly propagating spherical flames : Methane / air at normal temperature and pressure","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"162","issue":"6","pages":"2442–2453","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.02.012","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.02.012","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z"}}


key: VISTC7CM
data:
  {"key":"VISTC7CM","version":505,"data":{"key":"VISTC7CM","version":505,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of injection timing, before and after top dead center on the propulsion and power in a diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nader","lastName":"Raeie"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sajjad","lastName":"Emami"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Omid","lastName":"Karimi Sadaghiyani"}],"abstractNote":"It is well known that injection strategies including the injection timing and pressure play the most important role in determining engine performance, especially in pollutant emissions. However, the injection timing and pressure quantitatively affect the performance of diesel engine with a turbo charger are not well understood. In this paper, the fire computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code with an improved spray model has been used to simulate the spray and combustion processes of diesel with early and late injection timings and six different injection pressure (from 275bar to 1000bar). It has been concluded that the use of early injection provides lower soot and higher NOx emissions than the late injection. In this study, it has been tried using the change of fuel injection time at these two next steps: before top dead center (BTDC) and after top dead center (ATDC) in order to achieving optimum emission and power in a specific point.","publicationTitle":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"3","issue":"2","pages":"59–67","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.jppr.2014.06.001","ISSN":"2212540X","shortTitle":"","url":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212540X14000248","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"After top dead center (ATDC)"},{"tag":"Before top dead center (BTDC)"},{"tag":"Diesel engine"},{"tag":"Indicated power"},{"tag":"NOx"},{"tag":"Soot"},{"tag":"Time injection"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z"}}


key: SSFNVEKV
data:
  {"key":"SSFNVEKV","version":504,"data":{"key":"SSFNVEKV","version":504,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Kinetic effects of non-equilibrium plasma-assisted methane oxidation on diffusion flame extinction limits","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mruthunjaya","lastName":"Uddi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sang","lastName":"Hee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Timothy","lastName":"Ombrello"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Campbell","lastName":"Carter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiguang","lastName":"Ju"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"159","issue":"1","pages":"221–229","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.07.008","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.07.008","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"nanosecond pulsed discharge"},{"tag":"plasma assisted combustion"},{"tag":"plasma flame chemistry reactions"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z"}}


key: SMTJ2FCI
data:
  {"key":"SMTJ2FCI","version":504,"data":{"key":"SMTJ2FCI","version":504,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Crank-Angle Resolved Modeling of Fuel Injection , Combustion and Emission Formation for Engine Optimization and Calibration on Real-Time Systems","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christoph","lastName":"Poetsch"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0558.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:59Z"}}


key: 9SGJWUA8
data:
  {"key":"9SGJWUA8","version":504,"data":{"key":"9SGJWUA8","version":504,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A numerical study of the effects of pressure fluctuations inside injection nozzle on high-pressure and evaporating diesel spray characteristics","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiang","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhiqiang","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wanhua","lastName":"Su"}],"abstractNote":"Effects of injection pressure fluctuations on high-pressure and evaporating spray behaviour, especially under the representative modern diesel engine injection conditions, were carefully evaluated by using a well validated two-stage modelling approach. The numerical results indicate that as the injection pressure fluctuates more drastically both liquid and gas phase motions in the spray field will be more intensively disturbed. Furthermore, the injection pressure fluctuations have strong potential to enhance fuel/gas mixing processes inside high-pressure and evaporating diesel spray field.","publicationTitle":"Applied Mathematical Modelling","volume":"40","issue":"5-6","pages":"4032–4043","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apm.2015.11.014","ISSN":"0307904X","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2015.11.014","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0307-904X\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Fuel/air mixing"},{"tag":"Injection pressure fluctuation"},{"tag":"Liquid phase penetration"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:58Z"}}


key: 6YPRZHEN
data:
  {"key":"6YPRZHEN","version":564,"data":{"key":"6YPRZHEN","version":564,"itemType":"book","title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hadley","lastName":"Wickham"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"Springer-Verlag New York","date":"2016","numPages":"","language":"","ISBN":"978-3-319-24277-4","shortTitle":"","url":"https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-05-02T20:57:32Z","dateModified":"2022-05-02T20:57:32Z"}}


key: I836M8VU
data:
  {"key":"I836M8VU","version":564,"data":{"key":"I836M8VU","version":564,"itemType":"book","title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","name":"RStudio Team"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"Boston, MA","publisher":"RStudio, PBC.","date":"2020","numPages":"","language":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.rstudio.com/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-05-02T20:57:22Z","dateModified":"2022-05-02T20:57:22Z"}}


key: 6IYFXWYL
data:
  {"key":"6IYFXWYL","version":564,"data":{"key":"6IYFXWYL","version":564,"itemType":"book","title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","name":"R Core Team"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"Vienna, Austria","publisher":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","date":"2018","numPages":"","language":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.R-project.org/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-05-02T20:57:06Z","dateModified":"2022-05-02T20:57:06Z"}}


key: ERSFL9KJ
data:
  {"key":"ERSFL9KJ","version":559,"data":{"key":"ERSFL9KJ","version":559,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Chrome-Silicon Steel Compression Spring, 3\" Long, 4\" OD, 2.75\" ID | McMaster-Carr","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.mcmaster.com/9622K68/","accessDate":"2022-03-16T21:05:54Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["UXGMFB62"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-03-16T21:05:54Z","dateModified":"2022-03-16T21:05:54Z"}}


key: GCZSISAQ
data:
  {"key":"GCZSISAQ","version":556,"data":{"key":"GCZSISAQ","version":556,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Building student proficiency with scientific literature using the Zotero reference manager platform","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Thomas","lastName":"Kim"}],"abstractNote":"While mastery of the scientiﬁc literature is a strongly desirable trait for undergraduate students, the sheer volume of the current literature has complicated the challenge of teaching scientiﬁc literacy. Part of the response to this ever-increasing volume of resources includes formal instruction in the use of reference manager software while engaging students with the primary literature. This article describes the incorporation of the reference manager program Zotero into a chemical literature course to facilitate the use of digital resources and to better enable them to use proper citation skills in their technical writing.","publicationTitle":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education","volume":"39","issue":"6","pages":"412-415","date":"11/2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Biochem. Mol. Biol. Educ.","language":"en","DOI":"10.1002/bmb.20551","ISSN":"14708175","shortTitle":"","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bmb.20551","accessDate":"2022-02-22T17:42:19Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["UXGMFB62"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-02-22T17:42:19Z","dateModified":"2022-02-22T17:42:19Z"}}


key: F7XUED5W
data:
  {"key":"F7XUED5W","version":553,"data":{"key":"F7XUED5W","version":553,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Zotero: A Reference Manager for Everyone","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John D.","lastName":"Murimboh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christie R.","lastName":"Hollingdale"}],"abstractNote":"A review of Zotero 3.0b2, an open-source, cross-platform, all-in-one reference manager, document archiver, citation manager, and collaboration tool is presented. This report will discuss features such as collecting references, annotating references, integration with Microsoft Word and Open Oﬃce, backing up and synchronizing references, and sharing references with students and collaborators. Some useful but less commonly known tips and tricks are also described.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Chemical Education","volume":"89","issue":"1","pages":"173-174","date":"2012-01-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"J. Chem. Educ.","language":"en","DOI":"10.1021/ed1010618","ISSN":"0021-9584, 1938-1328","shortTitle":"Zotero","url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ed1010618","accessDate":"2022-02-22T17:39:48Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["UXGMFB62"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-02-22T17:39:48Z","dateModified":"2022-02-22T17:39:48Z"}}


key: FPMX4ZND
data:
  {"key":"FPMX4ZND","version":549,"data":{"key":"FPMX4ZND","version":549,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Extension of PREMIER combustion operation range using split micro pilot fuel injection in a dual fuel natural gas compression ignition engine: A performance-based and visual investigation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cagdas","lastName":"Aksu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nobuyuki","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazuya","lastName":"Tsuboi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Morio","lastName":"Kondo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eiji","lastName":"Tomita"}],"abstractNote":"The effects of split pilot fuel injection on engine performance and PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End Gas Region (PREMIER) combustion characteristics were investigated in a single-cylinder dual-fuel natural gas engine ignited with diesel fuel. In particular, the effect of second spray timing on combustion mode was examined. PREMIER combustion was observed in a wider range of operating conditions with split injection strategy compared to single injection strategy. We determined that it was possible to both decelerate heat release and suppress knocking to PREMIER combustion, and accelerate heat release and promote normal combustion to PREMIER combustion, with suitable second injection timing. The maximum of thermal efﬁciency of PREMIER combustion operation with split injection was close to the results obtained with knocking operation. In-cylinder images showed that split injection strategy advances or retards the progress of combustion by controlling the size and rate of growth of ﬂame kernels, depending on the timing of the second injection. The combustion progress is earlier when the pilot fuel delivered during the ﬁrst injection autoignites during the second injection. Kernel growth and the ﬁnal size were adversely affected when the second injection was initiated after pilot fuel autoignition.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"185","issue":"","pages":"243-253","date":"12/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.120","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"Extension of PREMIER combustion operation range using split micro pilot fuel injection in a dual fuel natural gas compression ignition engine","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236116307232","accessDate":"2021-12-04T21:08:20Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["DXGZGPTN"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-12-04T21:08:20Z","dateModified":"2021-12-04T21:08:20Z"}}


key: 3N5LWXCH
data:
  {"key":"3N5LWXCH","version":546,"data":{"key":"3N5LWXCH","version":546,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A lattice Boltzmann model for reactive mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N.","lastName":"Sawant"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Dorschner"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"I. V.","lastName":"Karlin"}],"abstractNote":"A new lattice Boltzmann model for reactive ideal gas mixtures is presented. The model is an extension to reactive flows of the recently proposed multi-component lattice Boltzmann model for compressible ideal gas mixtures with Stefan–Maxwell diffusion for species interaction. First, the kinetic model for the Stefan–Maxwell diffusion is enhanced to accommodate a source term accounting for the change in the mixture composition due to chemical reaction. Second, by including the heat of formation in the energy equation, the thermodynamic consistency of the underlying compressible lattice Boltzmann model for momentum and energy allows a realization of the energy and temperature change due to chemical reactions. This obviates the need for ad-hoc modelling with source terms for temperature or heat. Both parts remain consistently coupled through mixture composition, momentum, pressure, energy and enthalpy. The proposed model uses the standard three-dimensional lattices and is validated with a set of benchmarks including laminar burning speed in the hydrogen–air mixture and circular expanding premixed flame.\n            This article is part of the theme issue ‘Progress in mesoscale methods for fluid dynamics simulation’.","publicationTitle":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"379","issue":"2208","pages":"20200402","date":"2021-10-18","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.","language":"en","DOI":"10.1098/rsta.2020.0402","ISSN":"1364-503X, 1471-2962","shortTitle":"","url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2020.0402","accessDate":"2021-11-21T18:17:31Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KASUZWCG"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-11-21T18:17:31Z","dateModified":"2021-11-21T18:17:31Z"}}


key: G56RAN45
data:
  {"key":"G56RAN45","version":541,"data":{"key":"G56RAN45","version":541,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A CFD STUDY OF WATER CONDENSATION INSIDE THE TUBES OF AN AUTOMOTIVE COMPACT CHARGE AIR COOLER USING K-EPSILON VERSUS LARGE EDDY SIMULATION APPROACH","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robin","lastName":"Cash"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Apoorv","lastName":"Talekar"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"6","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"en","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2016-66999","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Zotero","callNumber":"","rights":"All rights reserved","extra":"","inPublications":true,"tags":[],"collections":["H3Q3QAF6"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-11T16:20:44Z","dateModified":"2021-10-01T18:21:07Z"}}


key: AFXT6UT3
data:
  {"key":"AFXT6UT3","version":538,"data":{"key":"AFXT6UT3","version":538,"itemType":"webpage","title":"US20210275277A1 - Integrated intracorporeal laparoscope cleaner - Google Patents","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20210275277A1/en?oq=US+2021%2f0275277+A1","accessDate":"2021-10-01T16:53:12Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"patents"}],"collections":["H3Q3QAF6"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-10-01T16:53:12Z","dateModified":"2021-10-01T16:53:31Z"}}


key: BHVBP72I
data:
  {"key":"BHVBP72I","version":534,"data":{"key":"BHVBP72I","version":534,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multicomponent and High-Pressure Effects on Droplet Vaporization","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S. K.","lastName":"Aggarwal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H. C.","lastName":"Mongia"}],"abstractNote":"This paper deals with the multicomponent nature of gas turbine fuels under high-pressure conditions. The study is motivated by the consideration that the droplet submodels that are currently employed in spray codes for predicting gas turbine combustor flows do not adequately incorporate the multicomponent fuel and high-pressure effects. The quasi-steady multicomponent droplet model has been employed to investigate conditions under which the vaporization behavior of a multicomponent fuel droplet can be represented by a surrogate pure fuel droplet. The physical system considered is that of a multicomponent fuel droplet undergoing quasi-steady vaporization in an environment characterized by its temperature, pressure, and composition. Using different vaporization models, such as infinite-diffusion and diffusion-limit models, the predicted vaporization history and other relevant properties of a bicomponent droplet are compared with those of a surrogate single-component fuel droplet over a range of parameters relevant to gas turbine combustors. Results indicate that for moderate and high-power operation, a suitably selected single-component (50 percent boiling point) fuel can be used to represent the vaporization behavior of a bicomponent fuel, provided one employs the diffusion-limit or effective-diffusivity model. Simulation of the bicomponent fuel by a surrogate fuel becomes increasingly better at higher pressures. In fact, the droplet vaporization behavior at higher pressures is observed to be more sensitive to droplet heating models rather than to liquid fuel composition. This can be attributed to increase in the droplet heatup time and reduction in the volatility differential between the constituent fuels at higher pressures. For ignition, lean blowout and idle operations, characterized by low pressure and temperature ambient, the multicomponent fuel evaporation cannot be simulated by a single-component fuel. The validity of a quasi-steady high-pressure droplet vaporization model has also been examined. The model includes the nonideal gas behavior, liquid-phase solubility of gases, and variable thermo-transport properties including their dependence on pressure. Predictions of the high-pressure droplet model show good agreement with the available experimental data over a wide range of pressures, implying that quasi-steady vaporization model can be used at pressures up to the fuel critical pressure.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power","volume":"124","issue":"2","pages":"248","date":"2002","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.1423640","ISSN":"07424795","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"high-pressure effects on droplet"},{"tag":"ticomponent and"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: XF2LD5ZC
data:
  {"key":"XF2LD5ZC","version":534,"data":{"key":"XF2LD5ZC","version":534,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Significance of DNS in combustion science","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tadao","lastName":"Takeno"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yasuhiro","lastName":"Mizobuchi"}],"abstractNote":"The recent advancement in numerical calculations provides us with a new scientific approach to combustion phenomena, that is, numerical experiment. The authors have succeeded in capturing a hydrogen jet lifted flame by DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) approach with detailed chemistry and exact transport properties. The simulation made clear that the flame is not a single flame, but a complex flame composed of three flame elements. Some aspects of the flame elements showed the properties of laminar flames and some showed very complicated and unsteady nature of turbulent flames that cannot be described by the conventional laminar flame theory. In this article, the problems of this kind of study are identified and the direction of study is suggested throughout the DNS studies on the hydrogen jet lifted flame. To cite this article: T. Takeno, Y. Mizobuchi, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006). ?? 2006 Acad??mie des sciences.","publicationTitle":"Comptes Rendus - Mecanique","volume":"334","issue":"8-9","pages":"517–522","date":"2006","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.crme.2006.07.012","ISSN":"16310721","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1631-0721","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"DNS"},{"tag":"Hydrogen jet lifted flame"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: A8LGWJ3D
data:
  {"key":"A8LGWJ3D","version":534,"data":{"key":"A8LGWJ3D","version":534,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Thermal-diffusional Instability in White Dwarf Flames: Regimes of Flame Pulsation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guangzheng","lastName":"Xing"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yibo","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mikhail","lastName":"Modestov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cheng","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yang","lastName":"Gao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chung K.","lastName":"Law"}],"abstractNote":"Thermal-diffusional pulsation behaviors in planar as well as outwardly and inwardly propagating white dwarf carbon flames are systematically studied. In the 1D numerical simulation, the asymptotic degenerate equation of state and simplified one-step reaction rates for nuclear reactions are used to study the flame propagation and pulsation in white dwarfs. The numerical critical Zel'dovich numbers of planar flames at different densities ($\\backslashrho=2$, 3 and 4$\\backslashtimes 10^7$∼g/cm$^3$) and of spherical flames (with curvature $c=$-0.01, 0, 0.01 and 0.05) at a particular density ($\\backslashrho=2\\backslashtimes 10^7$∼g/cm$^3$) are presented. Flame front pulsation in different environmental densities and temperatures are obtained to form the regime diagram of pulsation, showing that carbon flames pulsate in the typical density of $2\\backslashtimes10^7∼{\\backslashrm g/cm^3}$ and temperature of $0.6\\backslashtimes 10^9∼{\\backslashrm K}$. While being stable at higher temperatures, at relatively lower temperatures the amplitude of the flame pulsation becomes larger. In outwardly propagating spherical flames the pulsation instability is enhanced and flames are also easier to quench due to pulsation at small radius, while the inwardly propagating flames are more stable.","publicationTitle":"The Astrophysical Journal","volume":"841","issue":"1","pages":"21","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.3847/1538-4357/aa6db2","ISSN":"1538-4357","shortTitle":"","url":"http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/841/i=1/a=21?key=crossref.c8b5411f5b45d02da7c640f75b7a2596","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"_eprint: 1705.09017","tags":[{"tag":"flame instability"},{"tag":"supernova explosion"},{"tag":"white dwarf"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: FPUQLHL7
data:
  {"key":"FPUQLHL7","version":534,"data":{"key":"FPUQLHL7","version":534,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Large eddy simulation and experiments of stratified lean premixed methane / air turbulent flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K","lastName":"Nogenmyr"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P","lastName":"Petersson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"X S","lastName":"Bai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Nauert"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Olofsson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Brackman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"Seyfried"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Zetterberg"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z S","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Richter"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2007","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"31","pages":"1467–1475","series":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.038","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"G-equation"},{"tag":"LES"},{"tag":"large eddy simulation"},{"tag":"laser diagnostics"},{"tag":"lean premixed stratified flames"},{"tag":"level-set g-equation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: R37L4IQR
data:
  {"key":"R37L4IQR","version":534,"data":{"key":"R37L4IQR","version":534,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Study of the RCCI Combustion Processes Fuelled with Methanol , Ethanol , n-Butanol and Diesel","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xian","lastName":"Zou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hu","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zunqing","lastName":"Zheng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mingfa","lastName":"Yao"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0777.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: 9JZZCSDW
data:
  {"key":"9JZZCSDW","version":533,"data":{"key":"9JZZCSDW","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Optimization of spray break-up CFD simulations by combining Σ-Y Eulerian atomization model with a response surface methodology under diesel engine-like conditions (ECN Spray A)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Pandal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Payri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"García-Oliver"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"Pastor"}],"abstractNote":"This work evaluates the performance of the Σ-Y Eulerian atomization model at reproducing the internal structure of a diesel spray with a special focus on Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) predictions. Modeling results have been compared to x-ray radiography measurements [21,24,38] which provided unique data within dense spray region. The first step corresponds to accurately reproduce the large scale spray dispersion. Among different RANS turbulence models, the standard k-ϵ with the round jet corrected C1ϵvalue (1.60), has shown the best performance, as shown in [12]. Then, the study is devoted to the application and optimization of the predicted interphase surface density (Σ). In this work, a combination of CFD modeling and the statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) technique known as Response Surface Method (RSM) is applied in order to improve Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) predictions from Σ equation compared to experimental measurements. In the investigation, two different optimizations are conducted for the three modeling parameters involved in the equation, following a Central Composite Design (CCD), leading to 15 simulations for each one. After that, both optimum sets of values are validated to assure the accuracy of the method and it is decided the best choice. Finally, different injection and ambient conditions are simulated, with those selected values, providing a remarkable improvement in the modeling performance.","publicationTitle":"Computers and Fluids","volume":"156","issue":"","pages":"9–20","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.06.022","ISSN":"00457930","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0045-7930\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"CFD"},{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Eulerian"},{"tag":"Near-field"},{"tag":"Response Surface Method"},{"tag":"SMD"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: YUX2K4H9
data:
  {"key":"YUX2K4H9","version":533,"data":{"key":"YUX2K4H9","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"3D CFD simulation of a natural gas fueled HCCI engine with employing a reduced mechanism","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kamran","lastName":"Poorghasemi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rahim","lastName":"Khoshbakhti"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Keyvan","lastName":"Bahlouli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alborz","lastName":"Zehni"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"182","issue":"","pages":"816–830","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.005","ISSN":"0016-2361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.005","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: LE9A5BLV
data:
  {"key":"LE9A5BLV","version":533,"data":{"key":"LE9A5BLV","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"ScienceDirect Uncertainty in stretch extrapolation of laminar flame speed from expanding spherical flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fujia","lastName":"Wu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenkai","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiguang","lastName":"Ju"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chung K","lastName":"Law"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"35","issue":"1","pages":"663–670","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.065","ISSN":"1540-7489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.065","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"extrapolation"},{"tag":"flame speed"},{"tag":"spherical flame"},{"tag":"stretch"},{"tag":"uncertainty"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:29Z"}}


key: I5GNUII5
data:
  {"key":"I5GNUII5","version":533,"data":{"key":"I5GNUII5","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Progress Towards Diesel Combustion Modeling","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Rutland"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N","lastName":"Ayoub"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G","lastName":"Hampson"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","volume":"","issue":"412","pages":"952429","date":"1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: FS64MYTE
data:
  {"key":"FS64MYTE","version":533,"data":{"key":"FS64MYTE","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A study on tip penetration velocity and radial expansion of reacting diesel sprays with different fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"Desantes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"García-Oliver"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T.","lastName":"Xuan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W.","lastName":"Vera-Tudela"}],"abstractNote":"The reacting diesel spray structure was investigated using n-dodecane, n-heptane and one binary blend of Primary Reference Fuels (80% n-heptane and 20% iso-octane in mass) based on the existing database from previous experimental results from Schlieren imaging technique in a constant pressure combustion chamber. The spray tip velocity was derived from the derivative of tip penetration versus time. The operating conditions and the injector used (single axially-oriented hole, 89 mm-diameter) were chosen following the guidelines of the Engine Combustion Network. A 1D spray model was also applied here to support the analysis of experimental results. Parametric variations of injection pressure, ambient temperature and oxygen concentration have been performed for each fuel. Analysis of radial expansion and reacting tip velocity was performed in terms of an average spray radial increase (ΔR‾) and a constant (k) defining the tip penetration velocity. k values of reacting cases are always bigger than those from inert ones for both experimental and theoretical results. Based upon this parameter, quasi-steady tip penetration under the investigated conditions seems not to be affected by ambient temperature, oxygen content or fuel cetane number. Three cases with different fuels and similar ignition delay and lift-off length were further analyzed, which shows that the reactivity of the mixture has an effect on the transition timing from inert to reacting states, as well as on the initial penetration stages, but not on the quasi-steady phase. Apart from the similar tip velocity during quasi-steady phase, the full transient evolution of the tip is highly similar. The fact that this full overlap does not occur for other operating conditions indicates that early penetration stages are highly affected by the transient chemistry development, which largely depends on fuel cetane number.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"207","issue":"","pages":"323–335","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.108","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.108","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Cetane number"},{"tag":"Radial width"},{"tag":"Reacting Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Tip velocity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: MP8LU2MV
data:
  {"key":"MP8LU2MV","version":533,"data":{"key":"MP8LU2MV","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A novel combustion evaluation method based on in-cylinder pressure traces for diesel / natural gas dual fuel engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongshu","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenjing","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dan","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manzhi","lastName":"Tan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongchang","lastName":"Liu"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"115","issue":"","pages":"1130–1137","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.030","ISSN":"0360-5442","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.030","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"combustion evaluation"},{"tag":"in-cylinder pressure trace"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: GE632L3T
data:
  {"key":"GE632L3T","version":533,"data":{"key":"GE632L3T","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Simulation of Multicomponent Fuel Spray","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Daisuke","lastName":"Kawano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiro","lastName":"Senda"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W","lastName":"Yoshimitsu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hajime","lastName":"Fujimoto"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper Series","volume":"","issue":"2003-01-1838","pages":"","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2003-01-1838","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 2003011838","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: VGA3WZ7Z
data:
  {"key":"VGA3WZ7Z","version":533,"data":{"key":"VGA3WZ7Z","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of ambient fuel vapour concentration on the vapour penetration of evaporating n-hexane sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manas Kumar","lastName":"Pal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shamit","lastName":"Bakshi"}],"abstractNote":"Ambient gas properties like pressure, temperature, density etc. play an important role in spray evaporation and hence influence the spray properties like penetration, cone angle and liquid length. The concentration of fuel vapour in the ambient gas was seen to influence the liquid length in an earlier work by the present authors. A method was also reported to study spray parameters at constant pressure, temperature and density but at different fuel vapour concentration in the ambient. In the present paper, the vapour penetration of evaporating n-hexane sprays have been studied by means of a shadowgraph technique at different mass fraction of fuel vapour in the surrounding ambient gas. The results revealed that the ambient vapour concentration has an effect on vapour penetration and cone angle at low ambient densities. But, at higher densities, this effect is absent, although the liquid length is influenced even at higher densities.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"223","issue":"November 2017","pages":"179–187","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.193","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.193","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Cone angle"},{"tag":"Vapour penetration"},{"tag":"n-hexane spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: PBJ98JUE
data:
  {"key":"PBJ98JUE","version":533,"data":{"key":"PBJ98JUE","version":533,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The effect of nozzle geometry over the evaporative spray formation for three different fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Raul","lastName":"Payri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Juan P.","lastName":"Viera"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Venkatesh","lastName":"Gopalakrishnan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Patrick G.","lastName":"Szymkowicz"}],"abstractNote":"The influence of internal nozzle flow characteristics over the evaporative spray development is studied experimentally for two different nozzle geometries and three different fuels. This is a continuation of previous work by the authors where non-evaporative isothermal spray development was studied experimentally for the same nozzle geometries and fuels. Current study reports macroscopic spray characteristics by imaging the liquid and vapor phases of the spray simultaneously using independent cameras and optical techniques. The liquid phase is captured by a fast-pulsed diffused back illumination setup, while the vapor phase is captured by a single-pass Schlieren setup with diaphragm. The nozzle geometries consist of a conical nozzle and a cylindrical nozzle with 8.6% larger outlet diameter when compared to the conical nozzle. Among the three fuels, two are pure components—n-heptane and n-dodecane—while the third consists of a three-component surrogate to better represent the physical and chemical properties of diesel fuel. For a fixed ambient density, the liquid penetration is controlled by ambient temperature while the vapor penetration is controlled by injection pressure. The cylindrical nozzle, in spite of higher mass flow rate and momentum flux, shows slower vapor spray tip penetration when compared to the conical nozzle. Also, the cylindrical nozzle consistently produced shorter liquid lengths. The vapor spray spreading angle is found to be inversely proportional to the spray tip penetration, largely influenced by the nozzle geometry and the ambient density. n-Heptane spray shows the shortest liquid lengths, followed by n-dodecane and finally the Surrogate. No significant difference in vapor penetration rates was found between fuels, confirming that the vapor spray is controlled by momentum, which is independent of fuel. This was not the case for the non-evaporative isothermal sprays previously studied by the authors. Liquid lengths show the expected responses to parametric variations of ambient temperature and density. Two empirical predictive models are presented and utilized to analyze the influence of fuel properties on the liquid length. The primary factor controlling the liquid length between fuels is found to be their volatility. Finally, the cylindrical nozzle exhibits larger line-of-sight contour fluctuations in both the liquid and vapor phases, which in turn contributes to the shorter liquid lengths and slower vapor penetration.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"188","issue":"","pages":"645–660","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.064","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.064","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Evaporative spray formation"},{"tag":"Liquid length"},{"tag":"Macroscopic spray development"},{"tag":"Spray dispersion"},{"tag":"Surrogate fuels"},{"tag":"Vapor penetration"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: F7HEXB8P
data:
  {"key":"F7HEXB8P","version":532,"data":{"key":"F7HEXB8P","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of cavitation flow and stagnant bubbles on the initial temporal evolution of diesel spray","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongqiang","lastName":"Gao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mingrui","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fuwu","lastName":"Yan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Longfei","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guangze","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Liuyang","lastName":"Feng"}],"abstractNote":"This study focuses on the in-nozzle flow characteristics and the primary spray breakup of diesel at the near-nozzle region under atmospheric conditions. A long working distance microscope and a Canon EOS 700D CCD Camera were employed to study the cavitation flow in the nozzle and the spray structure at near-nozzle region via photographic technique with backlighting. Images were obtained with short exposure time and sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolutions which allowed a detailed observation of the early phase of fuel injection from the nozzle orifice to near nozzle region. The images revealed that the formation of a variety of complex two-phase flow regimes. Stagnant bubbles were present inside the nozzle at the start of injection. The stagnant bubbles may have originated from the last injection because they have not been evacuated from the nozzle or sucked into the nozzle orifice as the needle valve opened. During the opening and closing stages of the needle valve, the cavitation occurred in the valve seat area. Subsequently, free cavitation was observed at the inlet orifice followed by film cavitation, cloud cavitation and string cavitation in the orifice. A dimensionless number S derived from the images of transparent nozzles was adopted to evaluate the cavitation intensity, which increased monotonically with the increase of injection pressure. In addition, mushroom shaped spray head was also found at the nozzle exit. A close inspection revealed that the stagnant bubbles or the fuel trapped in the injector orifice at the end of injection had an appreciable impact on the near nozzle spray structures. The spray angle, penetration length and the spray area also increased for every 10 MPa rise by about 20%, 10% and 15% respectively.","publicationTitle":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"87","issue":"","pages":"69–79","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.04.029","ISSN":"08941777","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.04.029","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Cavitation"},{"tag":"Optical-injection nozzle tip design"},{"tag":"Spray structure"},{"tag":"Stagnant bubbles"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: PASBSGMR
data:
  {"key":"PASBSGMR","version":532,"data":{"key":"PASBSGMR","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Basic characteristics of direct injection combustion fuelled with compressed natural gas and gasoline using a rapid compression machine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z","lastName":"Huang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S","lastName":"Shiga"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T","lastName":"Ueda"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"Nakamura"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T","lastName":"Ishima"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T","lastName":"Obokata"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Tsue"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Kono"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"217","issue":"","pages":"1031–1038","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"direct injection"},{"tag":"gasoline"},{"tag":"natural gas"},{"tag":"spark ignition"},{"tag":"strati ed combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: GBCDVUF2
data:
  {"key":"GBCDVUF2","version":532,"data":{"key":"GBCDVUF2","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laser absorption measurements of ethylene and carbon monoxide time-histories during n -heptane oxidation at low temperatures behind reflected shock waves","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A M","lastName":"Tulgestke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D F","lastName":"Davidson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R K","lastName":"Hanson"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"co"},{"tag":"ethylene"},{"tag":"n-heptane"},{"tag":"ntc"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:28Z"}}


key: 5475ZLI5
data:
  {"key":"5475ZLI5","version":532,"data":{"key":"5475ZLI5","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition delay times , laminar flame speeds , and mechanism validation for natural gas / hydrogen blends at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nicola","lastName":"Donohoe"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alexander","lastName":"Heufer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wayne K","lastName":"Metcalfe"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J","lastName":"Curran"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marissa L","lastName":"Davis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Olivier","lastName":"Mathieu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Drew","lastName":"Plichta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Anibal","lastName":"Morones"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric L","lastName":"Petersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Felix","lastName":"Güthe"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"161","issue":"6","pages":"1432–1443","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.12.005","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.12.005","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: 499Z2FJB
data:
  {"key":"499Z2FJB","version":532,"data":{"key":"499Z2FJB","version":532,"itemType":"book","title":"Simulations with NX","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Reiner","lastName":"Anderl"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter","lastName":"Binde"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"","date":"2014","numPages":"383–387","language":"","ISBN":"978-1-56990-479-4","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781569904794500113","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publication Title: Simulations with NX\nDOI: 10.3139/9781569904800","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: WU3SSIKW
data:
  {"key":"WU3SSIKW","version":532,"data":{"key":"WU3SSIKW","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Comparison of turbulent flame speeds from complete averaging and the G- equation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pedro F","lastName":"Embidandrew"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J Majdapanagiotis E","lastName":"Souganidis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pedro F","lastName":"Embid"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew J","lastName":"Majda"}],"abstractNote":"A popular contemporary approach in predicting enhanced flame speeds in premixed turbulent combustion involves averaging or closure theories for the G-equation involving both large-scale flows and small-scale turbulence. The G-equation is a Hamilton-Jacobi equation involving advection by an incompressible velocity field and nonlinear dependence on the laminar flame speed; this G-equation has been derived from the complete Navier-Stokes equations under the tacit assumptions that the velocity field varies on only the integral scale and that the ratio of the flame thickness to this integral scale is small. Thus there is a potential source of error in using the averaged G-equation with' turbulent velocities varying on length scales smaller than the integral scale in predicting enhanced flame speeds. Here these issues are discussed ip the simplest context involving velocity fields varying on two scales where a complete theory of nonlinear averaging for predicting enhanced flame speeds without any ad hoc approximations has been developed recently by the authors. The predictions for enhanced flame speeds of this complete averaging theory versus the averaging approach utilizing the G-equation are compared here in the simplest context involving a constant mean flow and a small-scale steady periodic flow where both theories can be solved exactly through analytical formulas. The results of this comparison are summarized briefly as follows: The predictions of enhanced flame speeds through the averaged G-equation always underestimate those computed by complete averaging. Nevertheless, when the transverse component of the mean flow relative to the shear is less than one in magnitude, the agreement between the two approaches is excellent. However, when the transverse component of the mean flow relative to the shear exceeds one in magnitude, the predictions of the enhanced flame speed by the averaged G-equation significantly underestimate those computed through complete nonlinear averaging, and in some cases, by more than an order of magnitude.","publicationTitle":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"2052","issue":"","pages":"","date":"1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1063/1.868452","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868452","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: American Institute of Physics","tags":[{"tag":"G-equation"},{"tag":"Mathematics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: AYJJW5M3
data:
  {"key":"AYJJW5M3","version":532,"data":{"key":"AYJJW5M3","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Simulating gas jets with OpenFOAM simulating gas jets with OpenFOAM","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Technical","lastName":"Report"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"SEPTEMBER 2014","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.13140/RG.2.1.2794.7044","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: W8DKI5K8
data:
  {"key":"W8DKI5K8","version":532,"data":{"key":"W8DKI5K8","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Assessment and application of tomographic PIV for the spray-induced flow in an IC engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Peterson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Baum"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. P.","lastName":"Ding"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Michaelis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Dreizler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Böhm"}],"abstractNote":"Spray-induced turbulence proceeding late-injection is regarded to augment mixing, playing a primary role in controlling heat-release rates and pollutant formation in direct-injection engines. This work presents the first application of tomographic PIV (TPIV) to resolve the 3-dimensional, 3-component (3D3C) spray-induced turbulent flow in a spray-guided direct-injection spark-ignition (SG-DISI) engine. TPIV measurements were performed after a single-injection from a hollow-cone spray when particle distributions were suited for accurate particle reconstruction. High-speed PIV (HS-PIV) measurements (4.8 kHz) were combined with phase-locked TPIV measurements (3.3 Hz) to provide the time history of the 2D2C flow-field preceding TPIV. HS-PIV is also used to validate TPIV measurements within the z = 0 mm plane. TPIV uncertainties of 12% are assessed for non-injection operation. TPIV is used to spatially resolve spray-induced turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), shear (S), and vorticity ($Ømega$) distributions. The added 3D3C velocity information is capable of resolving 3D shear layers that produce spatially-coherent 3D turbulent vortical structures, which are anticipated to augment fuel-air mixing. Measurements spatially quantify the increase of these parameters from injection and quantity distributions reveal significant differences to non-injection operation. The isosurface density (ρ), defined as the volume percentage for which a flow parameter exceeds a given value, is used to identify distributions of the largest TKE, S, and $Ømega$ magnitudes. Distributions quantify the increase of TKE, S, and $Ømega$ from injection and describe the decay of spray-induced turbulence with time. At ρ values below 10%, fuel injection increases TKE, S, and $Ømega$ magnitudes in excess of 400% compared to the tumble flow without injection. Magnitudes remained 2-times larger than non-injection operation 16 crank-angle degrees (CADs) after injection. This indicates that spray-induced turbulence enhancement can remain for a significant time after injection. Measurements and analyses provide insight into spray-induced turbulence phenomena and are anticipated to support predictive model development for engine sprays.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"36","issue":"3","pages":"3472–3475","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.114","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.114","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"IC engine"},{"tag":"Planar particle image velocimetry"},{"tag":"Spray-induced turbulent flow"},{"tag":"Tomographic particle image velocimetry (TPIV)"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: MASB4NRN
data:
  {"key":"MASB4NRN","version":532,"data":{"key":"MASB4NRN","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Guest editors' introduction","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jan","lastName":"Camenisch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Costas","lastName":"Lambrinoudakis"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Mathematical and Computer Modelling","volume":"57","issue":"7-8","pages":"1577","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.mcm.2013.02.005","ISSN":"08957177","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2013.02.005","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: UQ6IKL5G
data:
  {"key":"UQ6IKL5G","version":532,"data":{"key":"UQ6IKL5G","version":532,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The OpenFOAM® Extend Project & FSI Solvers","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"İbrahim","lastName":"Özküçük"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Internet web page","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://training.uhem.itu.edu.tr/files/belgeler/belgeler-dosya20140129050927-file.pdf","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: H6P9JUI6
data:
  {"key":"H6P9JUI6","version":531,"data":{"key":"H6P9JUI6","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Simulations And Measurements Of Fuel Film Using Refractive Index Matching Method","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fengkun","lastName":"Wang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: IYTDZBDJ
data:
  {"key":"IYTDZBDJ","version":531,"data":{"key":"IYTDZBDJ","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"TECHNICAL GRAPHICS TECHNICAL COMMUNICATIONS GRAPHICS COMMUNICATION FOURTH EDITION with contributions by","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gary R","lastName":"Bertoline"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric N","lastName":"Wiebe"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nathan W","lastName":"Hartman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William a","lastName":"Ross"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Craig L","lastName":"Miller"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: ZYHM9XAK
data:
  {"key":"ZYHM9XAK","version":531,"data":{"key":"ZYHM9XAK","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of diesel injection strategies on natural gas/diesel RCCI combustion characteristics in a light duty diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kamran","lastName":"Poorghasemi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rahim Khoshbakhti","lastName":"Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ehsan","lastName":"Ansari"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Behrouz Khoshbakht","lastName":"Irdmousa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mehdi","lastName":"Shahbakhti"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeffery D.","lastName":"Naber"}],"abstractNote":"Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode is an attractive combustion strategy due to its potential in satisfying the strict emission standards. In this study, the effects of direct injection (DI) strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of a modified light duty RCCI engine, fueled with natural gas (NG) and diesel were numerically investigated. In this way, Converge CFD code employing a detail chemical kinetics mechanism was used for 3D simulation of combustion process and emissions prediction. NG with higher octane number (ON) is mixed with air through intake port, while diesel fuel with lower ON is directly injected into the combustion chamber during compression stroke by means of split injection strategy. The effects of several parameters, including the premixed ratio (PR) of NG, diesel fuel fraction in first and second injection pulses, first and second start of injection timing (SOI1 and 2), injection pressure and the spray angle on the engine performance and emission characteristics are investigated. The results indicate that these parameters have significant effects on the light duty RCCI engine performance and engine out emissions. Also, it was demonstrated that by decreasing the first injection pressure from 450 to 300 bar, the gross indicated efficiency increases by 5% and CA50 is retarded by 4 CAD. Moreover, by reducing the spray angle from 144° to 100°, the gross indicated efficiency decreases by 4% and CA50 is advanced by 6 CAD. The results showed that reduction in NOx emission is achievable, while controlling HC and CO emissions, by means of increasing the NG fraction, advancing the SOI1, increasing the fuel fraction in first DI injection with lower injection pressure and employing a wider injector spray angle.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"199","issue":"","pages":"430–446","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.011","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.011","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"CFD simulation"},{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"Diesel injection pressure"},{"tag":"Injection timing"},{"tag":"RCCI"},{"tag":"Spray angle"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:27Z"}}


key: 6KXSPSEI
data:
  {"key":"6KXSPSEI","version":531,"data":{"key":"6KXSPSEI","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Playdoh: A lightweight Python library for distributed computing and optimisation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cyrille","lastName":"Rossant"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bertrand","lastName":"Fontaine"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dan F M","lastName":"Goodman"}],"abstractNote":"Parallel computing is now an essential paradigm for high performance scientific computing. Most existing hardware and software solutions are expensive or difficult to use. We developed Playdoh, a Python library for distributing computations across the free computing units available in a small network of multicore computers. Playdoh supports independent and loosely coupled parallel problems such as global optimisations, Monte Carlo simulations and numerical integration of partial differential equations. It is designed to be lightweight and easy to use and should be of interest to scientists wanting to turn their lab computers into a small cluster at no cost. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Computational Science","volume":"4","issue":"5","pages":"352–359","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.jocs.2011.06.002","ISSN":"18777503","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2011.06.002","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier B.V.\nPMID: 1000362456","tags":[{"tag":"Distributed computing"},{"tag":"High performance computing"},{"tag":"Optimisation"},{"tag":"Parallel computing"},{"tag":"Python"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z"}}


key: EXAQBA3T
data:
  {"key":"EXAQBA3T","version":531,"data":{"key":"EXAQBA3T","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental Investigation of Laminar Premixed Methane-Air Flame Extinction with Sand and Sodium Bicarbonate Particles","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sreenivasan","lastName":"Ranganathan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Petrow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Scott","lastName":"Rockwell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ali S","lastName":"Rangwala"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"3","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"extinction"},{"tag":"inert"},{"tag":"laminar"},{"tag":"premixed flame"},{"tag":"sand"},{"tag":"sodium bicarbonate"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z"}}


key: PLAKDQZN
data:
  {"key":"PLAKDQZN","version":531,"data":{"key":"PLAKDQZN","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of spark ignition engine using OpenFOAM®","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.T.","lastName":"Kannan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.S.","lastName":"Srivathsan"}],"abstractNote":"The present work is the numerical investigation of Spark Ignition (SI) engines using an open source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool. Investigations on the usage of OpenFOAM® CFD tool has been carried out for the simulation of SI engines using engineFoam solver. Four-valve pent roof type engine is chosen for the present simulations. The standard k–ɛ turbulence model is used along with the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations for simulating the flow field. Energy equation and transport equation for regress variable is solved along with the momentum equations. Xi model is used for the transport and Gulder's correlation is used for laminar flame speed. Unstrained model is used for calculating the laminar flame speed velocity. Two simulations are carried out one with cold flow and the other with combustion. For combustion analysis, Iso-octane fuel is used. Average cylinder pressure is tracked for different Crank Angles (CA) from −180 to 60. The temperature contours are plotted on a vertical plane inside the cylinder to indicate the rise in temperature due to combustion. The results indicate that the open source CFD code can be an ideal choice for engine designers.","publicationTitle":"Perspectives in Science","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"3–5","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.pisc.2016.01.004","ISSN":"22130209","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213020916000057","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9944394459\nPublisher: Elsevier GmbH","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"Numerical simulation"},{"tag":"OpenFOAM®"},{"tag":"Spark ignition"},{"tag":"k–ɛ model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z"}}


key: AJJW9UGE
data:
  {"key":"AJJW9UGE","version":531,"data":{"key":"AJJW9UGE","version":531,"itemType":"book","title":"Cleaner Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frédérique","lastName":"Battin-Leclerc"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John M.","lastName":"Simmie"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Edward","lastName":"Blurock"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"","date":"2013","numPages":"i–xiii","language":"","ISBN":"978-3-540-79027-3","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publication Title: Green Energy and Technology\nDOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-5307-8","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z"}}


key: NMCD2TSS
data:
  {"key":"NMCD2TSS","version":531,"data":{"key":"NMCD2TSS","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Flow field studies of a new series of turbulent premixed stratified flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F","lastName":"Seffrin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F","lastName":"Fuest"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D","lastName":"Geyer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Dreizler"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"157","issue":"2","pages":"384–396","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.09.001","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.09.001","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"lean premixed combustion"},{"tag":"stratified combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z"}}


key: CR5D7S6N
data:
  {"key":"CR5D7S6N","version":531,"data":{"key":"CR5D7S6N","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of non-premixed turbulent combustion using the eddy dissipation concept and comparing with the steady laminar flamelet model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dmitry A.","lastName":"Lysenko"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ivar S.","lastName":"Ertesvåg"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kjell Erik","lastName":"Rian"}],"abstractNote":"Numerical simulations of the Sandia flame CHNa and the Sydney bluff-body stabilized flame HM1E are reported and the results are compared to available experimental data. The numerical method is based on compressible URANS formulations which were implemented recently in the OpenFOAM toolbox. In this study, the calculations are carried out using the conventional compressible URANS approach and a standard k- turbulence model. The Eddy Dissipation Concept with a detailed chemistry approach is used for the turbulence-chemistry interaction. The syngas (CO/H2) chemistry diluted by 30 % nitrogen in the Sandia flame CHNa and CH4/H2 combustion in the Sydney flame HM1E are described by the full GRI-3.0 mechanism. A robust implicit Runge-Kutta method (RADAU5) is used for integrating stiff ordinary differential equations to calculate the reaction rates. The radiation is treated by the P1-approximation model. Both target flames are predicted with the Steady Laminar Flamelet model using the commercial code ANSYS FLUENT as well. In general, there is good agreement between present simulations and measurements for both flames, which indicates that the proposed numerical method is suitable for this type of combustion, provides acceptable accuracy and is ready for further combustion application development.","publicationTitle":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"93","issue":"4","pages":"577–605","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s10494-014-9551-7","ISSN":"15731987","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Compressible Reynolds-averaged simulations"},{"tag":"Eddy Dissipation Concept"},{"tag":"OpenFOAM"},{"tag":"RADAU5"},{"tag":"Sandia flame CHNa"},{"tag":"Sydney flame HM1E"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:26Z"}}


key: 2XGV4E2G
data:
  {"key":"2XGV4E2G","version":531,"data":{"key":"2XGV4E2G","version":531,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Simulation of Complex Wetting","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vom Fachbereich","lastName":"Maschinenbau"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"17","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: WNBY9FT5
data:
  {"key":"WNBY9FT5","version":530,"data":{"key":"WNBY9FT5","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Analyzing the Robustness of YSI as a Measure of Sooting Tendency","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matthew J","lastName":"Montgomery"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles S","lastName":"Mcenally"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dhrubajyoti D","lastName":"Das"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D","lastName":"Lisa"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"000","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"combustion"},{"tag":"premixed flame"},{"tag":"soot"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: Z3MLWU5D
data:
  {"key":"Z3MLWU5D","version":530,"data":{"key":"Z3MLWU5D","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Changzhao","lastName":"Jiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dhananjay","lastName":"Srivastava"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiao","lastName":"Ma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karl","lastName":"Dearn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Roger","lastName":"Cracknell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jens","lastName":"Krueger-Venus"}],"abstractNote":"For modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, injector deposit is a concern because it can cause changes to the spray characteristics and lead to deterioration in fuel economy and exhaust emissions. In this study, in order to examine the link between spray variation and engine emissions deterioration due to injector deposit accumulation, 8 new injectors were installed on a GDI engine and run through a deposit accumulation process which included 6 cold starts and a 30-h steady state engine test at a speed of 2000 rpm and load of 5 bar break mean effective pressure (BMEP). One representative injector was examined before and after the deposit accumulation tests in order to understand the impact of deposit on the spray. Results showed that, at the end of the deposit accumulation test, the pulse width of the injectors stabilized at a level which was about 1.5% higher than at the start and the fuel consumption remained almost identical. High magnification and borescope imaging indicated that a significant amount of deposit had formed on the outer surface of the injector tip. However, Scan Electronic Microscope (SEM) imaging of the injector hole showed that, at this level of fouling, some deposit was present on the counterbore, while the nozzle hole was nearly completely unaffected. The deposit on the counterbore caused a 2.21% drop of the injector fuel flow rate at 150 bar injection pressure. Penetration lengths and mean droplet sizes of all jets increased significantly. As for the impacts of the varied spray characteristics on the engine emissions, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions significantly increased while other gaseous emissions (e.g. CO, NOx, CO2) only changed slightly.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"203","issue":"","pages":"390–402","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.020","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.020","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Deposits"},{"tag":"Gasoline direct injection"},{"tag":"Particulate matter"},{"tag":"Spray characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: 6ETP2I3B
data:
  {"key":"6ETP2I3B","version":530,"data":{"key":"6ETP2I3B","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A study on the interaction between local flow and flame structure for mixing-controlled Diesel sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Josï¿½ M.","lastName":"Garcï¿½a-Oliver"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Louis Marie","lastName":"Malbec"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hubert Baya","lastName":"Toda"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gilles","lastName":"Bruneaux"}],"abstractNote":"A detailed study on the spray local flow and flame structure has been performed by means of PIV and laser-sheet LIF techniques under Diesel spray conditions. Operating conditions were based on Engine Combustion Network recommendations. A consistent comparison of inert and reacting axial velocity fields has produced quantitative information on the effect of heat release on the local flow. Local axial velocity has been shown to increase 50–60% compared to the inert case, while the combustion-induced radial expansion of the spray has been quantified in terms of a 0.9–2.1 mm radius increase. As a result, the drop in entrainment rate has been quantified around 25% compared to the inert case. Streamline analysis also hints at a reduced entrainment under reacting conditions. A 1D spray model under reacting condition has been used, which confirms the modifications obtained in the main flow metrics when moving from inert to reacting conditions. When comparing the flow evolution with the flame structure, little effect of chemical activity on the spray flow upstream the lift-off length has been evidenced, in spite of the presence of formaldehyde in such regions. Only downstream of the lift-off length, as defined by OH LIF, has a strong change in flow pattern been observed as a result of combustion-induced heat release.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"179","issue":"","pages":"157–171","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.01.023","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel flame"},{"tag":"Entrainment"},{"tag":"Reactive flow"},{"tag":"Velocity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: X8QJKVK4
data:
  {"key":"X8QJKVK4","version":530,"data":{"key":"X8QJKVK4","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Simulation of Drop Impact on a Hot Wall using SPH Method with Peng-Robinson Equation of State","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manjil","lastName":"Ray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiufeng","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Song-charng","lastName":"Kong"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"drop impact"},{"tag":"smoothed particle hydrodynamics"},{"tag":"vaporization"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: 9YETVZ8V
data:
  {"key":"9YETVZ8V","version":530,"data":{"key":"9YETVZ8V","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modelling of diesel spray flames under engine-like conditions using an accelerated Eulerian Stochastic Field method","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kar Mun","lastName":"Pang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mehdi","lastName":"Jangi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xue Song","lastName":"Bai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jesper","lastName":"Schramm"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jens Honore","lastName":"Walther"}],"abstractNote":"This paper aims to simulate diesel spray flames across a wide range of engine-like conditions using the Eulerian Stochastic Field probability density function (ESF-PDF) model. The ESF model is coupled with the Chemistry Coordinate Mapping approach to expedite the calculation. A convergence study is carried out for a number of stochastic fields at five different conditions, covering both conventional diesel combustion and low-temperature combustion regimes. Ignition delay time, flame lift-off length as well as distributions of temperature and various combustion products are used to evaluate the performance of the model. The peak values of these properties generated using thirty-two stochastic fields are found to converge, with a maximum relative difference of 27% as compared to those from a greater number of stochastic fields. The ESF-PDF model with thirty-two stochastic fields performs reasonably well in reproducing the experimental flame development, ignition delay times and lift-off lengths. The ESF-PDF model also predicts a broader hydroxyl radical distribution which resembles the experimental observation, indicating that the turbulence–chemistry interaction is captured by the ESF-PDF model. The validated model is subsequently used to investigate the flame structures under different conditions. Analyses based on flame index and formaldehyde distribution suggest that a triple flame, which consists of a rich premixed flame, a diffusion flame and a lean premixed flame, is established in the earlier stage of the combustion. As the combustion progresses, the lean premixed flame weakens and diminishes with time. Eventually, only a double-flame structure, made up of the diffusion flame and the rich premixed flame, is observed. The analyses for various ambient temperatures show that the triple-flame structure remains for a longer period of time in cases with lower ambient temperatures. The present study shows that the ESF-PDF method is a valuable alternative to Lagrangian particle PDF methods.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"193","issue":"","pages":"363–383","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.030","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.030","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engine"},{"tag":"Eulerian Stochastic Field"},{"tag":"Probability density function"},{"tag":"Spray flame"},{"tag":"Turbulent combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: 7ZGZ4H67
data:
  {"key":"7ZGZ4H67","version":530,"data":{"key":"7ZGZ4H67","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modelling and simulations spray, turbulent flow, and combustion engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shalabh","lastName":"Srivastava"}],"abstractNote":"A multicomponent droplet evaporation model, which discretizes the one-dimensional mass and temperature profiles inside a droplet with a finite volume method and treats the liquid phase as thermodynamically real, has been developed and implemented into a large-eddy simulation (LES) code for evaporating and reacting spray simulations. Single drop evapo- ration results obtained by the variable property multicomponent model are shown to match with the constant property model in the limiting conditions. The LES code with the mul- ticomponent model is used along with the Kelvin-Helmholtz - Rayleigh-Taylor (KH-RT) droplet breakup model to simulate realistic fuel sprays in a closed vessel and is found to rea- sonably well predict the experimentally observed non-linear behavior of spray penetration lengths with changing ambient conditions for n-hexadecane and 4 different multicomponent surrogate diesel fuels with 2-8 components. The effects of various modeling assumptions and gas and liquid parameters on the drop and spray evolution and evaporation are investigated in details. A previously studied single piston Rapid Compression Machine (RCM), extended to a twin-piston RCM, is simulated by LES for different stroke ratios of the two pistons, as a precursor to the study of opposed piston two-stroke engines. Opposed piston engines, which have recently generated interest due to their high power density and fuel economy, are mechanically simpler compared to conventional four-stroke engines but involve highly unsteady, turbulent and cycle-variant flows. LES of turbulent spray combustion in a generic single cylinder, opposed-piston, two-stroke engine configuration has been conducted with the two-phase filtered mass density function (FMDF) model, which is an Eulerian-Lagrangian- Lagrangian subgrid-scale probability density function (PDF) model for LES of two-phase turbulent reacting flows. The effects of various geometric parameters, operating conditions and spray parameters on the flow evolution, turbulence, spray and combustion in the engine are studied. The cycle-to-cycle variations in the flow variables like swirl and tumble are found to be significant while those in thermodynamic variables like temperature are negligible. The hybrid LES/FMDF methodology has been applied to simulate non-reacting turbulent spray for single-component and multi-component fuels and the consistency of the method has been established. The effects of spray parameters like nozzle hole diameter, injection pressure and injected fuel temperature on the spray penetration length are found to qualitatively follow experimental trends. Combustion simulations of n-dodecane fuel sprays are carried out for the opposed piston engine with a global kinetics mechanism and the consistency of the LES and FMDF components is demonstrated","publicationTitle":"","volume":"1","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004","ISSN":"1098-6596","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9788578110796\n_eprint: arXiv:1011.1669v3\nPMID: 25246403","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: 9CAT4KXP
data:
  {"key":"9CAT4KXP","version":530,"data":{"key":"9CAT4KXP","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"In fo r m a tio n to users","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Howell Information","lastName":"Company"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: PZYCZTLH
data:
  {"key":"PZYCZTLH","version":530,"data":{"key":"PZYCZTLH","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Cyclic Variability of a Large Bore Spark-Ignited Natural Gas Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alireza","lastName":"Mashayekh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeffrey","lastName":"Brown"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Timothy","lastName":"Jacobs"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark","lastName":"Patterson"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"1","pages":"1–9","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:25Z"}}


key: B6X3S298
data:
  {"key":"B6X3S298","version":530,"data":{"key":"B6X3S298","version":530,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spray flow structure from twin-hole diesel injector nozzles","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Nguyen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Duke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Kastengren"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Matusik"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Swantek"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. F.","lastName":"Powell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Honnery"}],"abstractNote":"Two techniques were used to study non-evaporating diesel sprays from common rail injectors which were equipped with twin-hole and single-hole nozzles for comparison. To characterise the sprays, high speed optical imaging and X-ray radiography were used. The former was performed at the Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC) at Monash University, while the latter was performed at the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory. The optical imaging made use of high temporal, high spatial resolution spray recordings on a digital camera from which peripheral parameters in the initial injection phase were investigated based on edge detection. The X-ray radiography was used to explore quantitative mass distributions, which were measured on a point-wise basis at roughly similar sampling rate. Three twin-hole nozzles of different subtended angles and a single-hole nozzle were investigated at injection pressure of 1000 bar in environments of 20 bar back pressure. Evidence of strong cavitation was found for all nozzles examined with their CDranging from 0.62 to 0.69. Penetration of the twin-hole nozzles was found to lag the single-hole nozzle, before the sprays merged. Switching in hole dominance was observed from one twin-hole nozzle, and this was accompanied by greater instability in mass flow during the transient opening phase of the injectors.","publicationTitle":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"86","issue":"","pages":"235–247","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.04.020","ISSN":"08941777","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.04.020","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0894-1777\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel"},{"tag":"Penetration"},{"tag":"Spray"},{"tag":"Spray merge"},{"tag":"Twin-hole nozzle"},{"tag":"X-ray radiography"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: PF2A24NU
data:
  {"key":"PF2A24NU","version":529,"data":{"key":"PF2A24NU","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Validation of a zero-dimensional and 2-phase combustion model for dual-fuel compression ignition engine simulation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Thermal","lastName":"Science"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Thermal Science","volume":"","issue":"April","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.2298/TSCI160127076M","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: 73VS3XJP
data:
  {"key":"73VS3XJP","version":529,"data":{"key":"73VS3XJP","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Homogenization of the g-equation with incompressible random drift in two dimensions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"James","lastName":"Nolen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alexei","lastName":"Novikov"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Communications in Mathematical Sciences","volume":"0","issue":"1","pages":"1–26","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"_eprint: arXiv:1011.0016v1","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: 6STREYU3
data:
  {"key":"6STREYU3","version":529,"data":{"key":"6STREYU3","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of injection pressure on diesel sprays in constant injection mass condition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wei","lastName":"Du"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Juejue","lastName":"Lou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Yan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenhua","lastName":"Bao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fushui","lastName":"Liu"}],"abstractNote":"As known, the constant injection mass is a criterion for measuring the thermal efficiency of diesel engine. In this study, the effects of injection pressure on diesel free-spray characteristics have been investigated in the condition of constant injection mass. The experiment has been performed in a constant volume combustion chamber. A high pressure common-rail injector with a single-hole nozzle is used. High speed camera and Schlieren visualization set-up are used to capture the behaviors of liquid phase spray and vapor phase spray respectively. For liquid phase spray, the spray penetration length increases as injection time elapsed until the saturated liquid phase spray penetration length is reached. Higher injection pressure causes higher liquid phase spray penetration rate, but the effect of injection pressure on saturated liquid phase spray penetration length is negligible. In addition, the influence of injection pressure on liquid phase spray cone angle can be neglected. For vapor phase spray, the variation of vapor phase spray penetration length can be divided into nonlinear increase period and linear increase period. Higher injection pressure causes higher mean vapor phase spray penetration rate. And higher injection pressure causes higher value of maximum vapor phase spray cone angle. The pure vapor phase spray cone angles at the time of injection stop increase linearly as the injection pressures increase.","publicationTitle":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"121","issue":"","pages":"234–241","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.075","ISSN":"13594311","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.075","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1359-4311\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Constant injection mass"},{"tag":"Liquid phase"},{"tag":"Spray cone angle"},{"tag":"Spray penetration length"},{"tag":"Vapor phase"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: IVR2UKWX
data:
  {"key":"IVR2UKWX","version":529,"data":{"key":"IVR2UKWX","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Measurement of the laminar burning velocity using the confined and unconfined spherical flame methods – A comparative analysis","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ahmad","lastName":"Omari"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Leonid","lastName":"Tartakovsky"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"168","issue":"","pages":"127–137","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.03.012","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Laminar burning velocity"},{"tag":"Laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"Spher"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: H5HQQU5K
data:
  {"key":"H5HQQU5K","version":529,"data":{"key":"H5HQQU5K","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Large-eddy simulation study on cycle-to-cycle variation of knocking combustion in a spark-ignition engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ceyuan","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pinaki","lastName":"Pal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Muhsin","lastName":"Ameen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dengquan","lastName":"Feng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haiqiao","lastName":"Wei"}],"abstractNote":"The cycle-to-cycle variation in the knock intensity is commonly encountered under abnormal combustion conditions. The severity of these abnormal combustion events can vary significantly, and the efficiency of engines at high loads is limited in practice by heavy knocking phenomena. Since, a thorough analysis of such recurrent but non-cyclic phenomena via experiments alone becomes highly cumbersome, in the present work, a multi-cycle large-eddy simulation study was performed to quantitatively predict cyclic variability in the combustion process and cyclic knock intensity variability in a direct injection spark-ignition engine. To account for the turbulence-chemistry interaction effects on flame propagation, the G-equation combustion model was used. Detailed chemistry was solved outside the flame front with a toluene primary reference fuel skeletal kinetic mechanism. For both the mild knock and heavy knock conditions, the numerical results were validated against experimental measurements. Based on the simulation results, a correlation analysis was performed considering combustion phasing, peak cylinder pressure and maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation. Furthermore, a detailed three-dimensional spatial analysis illustrated the evolution of auto-ignition kernel development and propagation of pressure waves during knocking combustion for three typical cycles with different knock intensities. It was found that an early occurrence of auto-ignition in the end gas was prone to high knock intensity. Although multiple auto-ignition kernels were observed in different cycles, the degree of coupling between chemical heat release and pressure waves varied, thereby leading to different maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation values.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"261","issue":"October 2019","pages":"114447","date":"2020","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114447","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114447","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Auto-ignition"},{"tag":"Cycle-to-cycle variation"},{"tag":"Engine knock"},{"tag":"Large-eddy simulation"},{"tag":"Pressure oscillation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: A27CZEE6
data:
  {"key":"A27CZEE6","version":529,"data":{"key":"A27CZEE6","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multi-Dimensional Modeling of Direct-Injection Diesel Spray Liquid Length and Flame Lift-off Length using CFD and Parallel Detailed Chemistry","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. K.","lastName":"Senecal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Pomraning"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. J.","lastName":"Richards"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T. E.","lastName":"Briggs"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. Y.","lastName":"Choi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. M.","lastName":"Mcdavid"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M. a.","lastName":"Patterson"}],"abstractNote":"Recent measurements by Siebers et al. have shown that the flame of a high pressure Diesel spray stabilizes under quiescent conditions at a location downstream of the fuel injector. The effects of various ambient and injection parameters on the flame “lift-off” length have been investigated under typical Diesel conditions in a constant-volume combustion vessel. In the present study, the experiments of Siebers et al. have been modeled using a modified version of the KIVA-3V engine simulation code. Fuel injection and spray breakup are modeled using the KH-RT model that accounts for liquid surface instabilities due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor mechanisms. Combustion is simulated using Convergent Thinking's recently developed detailed transient chemistry solver (SAGE) that allows for any number of chemical species and reactions to be modeled. While detailed chemistry is believed to be an accurate methodology for modeling Diesel combustion, in the past the extensive run times rendered it impractical. To expedite the calculations, SAGE has been implemented into KIVA using the Message-Passing Interface (MPI). This implementation allows for the chemical reactions to be simulated in parallel on multiple CPUs. An n-heptane mechanism was used to model Diesel fuel ignition and combustion. The improved KIVA-3V code was used to simulate the spray-bomb cases over a wide range of injection pressures, nozzle hole sizes, ambient temperatures, and ambient densities. In general, excellent agreement was obtained between the measurements and simulation results for liquid length and flame lift-off length.To further validate the chemical kinetics model, simulations of a heavy-duty direct injection Diesel engine were conducted. The results indicate that the detailed chemistry model is able to accurately predict ignition delay and cylinder-averaged pressure for a range of start of injection timings.","publicationTitle":"SAE Paper","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"2003–01–1043","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2003-01-1043","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 2003-01-1043","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: 9S57HUJW
data:
  {"key":"9S57HUJW","version":529,"data":{"key":"9S57HUJW","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of split fuel injection on heat release and pollutant emissions in partially premixed combustion of PRF70/air/EGR mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F.","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"X. S.","lastName":"Bai"}],"abstractNote":"Two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations are performed to study the combustion process of PRF70/air/exhaust gas mixtures under partially premixed combustion (PPC) conditions relevant to modern low temperature internal combustion engines. The aim is to gain improved understanding of the underlining physics in PPC engines. A skeletal PRF chemical kinetic mechanism is used together with full transport properties. The 2D and 3D numerical simulations are performed on respectively a 0.614×0.614mm2domain and a 0.614×0.614×0.614mm3domain with a 1.2μm cell size. The results reveal the effects of the split of the fuel mass in different injections on the combustion and emission process in PPC engines. Increasing the amount of second fuel injection results in a retarded heat release and decreased NO emission, however, increased CO emission. While this CO/NOx tradeoff has been observed in previous PPC engine experiments the fundamental reason for this is clarified here. PPC is shown to consist of a two-stage combustion process: in the first stage the stratified fuel/air mixture auto-ignites, which results in partial oxidation of the fuel in the fuel-rich region and a mixture of radicals and hot products in the fuel-lean region. In the second stage the partially oxidized fuel/air mixture is oxidized in a thin diffusion flame where the diffusion and chemical reaction both play an important role. The split of fuel mass in different injections essentially affect the amount of fuel/air in the fuel-lean region and the fuel-rich region, thereby the relative importance of the diffusion flame. This in turn affects the emissions of NO and CO. The effects of turbulence on the heat release rate, pressure-rise-rate and emissions are a manifestation of the change of the reaction zone structures. At high turbulence intensities and large integral lengths a more homogeneous mixture is achieved, which promotes the volumetric ignition stage, speeds up the heat release rate, increases the pressure-rise-rate, and increases the NO formation and CO oxidation rates. The existence of both volumetric ignition and diffusion flame in PPC poses a great challenge for numerical simulations of PPC engines.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"149","issue":"","pages":"283–296","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.058","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Direct numerical simulation"},{"tag":"IC engines"},{"tag":"Partially premixed combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:24Z"}}


key: RZCRF6G7
data:
  {"key":"RZCRF6G7","version":529,"data":{"key":"RZCRF6G7","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A simplified model for a diesel spray","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Simon","lastName":"Marčič"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Milan","lastName":"Marčič"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Wensing"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Thomas","lastName":"Vogel"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zdravko","lastName":"Praunseis"}],"abstractNote":"This paper describes a computer simulation and measurements of the liquid phase of Diesel spray formation. The spray is divided into small elementary volumes in which the amounts of liquid and gaseous fuel, air, mean, maximum and minimum fuel droplet diameter are calculated, as well as their number. The total air–fuel and air–fuel vapour ratios are calculated for each elementary volume. The mathematical model of the Diesel spray is based on continuity and momentum equations in Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation. The measurements of the sprays were carried out in the combustion chamber at the LTT, which is equipped with a high pressure 250 MPa fuel injection system. During the experiments, ambient pressure varied from 3 MPa to 7 MPa, temperature from 673 K to 973 K, injection pressure from 40 MPa to 200 MPa and nozzle temperature from 243 K to 363 K. The injection quantity was 13.5 mm3per cycle in all cases. The combustion chamber was filled with pure nitrogen instead of air. Thermodynamic properties of nitrogen are similar to those of air. That way, self-ignition was prevented. We measured only the liquid phase of the fuel in the spray, and to this end, Mie scattering measuring technique was applied. The comparison between the simulated and actual liquid spray penetration depth and spray cone angle showed good matching.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"222","issue":"March","pages":"485–495","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.152","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engines"},{"tag":"Diesel fuel spray"},{"tag":"Thermodynamics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: KL5Y3VBZ
data:
  {"key":"KL5Y3VBZ","version":529,"data":{"key":"KL5Y3VBZ","version":529,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A G -equation Combustion Model Incorporating Detailed Chemical Kinetics for PFI / DI SI Engine Simulations G -equation description of turbulent","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jianwen","lastName":"Yi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claudia O","lastName":"Iyer"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2006","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: UK5FG94P
data:
  {"key":"UK5FG94P","version":528,"data":{"key":"UK5FG94P","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Microscopic and macroscopic characterization of spray impingement under flash boiling conditions with the application of split injection strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yanfei","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hengjie","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chongming","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"}],"abstractNote":"Microscopic and macroscopic impingement characteristics of a single jet were investigated under various flash boiling conditions. The influences of split injection strategy and the related interaction between split injections were studied. The fuel concentration distribution during the impingement process was also quantified. It was found that non-flash boiling condition lead to large secondary droplets and ligaments, resulting in a large amount of liquid fuel deposited on the impact surface. The boosted flash boiling could effectively reduce the sizes of primary droplets and secondary droplets and the resultant deposited fuel. The employment of split injection strategy could further decrease the deposited fuel. The second split injection built up the fuel film more quickly than the first injection due to the existence of the built fuel film by the first injection, however, increasing flash boiling strength decreased the building-up rate by improving dispersion and evaporation. In addition, the concentration of the deposited fuel on the surface could effectively be reduced by enhanced flash boiling and the lifetime of dense fuel was shortened by increasing dwell interval between split injections.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"212","issue":"October 2017","pages":"315–325","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.028","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.028","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Flash boiling"},{"tag":"Impingement"},{"tag":"Split injection"},{"tag":"Spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: P2HACIXC
data:
  {"key":"P2HACIXC","version":528,"data":{"key":"P2HACIXC","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Autoignition of Low to High Octane Gasolines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Farooq"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B R","lastName":"Giri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Alabbad"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S M","lastName":"Sarathy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J.","lastName":"Curran"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"11th Asia-Pacific Conference on Combustion","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"gasolines"},{"tag":"ignition delay"},{"tag":"low and high octane"},{"tag":"rcm"},{"tag":"shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: LHUUQY38
data:
  {"key":"LHUUQY38","version":528,"data":{"key":"LHUUQY38","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Study about the link between injection strategy and knock onset in an optically accessible multi-cylinder GDI engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G.","lastName":"Marseglia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Costa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F.","lastName":"Catapano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Sementa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B. M.","lastName":"Vaglieco"}],"abstractNote":"The effects of different injection strategies on the mixture formation and combustion processes in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine are investigated. A synergic experimental and numerical analysis is realized on an optically accessible multi-cylinder engine under single and double injections, these last delivering the same amount of gasoline in two equal parts, the first during intake, the second during compression. In-cylinder pressure cycles and high temporal and spatial resolution combustion images are collected to highlight the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena. AVL FIRE simulations are realized to characterize into detail the turbulent reacting flow and to evaluate the influence of mixture formation on flame propagation and the possible formation of zones in the end-gas region with conditions leading to self-ignition. Pollutants formation is also analysed. The flame propagation characteristics are indeed found different for the various injection strategies: for single injection, a faster spread occurs in the opposite side with respect to the injector position and towards the exhaust valves, while under split injection the flame front preferentially moves towards the intake valves. Computational fluid dynamics results give the relevant support to understand these peculiarities as related to in-cylinder equivalence ratio distribution and turbulent kinetic energy. In-chamber knock visualization is related to the numerical results of a simple self-ignition chemical model active in the end-gas zone, not yet reached by the main flame front. Split injection is shown to lead to advantages in terms of reduction of cyclic variability and tendency to knock, hence in increasing energy efficiency and in determining an overall reduction of undesired products of incomplete combustion.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"134","issue":"","pages":"1–19","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.012","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.012","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Abnormal combustion"},{"tag":"Flame propagation"},{"tag":"Gasoline direct injection"},{"tag":"Knock"},{"tag":"Optical engine"},{"tag":"Split injection"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: D5MWE82L
data:
  {"key":"D5MWE82L","version":528,"data":{"key":"D5MWE82L","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Simultaneous imaging of diesel spray atomisation and evaporation processes in a single-cylinder CR diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohammad Reza","lastName":"Herfatmanesh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohammadreza Anbari","lastName":"Attar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hua","lastName":"Zhao"}],"abstractNote":"In direct injection diesel engines, combustion and formation of pollutants are directly influenced by the spatial and temporal distributions of the injected fuel. In this study mixture formation during the pre-combustion phase of a diesel engine was investigated using the laser-induced exciplex fluorescence (LIEF) technique. The main purpose of this investigation was to develop an experimental setup capable of providing the full-field view of both liquid and vapour phases of evaporating diesel sprays during the fuel injection process inside the combustion chamber of a diesel engine with optical access. An expanded laser beam was employed for full combustion chamber visualisation. In this study two model fuels were tested; one consisted of 89% decane, 10% α-methyl-naphthalene and 1% TMPD and the other 88% decane, 10% α-methyl-naphthalene and 2% TMPD. The spray atomisation and evaporation processes during the pre-combustion phase of a diesel engine were measured at an injection pressure of 1200. bar and the engine speed of 1500. rpm. The results demonstrated the capability of the full-field LIEF technique in simultaneous imaging of liquid fraction and fuel vapour distribution during high pressure fuel injection process. It also highlighted the effect of dopant concentration on the fluorescence intensity of liquid and vapour signals. The exciplex system containing 1% TMPD produced better visualisation of the liquid phase, though the crosstalk in the vapour phase precluded accurate detection of the vapour phase signal. In contrast, the exciplex system containing 2% TMPD resulted in satisfactory visualisation of the vapour phase; however the intensity of the liquid phase was compromised as a result. This was presumed to be mainly due to the spectral shift of the exciplex species and/or TMPD decomposition at elevated temperatures and pressures. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","publicationTitle":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"50","issue":"","pages":"10–20","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.04.019","ISSN":"08941777","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.04.019","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engine"},{"tag":"Evaporating diesel sprays"},{"tag":"Injection rate"},{"tag":"LIEF"},{"tag":"Mixture formation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: AGYT3GN4
data:
  {"key":"AGYT3GN4","version":528,"data":{"key":"AGYT3GN4","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A study on the interaction between local flow and flame structure for mixing-controlled Diesel sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Josï¿½ M.","lastName":"Garcï¿½a-Oliver"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Louis Marie","lastName":"Malbec"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hubert Baya","lastName":"Toda"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gilles","lastName":"Bruneaux"}],"abstractNote":"A detailed study on the spray local flow and flame structure has been performed by means of PIV and laser-sheet LIF techniques under Diesel spray conditions. Operating conditions were based on Engine Combustion Network recommendations. A consistent comparison of inert and reacting axial velocity fields has produced quantitative information on the effect of heat release on the local flow. Local axial velocity has been shown to increase 50–60% compared to the inert case, while the combustion-induced radial expansion of the spray has been quantified in terms of a 0.9–2.1 mm radius increase. As a result, the drop in entrainment rate has been quantified around 25% compared to the inert case. Streamline analysis also hints at a reduced entrainment under reacting conditions. A 1D spray model under reacting condition has been used, which confirms the modifications obtained in the main flow metrics when moving from inert to reacting conditions. When comparing the flow evolution with the flame structure, little effect of chemical activity on the spray flow upstream the lift-off length has been evidenced, in spite of the presence of formaldehyde in such regions. Only downstream of the lift-off length, as defined by OH LIF, has a strong change in flow pattern been observed as a result of combustion-induced heat release.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"179","issue":"","pages":"157–171","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.01.023","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel flame"},{"tag":"Entrainment"},{"tag":"Reactive flow"},{"tag":"Velocity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: 5MKSKKU8
data:
  {"key":"5MKSKKU8","version":528,"data":{"key":"5MKSKKU8","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Predicting the Conversion Efficiencies of Any Coal Type in CFBCs","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stephen","lastName":"Niksa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yasuhiro","lastName":"Sakurai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Naoki","lastName":"Fujiwara"}],"abstractNote":"This study uses simulations with detailed chemistry to characterize the conversion of the various fuel components - noncondensable gas mixtures, soot, char fines, and coarse char - and to identify the factors that determine unburned carbon emissions (a.k.a. LOI) from CFBCs. It covers virtually the entire operating domain for commercial CFBCs with 20 test cases in 11 full-scale CFBCs for a range of coal quality from brown coals through anthracite. Soot burnout was complete for all cases except one. LOI was entirely determined by incomplete burnout of coarse char particles, except that an anthracite produced fines that burned slower than coarse char. Simulations for a Chinese CFBC accurately depicted how hotter furnace temperatures and load variations affect LOI. The intrinsic char oxidation reactivity determines whether or not char fines and coarse char can effectively compete with noncondensable fuel mixtures for the available O2 at lower elevations, and thereby influence NO production. More reactive chars compete more effectively. Char burning mechanisms determine which segment of the char PSD contributes to LOI, in conjunction with size variations in the transit times of char particles across CFBC risers. Relevant burning mechanisms comprise chemical reaction control, mediation by pore transport and film diffusion, thermal annealing, and ash encapsulation. Depending on the magnitude of the intrinsic char oxidation reactivity, any segment of the char PSD can make the largest contributions to flyash LOI. © 2017 American Chemical Society.","publicationTitle":"Energy and Fuels","volume":"31","issue":"4","pages":"4507–4519","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00060","ISSN":"15205029","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"burnout"},{"tag":"cfbc"},{"tag":"char oxidation"},{"tag":"simulations"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: QXZ4WRLC
data:
  {"key":"QXZ4WRLC","version":528,"data":{"key":"QXZ4WRLC","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Tki I I + L Tm + L J","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zigang","lastName":"Dong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuanting","lastName":"Zhang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"25","issue":"","pages":"803–805","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9781457721779","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: 7A69BIGW
data:
  {"key":"7A69BIGW","version":528,"data":{"key":"7A69BIGW","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A computational analysis of local flow for reacting Diesel sprays by means of an Eulerian CFD model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Pandal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"García-Oliver"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Novella"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"Pastor"}],"abstractNote":"An implementation and validation of the coupled Σ-Y ADF model is presented in this work for reacting Diesel spray CFD simulations under a RANS turbulence modeling approach. An Approximated Diffusion Flamelet (ADF) model Michel et al. (2008) implemented in the OpenFOAM CFD open-source library by Winklinger (2014) is fed with the spray description, i.e. mixing formation process, provided by the Σ-Y Eulerian atomization model Garcia-Oliver et al. (2013). In the present investigation, the Engine Combustion Network Spray A reference configuration is used for validation. Specifically, the model can provide accurate predictions of typical reacting spray metrics, such as the ignition delay and the lift-off length. Moreover, the internal structure is also fairly reproduced in terms of quasi-steady spatial distribution of formaldehyde and OH, related with low and high temperature reactions respectively. Additionally, modeling results have been compared to recent Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements Garcia-Oliver et al. (2017) under both inert and reacting conditions. Flow response to heat release is quantitatively predicted by the model, both in terms of local velocity increase as well as radial dilation. The model has been used to understand combustion-induced reduction in entrainment, in particular around the lift-off length location. Flow confinement does not seem to influence the global flame behaviour, even though some changes in the local flow hint can be observed when moving from an open to a closed domain.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"99","issue":"","pages":"257–272","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2017.10.010","ISSN":"03019322","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2017.10.010","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"CFD"},{"tag":"Combustion modeling"},{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Eulerian"},{"tag":"OpenFOAM®"},{"tag":"Unsteady flamelet model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: 59GTK4RA
data:
  {"key":"59GTK4RA","version":528,"data":{"key":"59GTK4RA","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Reduced Chemical Kinetic Mechanism of Toluene Reference Fuel ( toluene / n-heptane ) for Diesel Engine Combustion Simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhengxin","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhichao","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Juncheng","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mianzhi","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jingping","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chia-fon","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wayne","lastName":"Chang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jie","lastName":"Hou"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2015-01-0387.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:23Z"}}


key: 233FPG45
data:
  {"key":"233FPG45","version":528,"data":{"key":"233FPG45","version":528,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling Knock in Spark-Ignition Engines Using a G-equation Combustion Model Incorporating Detailed Chemical Kinetics","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claudia O.","lastName":"Iyer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claudia O.","lastName":"Iyer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jianwen","lastName":"Yi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jianwen","lastName":"Yi"}],"abstractNote":"In this paper, knock in a Ford single cylinder directinjection spark-ignition (DISI) engine was modeled and investigated using the KIVA-3V code with a G-equation combustion model coupled with detailed chemical kinetics. The deflagrative turbulent flame propagation was described by the G-equation combustion model. A 22-species, 42-reaction iso-octane (iC8H18) mechanism was adopted to model the auto-ignition process of the gasoline/air/residual-gas mixture ahead of the flame front. The iso-octane mechanism was originally validated by ignition delay tests in a rapid compression machine. In this study, the mechanism was tested by comparing the simulated ignition delay time in a constant volume mesh with the values measured in a shock tube under different initial temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio conditions, and acceptable agreements were obtained. The mechanism was further validated by modeling a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine at both low and high engine speeds. The G-equation combustion model was validated on the Ford DISI engine with spark advance and intake manifold pressure sweeps. Based on the model validation, knocking combustion under boost and globally stoichiometric operating conditions was simulated. Finally, knock mitigation strategies using cooled EGR and/or two-stage mixing were assessed based on the numerical analysis.","publicationTitle":"Sae","volume":"2007-01-01","issue":"724","pages":"776–0790","date":"2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2007-01-0165","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: X965QU6F
data:
  {"key":"X965QU6F","version":527,"data":{"key":"X965QU6F","version":527,"itemType":"book","title":"Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Book cover Global Sensitivity Analysis: The","lastName":"Primer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Global Sensitivity Analysis: The","lastName":"Primer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stefano Tarantola","lastName":"A. Saltelli, Marco Ratto, Terry Andres, Francesca Campolongo, Jessica Cariboni, Debora Gatelli, Michaela Saisana"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"1","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"Wiley","date":"2008","numPages":"","language":"","ISBN":"978-0-470-05997-5","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISSN: 1098-6596\nPublication Title: Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline 2015\n_eprint: arXiv:1011.1669v3\nDOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004\nPMID: 25246403","tags":[{"tag":"icle"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: TTAI3A7Y
data:
  {"key":"TTAI3A7Y","version":527,"data":{"key":"TTAI3A7Y","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion Simulation of Dual Fuel CNG Engine Using Direct Injection of Natural Gas and Diesel","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Philip","lastName":"Zoldak"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrzej","lastName":"Sobiesiak"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Wickman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Bergin"}],"abstractNote":"AbstractThe increased availability of natural gas (NG) in the U.S. has renewed interest in the application to heavy-duty (HD) diesel engines in order to realize fuel cost savings and reduce pollutant emissions, while increasing fuel economy.Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion employs two fuels with a large difference in auto-ignition properties to generate a spatial gradient of fuel-air mixtures and reactivity. Typically, a high octane fuel is premixed by means of port-injection, followed by direct injection of a high cetane fuel late in the compression stroke. Previous work by the authors has shown that NG and diesel RCCI offers improved fuel efficiency and lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions when compared to conventional diesel diffusion combustion. The work concluded that NG and diesel RCCI engines are load limited by high rates of pressure rise (RoPR) (\\textgreater15 bar/deg) and high peak cylinder pressure (PCP) (\\textgreater200 bar). A high degree of premixing has been found by several researchers to cause excessively high rates of pressure rise thus limiting load.The dual fuel engine proposed in this work employed direct injection of natural gas (DI-NG) (modeled as methane), as the main fuel, during the compression stroke in addition to early and late injections of small quantities of diesel fuel (modeled as n-heptane) to provide the ignition source. The DI-NG concept creates enhanced stratification of the NG fuel portion and avoids excessive premixing, which tempers the RoPR, thus enabling higher load operation.A computational study was performed to examine the trade-offs of fuel consumption, PCP, and peak RoPR, with engine emissions. Several parameters were studied including: relative azimuthal angle between NG and diesel fuel nozzles, diesel pilot injection timing and quantity splits as well as injection timing sweeps. The results from the study indicated that DI-NG was successful in controlling the RoPR to below 10 bar/deg and PCP to less than 180 bar, while improving the NOx, HC and soot emissions to meet engine out targets for engines equipped with modern aftertreatment systems.","publicationTitle":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":"8","issue":"2","pages":"846–858","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2015-01-0851","ISSN":"1946-3944","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2015-01-0851/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: KH4CLRT5
data:
  {"key":"KH4CLRT5","version":527,"data":{"key":"KH4CLRT5","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of Multiple Injection Strategies on Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a Diesel Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Su Han","lastName":"Park"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hyung Jun","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chang Sik","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the spray and combustion characteristics in a common rail diesel engine with two different multiple injection strategies involving a fixed injection interval (double injection strategy) and a fixed second injection timing (split injection strategy). In this study, the double injection strategy had a fixed 10° interval with before top dead center (BTDC) 40°, 30°, and 20° of first injection timing. The split injection strategy consisted of a two-stage injection, in which the second injection timing was fixed at top dead center (TDC), followed by a first injection that varied in timing from BTDC 40–10°. A high-pressure chamber with a maximum pressure of up to 4 MPa was used to analyze the spray characteristics of the various injection strategies at high ambient pressures. Spray images were obtained using a spray visualization system to analyze the spray behavior with multiple injection conditions. The KIVA-3V code was coupled with a reduced n...","publicationTitle":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"acs.energyfuels.5b02121","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02121","ISSN":"0887-0624","shortTitle":"","url":"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02121","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: 44B8DK4D
data:
  {"key":"44B8DK4D","version":527,"data":{"key":"44B8DK4D","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Morphology and nano-structure of soot in diesel spray and in engine exhaust","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Behzad","lastName":"Rohani"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Choongsik","lastName":"Bae"}],"abstractNote":"This work investigates how morphology and nano-structure of the soot particles produced in a diesel spray flame evolve due to the rise in the temperature/pressure caused by the piston motion. The soot particles were sampled from the exhaust line of a diesel engine and were compared to the soot particles directly sampled from the spray flame of the same injector, in a constant volume chamber. Analysis of the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images acquired from the soot samples at two axial locations in the spray flame shows that the soot aggregates grow in size, become longer, more fractal and attain lower surface to volume ratio along the spray axis. However, the soot particles produced in the spray flame become smaller, shorter, less fractal, more compact and attain higher surface to volume ratio when emitted from the engine. This is discussed to be due to the increase in the oxidation rate by temperature rise caused by piston motion, and the consequent oxidation induced fragmentation of the soot aggregates. The effect of oxidation is also evident on the size of the soot primary particles, as the engine-out soot is found to have smaller primary particles compared to the soot initially produced in the spray flame. Nano-structural analysis shows that the crystallite size in the engine-out soot is increased compared to the soot originally produced in the spray flame. This suggests that among two possible effects of temperature on diesel soot crystallite size, being crystallite size increase due to enhanced graphitization from one hand, and crystallite size reduction due to oxidation enhancement from the other hand, the former effect is dominant and the soot particles become structurally more ordered under the effect of temperature rise caused by piston motion.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"203","issue":"","pages":"47–56","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.093","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.093","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel soot"},{"tag":"In-spray sampling"},{"tag":"Morphology"},{"tag":"Nano-structure"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: XNY2FHMP
data:
  {"key":"XNY2FHMP","version":527,"data":{"key":"XNY2FHMP","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A skeletal mechanism for multi-component fuel combustion simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H.","lastName":"An"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W. M.","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Li"}],"abstractNote":"The present study aims to develop a skeletal mechanism for multi-component fuel oxidation of diesel, biodiesel blended with short chain oxygenated fuels of ethanol and DMC. Starting from a detailed reaction mechanism, a reduced chemical kinetics which could treat both ethanol and DMC oxidation reactions was first developed using directed relation graph with error propagation and sensitivity analysis (DRGEPSA) method, and it was then combined with a tri-component biodiesel reaction mechanism developed in our previous study with CO, NOx and soot emission sub-models embedded. The final mechanism comprises 132 species and 617 elementary reactions. Extensive validations were performed for the developed skeletal mechanism through ignition delay testing and 3-D engine simulations. Validation results discerned that for ethanol, DMC and diesel fuels, predicted ignition delay time agreed very well with the detailed reaction mechanism or experimental results over a large range of initial pressure, temperature and equivalent ratio conditions with the maximum deviation below 25%, whereas for biodiesel, the largest discrepancy was 53%. 3-D engine combustion simulations also demonstrated that the ignition delay, cylinder pressure and heat release rate of diesel, biodiesel and their blend fuels with DMC could be very well reproduced by the present mechanism with reliable accuracies under various engine operating conditions. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"134","issue":"","pages":"429–438","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.095","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"DMC"},{"tag":"Ethanol"},{"tag":"Multi-component fuel"},{"tag":"Oxygenated fuel"},{"tag":"Skeletal mechanism"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: 3Q2R9V5B
data:
  {"key":"3Q2R9V5B","version":527,"data":{"key":"3Q2R9V5B","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Scaling fuel sprays for different size diesel engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xinyi","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tie","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheyuan","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bin","lastName":"Wang"}],"abstractNote":"Diesel engines are widely used not only for heavy-duty vehicles such as ships and trucks but also for light-duty passenger cars, with a wide range of bore diameters. Since development of a new diesel engine is usually expensive and time consuming, the ability to accurately predict engine performance from existing models can reduce the resources and time required in the engine development procedure. However, so far knowledge on scaling diesel engines is far from adequacy, particularly for spray combustion processes. In this paper, two injectors with nozzle hole diameters of 0.11 mm and 0.14 mm are adopted for scaling fuel sprays under the non-evaporating conditions based on the three similarity rules. Firstly, the existence of similarity is theoretically analyzed in diesel fuel sprays of both free injection and impinging upon a wall. Then, the similarity of diesel injection rate is experimentally verified by using the Bosch long tube method. Finally, the similarity of spray angle, tip penetration length, excess air ratio and impinging spray characteristics are investigated under various injection pressures and ambient densities in an optically accessible constant volume vessel by the high-speed shadowgraphy. The theoretical analysis and experimental results reveal that the similarity rule keeping the injection pressure constant is more preferable for scaling the spray angle, tip penetration length and excess air ratio, while the other two similarity rules with reduced injection pressure result in narrowed spray angle and increased spray tip penetration length. With respect to the post-impingement behavior, although the spray from the large-hole nozzle impinges upon the wall later than those of the small-hole nozzles with the speed rule and the lift-off rule, the rebound height of the large-hole nozzle is higher than those by the small holes with the speed and the lift-off rule. The mechanism of the above phenomena is discussed in depth.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"225","issue":"March","pages":"358–369","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.167","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.167","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engines"},{"tag":"Impinging spray"},{"tag":"Injection rate"},{"tag":"Similarity theory"},{"tag":"Spray mixture formation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: Y93CK3Y6
data:
  {"key":"Y93CK3Y6","version":527,"data":{"key":"Y93CK3Y6","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Automatic Mesh Generation for CFD Simulations of Direct- Injection Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Politecnico","lastName":"Milano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tommaso","lastName":"Lucchini"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Augusto Della","lastName":"Torre"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gianluca D","lastName":"Errico"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gianluca","lastName":"Montenegro"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Fiocco"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Maghbouli"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2015-01-0376.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: VA7W2VVM
data:
  {"key":"VA7W2VVM","version":527,"data":{"key":"VA7W2VVM","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Comprehensive Study of the Initial Diameter for Combustion of n -Heptane / iso -Octane Mixture Droplets","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T","lastName":"Farouk"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y","lastName":"Shen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M C","lastName":"Hicks"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C T","lastName":"Avedisian"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y","lastName":"Xie"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A P","lastName":"Reeves"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F L","lastName":"Dryer"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th US National Combustion Meeting","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–7","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:22Z"}}


key: 6SMMTW9I
data:
  {"key":"6SMMTW9I","version":527,"data":{"key":"6SMMTW9I","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Developing detailed kinetic models of syngas production from bio-oil gasification using Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fariba","lastName":"Seyedzadeh Khanshan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Richard H.","lastName":"West"}],"abstractNote":"Detailed kinetic models for the conversion of bio-oil to syngas through gasification were developed automatically using the open source software package Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG). The influences of process operating conditions and of RMG parameters on the performance of models were investigated. Both temperature and pressure alter the product yields, although including pressure-dependent (chemically activated and fall-off) kinetics have minimal impact on these predictions. The model size is important, although currently constrained by available RAM, motivating development of improved memory-management algorithms in RMG. To validate the RMG-built mechanisms, simulations performed with Cantera were compared with experimental data from the literature. Agreements and disagreements between RMG-built models and literature show that the automated mechanism generation approach is promising, but reveal some families of reactions involving heteroatomic cycles that require improved estimates for bio-mass derived fuels. Research in this area would be greatly helped by more quantitative experimental data, ideally showing intermediate species profiles. These findings motivate extra studies and guide further RMG development.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"163","issue":"","pages":"25–33","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.031","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.031","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Bio-oil"},{"tag":"Gasification"},{"tag":"Kinetic model"},{"tag":"Pyrolysis"},{"tag":"Reaction mechanism"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: RTX6YTFF
data:
  {"key":"RTX6YTFF","version":527,"data":{"key":"RTX6YTFF","version":527,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Flame Quenching Dynamics in a Rectangular Cross Section Channel for Different Velocity Regimes","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ariff Magdoom","lastName":"Mahuthannan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Deanna A","lastName":"Lacoste"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jason","lastName":"Damazo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William L","lastName":"Roberts"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: XTSMQTCM
data:
  {"key":"XTSMQTCM","version":526,"data":{"key":"XTSMQTCM","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of engine parameters and gaseous fuel type on the cyclic variability of dual fuel engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohamed Y E","lastName":"Selim"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents an analysis of the cycle-to-cycle combustion variation as reflected in the combustion pressure data of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, four stroke, Ricardo E6 engine converted to run as dual fuel engine on diesel and gaseous fuel of LPG or methane. A measuring set-up consisting of a piezo-electric pressure transducer with charge amplifier and fast data acquisition card installed on an IBM microcomputer was used to gather the data of up to 1200 consecutive combustion cycles of the cylinder under various combination of engine operating and design parameters. These parameters included type of gaseous fuel, engine load, compression ratio, pilot fuel injection timing, pilot fuel mass, and engine speed. The data for each operating conditions were analyzed for the maximum pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise - representing the combustion noise, and indicated mean effective pressure. The cycle-to-cycle variation is expressed as the mean value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of these three parameters. It was found that the type of gaseous fuel and engine operating and design parameters affected the combustion noise and its cyclic variation and these effects have been presented. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"84","issue":"7-8","pages":"961–971","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.023","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion noise"},{"tag":"Cyclic variability"},{"tag":"Dual fuel engine"},{"tag":"LPG"},{"tag":"Methane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: 9EAI92WZ
data:
  {"key":"9EAI92WZ","version":526,"data":{"key":"9EAI92WZ","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Models for Absorption and Scattering of Radiation by Water Droplets in Fire Suppression Environments","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ankur","lastName":"Gupta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karl V","lastName":"Meredith"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yi","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marcos","lastName":"Chaos"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th US Combustion meeting","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"modeling"},{"tag":"radiation attenuation"},{"tag":"suppression"},{"tag":"water-mist"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: FWPQKHQS
data:
  {"key":"FWPQKHQS","version":526,"data":{"key":"FWPQKHQS","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling turbulence–chemistry interaction in lean premixed hydrogen flames with a strained flamelet model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Philipp","lastName":"Trisjono"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantin","lastName":"Kleinheinz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Evatt R.","lastName":"Hawkes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heinz","lastName":"Pitsch"}],"abstractNote":"Premixed flames in the thin and broken reaction zones regime exhibit strong non-linear turbulence–chemistry interactions and are hence challenging to model. In the present study, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) database for a hydrogen–air flame is used to understand the effect of turbulence–chemistry interactions on the flame speed. To this end, statistics of the local flame front displacement speed are investigated and the roles of flame stretch due to curvature and strain are analyzed. The local flame speed is found to be on average around 30% lower than the laminar burning velocity, which is shown to be a consequence of strain. Strain effects are then modeled by a recently proposed strained flamelet model, which is validated a priori against the DNS in terms of the flame speed and the reaction source term. The strained flamelet model leads to a moderate improvement of the flame speed prediction and is able to reproduce the decrease of the local flame speed. Moreover, it significantly improves the source term closure, which is demonstrated on the basis of the optimal estimator approach and, overall, describes the investigated DNS flame with very good accuracy.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"174","issue":"","pages":"194–207","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.07.008","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"DNS"},{"tag":"Flame speed"},{"tag":"Flamelet modeling"},{"tag":"Premixed combustion"},{"tag":"Turbulent combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: HH94EMY3
data:
  {"key":"HH94EMY3","version":526,"data":{"key":"HH94EMY3","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical study of laminar flame speed of fuel-stratified hydrogen / air flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xian","lastName":"Shi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jyh-yuan","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"163","issue":"","pages":"394–405","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.10.014","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Hydrogen/air stratified flame"},{"tag":"Laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"air stratified flame"},{"tag":"hydrogen"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: 69WRQ5G6
data:
  {"key":"69WRQ5G6","version":526,"data":{"key":"69WRQ5G6","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"On the flame stability and laminar burning speeds of syngas / O 2 / He premixed flame","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Omid","lastName":"Askari"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziyu","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kevin","lastName":"Vien"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matteo","lastName":"Sirio"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hameed","lastName":"Metghalchi"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"190","issue":"x","pages":"90–103","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.042","ISSN":"0016-2361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.042","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: C4APM8QJ
data:
  {"key":"C4APM8QJ","version":526,"data":{"key":"C4APM8QJ","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Shock-Tube Studies of Sarin Surrogates","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Olivier","lastName":"Mathieu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Waruna D","lastName":"Kulatilaka"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric","lastName":"Petersen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"heated shock tube"},{"tag":"ignition delay time"},{"tag":"sarin surrogates"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:21Z"}}


key: FJX6ERZL
data:
  {"key":"FJX6ERZL","version":526,"data":{"key":"FJX6ERZL","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multicomponent fuel droplet vaporization and combustion using spectral theory for a continuous mixture","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manuel","lastName":"Arias-Zugasti"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Daniel E.","lastName":"Rosner"}],"abstractNote":"The Quasi-Steady vaporization and combustion of a multicomponent, spherically symmetrical droplet composed of a thermodynamically ideal mixture of mutually soluble fuels is analyzed theoretically by approximating the discrete mixture by a Continuous Mixture (CM). The CM is described locally by a general Probability Density Function (PDF), which is approximated by a truncated spectral expansion with a number of 'components' much smaller than the number of chemical components in the original mixture. Two methods (Galerkin and Orthogonal Collocation OC) are proposed, discussed, and OC is used, to solve the evolution of the spectral governing equations. The present paper generalizes the methods employed in most earlier Continuous Mixture Theory (CMT) studies, in which the PDF describing the mixture is assumed to have a predetermined mathematical form. These methods are illustrated for the practical cases of vaporization and combustion of individual droplets of gasoline, diesel or aviation fuel JP4. The results show that in most cases our spectral OC provides useful results with as few as six spectral pseudocomponents. © 2003 The Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"135","issue":"3","pages":"271–284","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00166-4","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 3491398762","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: YFA9FB63
data:
  {"key":"YFA9FB63","version":526,"data":{"key":"YFA9FB63","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Multi-Dimensional CFD-Chemical Kinetics Approach in Detection and Reduction of Knocking Combustion in Diesel-Natural Gas Dual-Fuel Engines Using Local Heat Release Analysis","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Maghbouli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Shafee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.K.","lastName":"Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W.","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V.","lastName":"Hosseini"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H.","lastName":"An"}],"abstractNote":"Dual-fuel diesel-natural gas (NG) engine exhibits higher power density and lower specific emissions compared to dedicated diesel engines. However, high intake temperatures, high compression ratios, combined with high engine loads may lead to engine knock. This is potentially a limiting factor on engine downsizing and getting higher power. In the present study, the combustion process under knocking conditions has been investigated in a dual-fuel diesel-NG engine. A comprehensive multi-dimensional simulation framework was generated by integrating the CHEMKIN chemistry solver into the KIVA-3V code. A detailed chemical kinetics mechanism was used for n-heptane and methane as diesel and NG surrogates. Combination of detailed chemical kinetics and detailed fluid dynamics calculation enabled the model to take into account the characteristics of most pronounced knock type in dual-fuel engines, so called end-gas knock. Within the CFD computational domain, eight regions that are the representatives of the dual-fuel heat release patterns have been selected to extract local properties. Using local knock identification factors, end-gas knock was observed in abnormal combustion cases. A new Knock Intensity factor (K.I) was introduced based on local heat release rate. Using developed knock prediction method, results showed knock could be mitigated by using EGR. Moreover, effect of premixed methane equivalence ratio on knocking combustion was investigated. © 2013 SAE International.","publicationTitle":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":"6","issue":"2","pages":"777–787","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-0865","ISSN":"19463936 19463944","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: 4ZTLVGHU
data:
  {"key":"4ZTLVGHU","version":526,"data":{"key":"4ZTLVGHU","version":526,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Improvements to Combustion Models for Modeling Spark-Ignition Engines Using the G -equation and Detailed Chemical Kinetics COMBUSTION MODELS","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shiyou","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claudia O","lastName":"Iyer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jianwen","lastName":"Yi"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"1","issue":"1","pages":"1009–1025","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: BWWV3E6U
data:
  {"key":"BWWV3E6U","version":525,"data":{"key":"BWWV3E6U","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Computational Investigation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Sprays Using RANS and a Modified Version of the RNG k- Model in OpenFOAM","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y","lastName":"Gong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"O","lastName":"Kaario"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Tilli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Larmi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F X","lastName":"Tanner"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Presentation","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–25","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2010-01-0739","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: 8N2GWXK9
data:
  {"key":"8N2GWXK9","version":525,"data":{"key":"8N2GWXK9","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Impact of Supplemental Natural Gas on Engine Efficiency, Performance, and Emissions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claire","lastName":"Maxey"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vickey","lastName":"Kalaskar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dongil","lastName":"Kang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andre","lastName":"Boehman"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE International","volume":"2013-01-08","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-0847","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: JJKDL63L
data:
  {"key":"JJKDL63L","version":525,"data":{"key":"JJKDL63L","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Chapter 13","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sage","lastName":"Multizone"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Case","lastName":"Directory"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Directed Relation","lastName":"Graph"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ithaca Combustion","lastName":"Enterprise"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Since","lastName":"Ceq"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"457–471","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: 8W4GL3E5
data:
  {"key":"8W4GL3E5","version":525,"data":{"key":"8W4GL3E5","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A modification to the WAVE breakup model for evaporating diesel spray","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haobu","lastName":"Gao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiangrong","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiye","lastName":"Xue"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Honglin","lastName":"Bai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xu","lastName":"He"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fushui","lastName":"Liu"}],"abstractNote":"In order to improve the accuracy of the WAVE breakup model for an evaporating spray, it was calibrated using a series of diesel spray experiments with different orifice diameters, injection pressures, background gas densities and temperatures. The calibration focused on liquid length and spray (vapor) penetration. Based on the calibration results, it is concluded that the standard WAVE model with a constant C2, which is an adjustment parameter for breakup time, accurately predicts liquid length and spray penetration with a variety of orifice diameters, injection pressures and background gas densities. However, the same cannot be said for background temperature. Background temperature strongly affects the C2 value. Particularly, the C2 decreases with an increase in background temperature. Interestingly, the relationship between the C2 value and the background temperature seems to be of approximate inverse proportion. Therefore, due to this relationship between the C2 value and background temperature, and in order to obtain greater simulation accuracy, the proposed WAVE model with a variable C2 was developed and used to simulate a single-cylinder diesel engine. It was found that there is a significant decrease in liquid length alongside the development of the in-cylinder spray and combustion process. This is reasonable because liquid droplets break-up and evaporate faster in a higher temperature environment. Moreover, the result is in accordance with images from optical diesel engine experiments captured and performed by others.","publicationTitle":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"108","issue":"","pages":"555–566","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.152","ISSN":"13594311","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Evaporation"},{"tag":"Numerical simulation"},{"tag":"Variable C2 modification method"},{"tag":"WAVE breakup model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: Z2RA7R8I
data:
  {"key":"Z2RA7R8I","version":525,"data":{"key":"Z2RA7R8I","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of turbulent mixing on the end gas auto-ignition of n-heptane/air mixtures under IC engine-relevant conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haiqiao","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ceyuan","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hua","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wanhui","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhuyin","lastName":"Ren"}],"abstractNote":"The effect of turbulence on the end-gas auto-ignition (AI) of stoichiometric n-heptane/air mixtures under engine relevant conditions is numerically studied through a combined methodology of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and one-dimensional stand-alone Linear Eddy Model (LEM). Similar end-gas auto-ignition process in super rapid compression machine experiments is first been qualitatively reproduced through LES. To further investigate the effect of small-scale turbulence-chemistry interaction on the end-gas auto-ignition in the near-wall region which consists of a core region and a boundary layer, 1-D LEM simulations are performed by extracting the thermal-chemical and turbulent parameters at top dead center from LES. The parametric study covers a range of representative fluctuation velocity values under engine-like conditions at two initial temperatures of 700 K and 900 K, which are below and within the Negative Temperature Coefficient regime respectively. It is generally found that, increased turbulence intensity delays AI formation and also reduces the kernel size at the onset of AI. At the initial temperature of 700 K, intense turbulence can change the combustion mode of the end-gas following the initial spontaneous auto-ignition in the core region. Diffusive - reactive flame structures are observed and the kernel expansion is governed by turbulent flame propagation. At a high initial temperature of 900 K, the formation of “cold” AI kernels is inhibited with increased turbulence intensity. A budget analysis reveals that the expansion processes of nascent kernels mainly are spontaneous ignitions and turbulence may enhance the local scalar mixing. However, turbulence won't change the nature of auto-ignition propagation wave driven dominantly by exothermicity during the end-gas combustion process.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"174","issue":"","pages":"25–36","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.011","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0010-2180\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"End-gas auto-ignition"},{"tag":"Engine knock"},{"tag":"Negative temperature coefficient"},{"tag":"Turbulent mixing"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: 9VX3L5G5
data:
  {"key":"9VX3L5G5","version":525,"data":{"key":"9VX3L5G5","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An Analytical Framework for Fire Sprinkler Plume Penetration","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric","lastName":"Link"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Howard","lastName":"Baum"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"André","lastName":"Marshall"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"fire sprinklers"},{"tag":"plume"},{"tag":"spray"},{"tag":"suppression"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: ZU5LJLJ5
data:
  {"key":"ZU5LJLJ5","version":525,"data":{"key":"ZU5LJLJ5","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental Investigation on CNG-Diesel Combustion Modes under Highly Diluted Conditions on a Light Duty Diesel Engine with Focus on Injection Strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pablo","lastName":"Garcia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Per","lastName":"Tunestal"}],"abstractNote":"In the last decades, emission legislation on pollutant emissions generated by road transportation sector has become the main driving force for internal combustion engine development. Approximately 20% of worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion come from the transportation sector, and road vehicles contribute up to 80% of those emissions [1]. Light-duty methane gas engines are usually spark-ignited due to similar combustion characteristics for methane gas and gasoline. Since spark ignition requires a low compression ratio to avoid knock problems, gas engines have lower efficiency than diesel engines. A combustion concept that has been successfully applied on large stationary engines and to some extent on heavy-duty engines is dual-fuel combustion, where a compression-ignited diesel pilot injection is used to ignite a homogeneous charge of methane gas and air. This dual-fuel combustion concept is well established for large stationary engines and exists as an after-market solution for heavy-duty engines but does not exist at all for light-duty engines. This concept offers a high degree of flexibility for the engine operation because dual fuel combustion does not require heavy modifications of the original diesel engine architecture so diesel operation could remain unaltered. This paper presents an initial study of how combustion characteristics in a multi-cylinder dual fuel methane-diesel light duty engine are altered by the injection control strategy adopted on different high substitution ratio operating points under highly diluted conditions (unthrottled). The measurements have been performed under steady state conditions but the impact of injection strategy on transient operation is discussed and analyzed based on emissions and brake thermal efficiency. Results show that high substitution ratios are difficult to operate at low loads regardless the operation mode selected. RCCI or PPCI combustion could be adopted to promote more stable and robust combustion, although those modes require lower substitution ratios to be achieved. This investigation does not aim for an optimization of the injection parameters in dual fuel combustion mode, but it aims to point out and understand the most relevant characteristics and behaviors of a light duty dual fuel CNG-Diesel engine operating under high substitution ratios.","publicationTitle":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":"8","issue":"5","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2015-24-2439","ISSN":"19463944","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:20Z"}}


key: 3N48DMLD
data:
  {"key":"3N48DMLD","version":525,"data":{"key":"3N48DMLD","version":525,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"HyChem model: Application to petroleum-derived jet fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y.","lastName":"Tao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. K.","lastName":"Shao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T.","lastName":"Parise"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y.","lastName":"Zhu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. J.","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F. N.","lastName":"Egolfopoulos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. F.","lastName":"Davidson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. K.","lastName":"Hanson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. T.","lastName":"Bowman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H.","lastName":"Wang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th U.S. National Combustion Meeting","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"hychem"},{"tag":"jet fuel"},{"tag":"kinetics"},{"tag":"reaction model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:42:19Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:42:19Z"}}


key: 3F4FY4UF
data:
  {"key":"3F4FY4UF","version":108,"data":{"key":"3F4FY4UF","version":108,"parentItem":"G3EA5E58","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Park et al. - 2021 - Phenomenological micro-pilot ignition model for me.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Park et al. - 2021 - Phenomenological micro-pilot ignition model for me.pdf","md5":"1e3ce789edbdc94ad1cd9788157fa8d7","mtime":1615745196000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-14T18:06:34Z","dateModified":"2021-03-15T15:59:27Z"}}


key: JDGBS4TD
data:
  {"key":"JDGBS4TD","version":99,"data":{"key":"JDGBS4TD","version":99,"parentItem":"MHW6DRHB","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Mikulski and Wierzbicki - 2016 - Numerical investigation of the impact of gas compo.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Mikulski and Wierzbicki - 2016 - Numerical investigation of the impact of gas compo.pdf","md5":"955d352a19f14b8bb455f4fe4be8350b","mtime":1615340247000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-10T01:37:22Z","dateModified":"2021-03-10T01:37:28Z"}}


key: 9TKYSID5
data:
  {"key":"9TKYSID5","version":536,"data":{"key":"9TKYSID5","version":536,"parentItem":"ERRKCU6Z","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Shi et al. - 2017 - Laminar flame speeds of stratified methane, propan.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Shi et al. - 2017 - Laminar flame speeds of stratified methane, propan.pdf","md5":"5c94401d2dceeb37d6aa4f8619b00404","mtime":1632861988000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-10T01:36:30Z","dateModified":"2021-03-10T01:36:36Z"}}


key: XQAWJG9Z
data:
  {"key":"XQAWJG9Z","version":92,"data":{"key":"XQAWJG9Z","version":92,"parentItem":"NUJN8U3I","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Burgos and Adam - 2020 - Graphical user interface editor for Octave applica.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Burgos and Adam - 2020 - Graphical user interface editor for Octave applica.pdf","md5":"0f4a736580bafb7cc8db4e8290fe1187","mtime":1615333570000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-09T23:46:03Z","dateModified":"2021-03-09T23:46:10Z"}}


key: W4KDRCTX
data:
  {"key":"W4KDRCTX","version":88,"data":{"key":"W4KDRCTX","version":88,"parentItem":"QSLJS4F3","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Suzuki et al. - 2006 - Effect of the Ratio Between Connecting-rod Length .pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Suzuki et al. - 2006 - Effect of the Ratio Between Connecting-rod Length .pdf","md5":"30fc25ef5ebe3d6a93f4b312eaa27780","mtime":1614723757000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-02T22:22:26Z","dateModified":"2021-03-02T22:22:38Z"}}


key: 9MDQDMR6
data:
  {"key":"9MDQDMR6","version":82,"data":{"key":"9MDQDMR6","version":82,"parentItem":"BITXW6C9","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Liu and Dumitrescu - 2018 - 3D CFD simulation of a CI engine converted to SI n.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Liu and Dumitrescu - 2018 - 3D CFD simulation of a CI engine converted to SI n.pdf","md5":"774eecf9784570bc1a3ad5d2b7e7b470","mtime":1609789796000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-01-04T19:49:49Z","dateModified":"2021-01-04T19:49:56Z"}}


key: GQRT27LG
data:
  {"key":"GQRT27LG","version":85,"data":{"key":"GQRT27LG","version":85,"parentItem":"TFRUPDQK","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Pitsch and Steiner - 2000 - Scalar mixing and dissipation rate in large-eddy s.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"<blockquote>\n<p>This paper describes and evaluate the modelling of the scalar dissipation rate and its fluctuations in LES for non-premixed combustion using Lagrangian-type flamelet model.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p> </p>","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Pitsch and Steiner - 2000 - Scalar mixing and dissipation rate in large-eddy s.pdf","md5":"e472bc1f1559093c2971bcd3fc16bf2d","mtime":1610326325000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T18:58:02Z","dateModified":"2021-01-03T20:26:04Z"}}


key: ZD7CPCWN
data:
  {"key":"ZD7CPCWN","version":74,"data":{"key":"ZD7CPCWN","version":74,"parentItem":"4GNISJAL","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Ihme and See - 2010 - Prediction of autoignition in a lifted methaneair.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Ihme and See - 2010 - Prediction of autoignition in a lifted methaneair.pdf","md5":"150ce26fc3da8600e7e88b098243df87","mtime":1609195553000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T22:45:46Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T22:45:53Z"}}


key: JMMMNKAF
data:
  {"key":"JMMMNKAF","version":69,"data":{"key":"JMMMNKAF","version":69,"parentItem":"PJZ2RHJ3","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Kundu et al. - 2017 - Importance of turbulence-chemistry interactions at.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"<p>Higher values of scalar dissipation lead to lower temperatures and ignition delays. At sufficiently high value of X<sub>st</sub> the flame extinguishes.</p>\n<p> </p>","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Kundu et al. - 2017 - Importance of turbulence-chemistry interactions at.pdf","md5":"972550cae95cb82cba4351ea184ebfd3","mtime":1609176185000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:22:57Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T20:08:05Z"}}


key: MF6RULZM
data:
  {"key":"MF6RULZM","version":71,"data":{"key":"MF6RULZM","version":71,"parentItem":"6Z8CZBWL","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Kundu et al. - 2017 - An equivalent dissipation rate model for capturing.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"<p>steady scalar dissipation rate (SDR) assumption</p>\n<p>900K ambient,</p>\n<p>ndodecane with 106 species and 420 reactions</p>\n<p>1D counter flow diffusion flame (CFDF) modelling approaches : </p>\n<ol>\n<li>unsteady flamelet model : most accurate, time consuming for determining effecrs of time-evolving dissipation rates</li>\n<li>steady SDR flamelet : looks up the solution of the current SDR without accounting for its time history</li>\n<li>equivalent SDR model: current work</li>\n</ol>\n<p>1. Unsteady Famelet Model:</p>\n<p>Le ( Lewis Number ) = 1 assumed </p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>At each time-step , the stoichiometric scalar dissipation rate changes and is updated for the flamelet equation. Thus, this numerical model is capable of incorporating unsteady strain<br />effects, i.e., the history of the strain rate is accounted for in the<br />model, and ignition of flamelets will be dependent on the previous<br />history of the flamelet. This modeling approach is the equivalent<br />of the RIF model in 1D.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>2. Steady SDR Flamelet Model :</p>\n<p>Uses tabulated stoichiometric SDRs which neglect the history effect.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Kundu et al. - 2017 - An equivalent dissipation rate model for capturing.pdf","md5":"e7651877f5038c108b467cd2919050ac","mtime":1609184479000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T18:11:53Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T19:10:20Z"}}


key: Y83J7IBK
data:
  {"key":"Y83J7IBK","version":50,"data":{"key":"Y83J7IBK","version":50,"parentItem":"AK52BN53","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Dasgupta et al. - 2017 - Effect of turbulence–chemistry interactions on che.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Dasgupta et al. - 2017 - Effect of turbulence–chemistry interactions on che.pdf","md5":"d1689f4e8cf7f4c05aa661233679a63d","mtime":1609178106000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:55:01Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:55:06Z"}}


key: IGTYV232
data:
  {"key":"IGTYV232","version":70,"data":{"key":"IGTYV232","version":70,"parentItem":"TT23K4V5","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Pitsch - A G-equation formulation for large-eddy simulation.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Pitsch - A G-equation formulation for large-eddy simulation.pdf","md5":"d194cd053c4d10c23f3073a6f5c9c3ca","mtime":1609184468000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:27:19Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:27:21Z"}}


key: A9WAESZK
data:
  {"key":"A9WAESZK","version":44,"data":{"key":"A9WAESZK","version":44,"parentItem":"2E6FNAXH","itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Peters and Dekena - 1999 - Combustion Modeling with the G-Equation.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Peters and Dekena - 1999 - Combustion Modeling with the G-Equation.pdf","md5":"608f45c3a55ead05cca3ef77e572f9e2","mtime":1609176344000,"tags":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:25:40Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:25:44Z"}}


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key: C52MH8HM
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key: GB255EIM
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key: PIHG3YIZ
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key: BWHAEWIN
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key: 45EQHSVZ
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key: IDE9VCGB
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key: 4M5BZS3M
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key: T9II639V
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key: FVQTFBN8
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key: JCG6IE7Q
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key: 9GLLZ2FW
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key: I7JVYGMF
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key: QIY93PLL
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key: WVUF88VU
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key: MJKQRYTJ
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key: H4DGRYQZ
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key: 8AV83HP9
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key: IVC3QNA6
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key: Q8GTRID9
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key: CIEQX5IF
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key: KGVW3P98
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key: HESXLPK7
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key: HHY2AV2C
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  {"key":"HHY2AV2C","version":100,"data":{"key":"HHY2AV2C","version":100,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"High-Spatial-Resolution Estimates of Ultrafine Particle Concentrations across the Continental United States","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Provat K.","lastName":"Saha"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Steve","lastName":"Hankey"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Julian D.","lastName":"Marshall"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Allen L.","lastName":"Robinson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Albert A.","lastName":"Presto"}],"abstractNote":"There is growing evidence that ultrafine particles (UFP; particles smaller than 100 nm) are likely more toxic than larger particles. However, the health effects of UFP remain uncertain due in part to the lack of large-scale population-based exposure assessment. We develop a national-scale empirical model of particle number concentration (PNC; a measure of UFP) using data from mobile monitoring and fixed sites across the United States and a land-use regression (LUR) modeling framework. Traffic, commercial land use, and urbanicity-related variables explain much of the spatial variability of PNC (base model R2 = 0.77, RMSE = 2400 cm–3). Model predictions are robust across a diverse set of evaluations [random 10-fold holdout cross-validation (HCV): R2 = 0.72, RMSE = 2700 cm–3; spatially defined HCV: R2 = 0.66, RMSE = 3000 cm–3; evaluation against an independent data set: R2 = 0.54, RMSE = 2600 cm–3]. We apply our model to predict PNC at ∼6 million residential census blocks in the contiguous United States. Our estimates are annual average concentrations for 2016–2017. The predicted national census-block-level mean PNC ranges between 1800 and 26 600 cm–3 (population-weighted average: 6500 cm–3), with hotspots in cities and near highways. Our national PNC model predicts large urban–rural, intra-, and inter-city contrasts. PNC and PM2.5 are moderately correlated at the city scale, but uncorrelated at the regional/national scale. Our high-spatial-resolution national PNC estimates are useful for analyzing population exposure (socioeconomic disparity, epidemiological health impact) and environmental policy and regulation.","publicationTitle":"Environmental Science & Technology","volume":"55","issue":"15","pages":"10320-10331","date":"2021-08-03","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Environ. Sci. Technol.","language":"","DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.1c03237","ISSN":"0013-936X","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03237","accessDate":"2022-05-02T19:43:28Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ACS Publications","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: American Chemical Society","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-05-02T19:43:37Z","dateModified":"2022-05-02T19:43:37Z"}}


key: F3GE2NXE
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key: 97SWEZKL
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  {"key":"97SWEZKL","version":94,"data":{"key":"97SWEZKL","version":94,"itemType":"webpage","title":"trinity st marks - Search","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.bing.com/maps?q=trinity%20st%20marks&qs=n&form=QBRE&=Search%20%7B0%7D%20for%20%7B1%7D&=Search%20work%20for%20%7B0%7D&=%25eManage%20Your%20Search%20History%25E&sp=-1&pq=trinity%20st%20marks&sc=5-16&sk=&cvid=BE7BE4618E0A43868D50768479D0D80E","accessDate":"2022-04-30T22:58:35Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-30T22:58:35Z","dateModified":"2022-04-30T22:58:35Z"}}


key: 7UYYACBU
data:
  {"key":"7UYYACBU","version":92,"data":{"key":"7UYYACBU","version":92,"itemType":"webpage","title":"","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://tsi.com/getmedia/1621329b-f410-4dce-992b-e21e1584481a/PR-001-RevA_Aerosol-Statistics-AppNote?ext=.pdf","accessDate":"2022-04-30T15:41:37Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-30T15:41:37Z","dateModified":"2022-04-30T15:41:37Z"}}


key: ZRBAZBYJ
data:
  {"key":"ZRBAZBYJ","version":90,"data":{"key":"ZRBAZBYJ","version":90,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A review of the current automotive manufacturing practice from an energy perspective","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Giampieri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Ling-Chin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z.","lastName":"Ma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Smallbone"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A. P.","lastName":"Roskilly"}],"abstractNote":"The automotive industry is facing on-going challenges to improve the sustainability of its manufacturing processes and vehicle emissions due to economic, environmental, marketability and policy concerns. This review aims to evaluate steps that could be taken by automotive manufacturers to further reduce energy consumed during manufacturing processes, particularly focusing on thermal management of low-temperature heat sources that are extensively present in the whole plant and in the paint shop. Through an extensive literature review on the subject, this article presents vehicle production processes, the past and future drivers, and strategies towards sustainability. Firstly, the whole vehicle manufacturing process is explained focusing on the energy sources and their use in the plant. Then, the paint shop is described as being responsible for the highest energy consumption in the production process, focusing on components, paints and energy utilisation. After presenting the practice performed by automotive manufacturers to reduce the energy consumption of their production process in terms of energy efficiency and thermal management, the article is closed by future steps that could be undertaken by the automotive industry towards the realisation of a low-carbon sector. It is concluded that unexploited potential for heat recovery in the paint shop is present in the low-temperature range and this waste heat could be effectively exploited by liquid desiccant technology for energy consumption reduction and could increase paint quality of the painting process due to more efficient moisture control.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"261","issue":"","pages":"114074","date":"2020-03-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Applied Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114074","ISSN":"0306-2619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919317611","accessDate":"2022-04-28T22:02:46Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ScienceDirect","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Energy efficiency","type":1},{"tag":"Heat recovery","type":1},{"tag":"Low-carbon manufacturing","type":1},{"tag":"Sustainable automotive industry","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T22:02:46Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T22:02:46Z"}}


key: LX6F3N45
data:
  {"key":"LX6F3N45","version":89,"data":{"key":"LX6F3N45","version":89,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Industrial E-Coating Process - Advantages of Electrocoating | PPG Coatings Services","creators":[],"abstractNote":"E-coating, also known as electrodeposition coating, is a method of painting that uses electrical current to deposit paint on a surface. Learn more today!","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.ppgcoatingsservices.com/getattachment/293bca0d-1eb2-44f1-a27b-7a1d76b84892/e-coat-process-specifics-1-.jpg","accessDate":"2022-04-28T21:55:03Z","language":"en-us","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T21:55:03Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T21:55:03Z"}}


key: WD9JK6CP
data:
  {"key":"WD9JK6CP","version":88,"data":{"key":"WD9JK6CP","version":88,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator Certification","creators":[],"abstractNote":"Municipal wastewater certification examinations are offered twice a year, usually in May and November.","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/water-resources/op-cert-wastewater/municipal-wastewater-treatment-plant","accessDate":"2022-04-28T21:37:24Z","language":"en","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T21:37:24Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T21:37:24Z"}}


key: 7D7I8LDC
data:
  {"key":"7D7I8LDC","version":87,"data":{"key":"7D7I8LDC","version":87,"itemType":"document","title":"Enigine Exhaust Particle Sizer™ (EEPS™) Spectrometer Model 3090/3090AK Operation and Service Manual. P/N 1980494, REVISION J","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"","lastName":"TSI Incorporated"}],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"","date":"March 2015","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T21:01:51Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T21:04:58Z"}}


key: 2VAPYFSJ
data:
  {"key":"2VAPYFSJ","version":81,"data":{"key":"2VAPYFSJ","version":81,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) 3090","creators":[],"abstractNote":"The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer™(EEPS™) spectrometer Model 3090 measures the size distribution of engine exhaust particle emissions from 5.6 to 560nm.","websiteTitle":"TSI.com","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://tsi.com/Products/Particle-Sizers/Fast-Particle-Sizer-Spectrometers/Engine-Exhaust-Particle-Sizer-(EEPS)-3090","accessDate":"2022-04-28T21:01:22Z","language":"en","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T21:01:26Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T21:01:26Z"}}


key: IWINK5KI
data:
  {"key":"IWINK5KI","version":80,"data":{"key":"IWINK5KI","version":80,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Improvement of Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) size distribution measurement – II. Engine exhaust particles","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiaoliang","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Melissa A.","lastName":"Grose"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Caldow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Brian L.","lastName":"Osmondson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jacob J.","lastName":"Swanson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Judith C.","lastName":"Chow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John G.","lastName":"Watson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David B.","lastName":"Kittelson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yang","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jian","lastName":"Xue"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heejung","lastName":"Jung"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shaohua","lastName":"Hu"}],"abstractNote":"Particle size distributions measured by the Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer Spectrometer (EEPS) have been reported to disagree with those by scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS). The discrepancies are larger for the accumulation mode engine exhaust particles than for compact-shape particles. Engine exhaust particles, specifically carbonaceous aggregates, have different charging characteristics compared to nearly spherical particles because aggregates acquire more charges at a given mobility diameter in a unipolar charging environment. Therefore, different instrument matrices, that represent the relationship between particle size and EEPS electrometer current distributions, are needed for compact-shape particles and aggregates. This paper reports on a study to improve the EEPS performance for engine exhaust measurements. The EEPS was calibrated with monodisperse particles from the exhaust of a diesel engine. The geometric mean diameters measured by the EEPS using the original instrument matrix agreed with SMPS within 15% for particles <50nm (that were mostly spherical), but underestimated by 20–50% for larger particles (that were mostly aggregates). A new EEPS instrument matrix was developed for fresh engine exhaust, and its performance was evaluated using a diesel engine, two passenger cars with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, one vehicle with a turbo direct injection (TDI) diesel engine, and a diesel generator. The geometric mean diameters by the EEPS new matrix agreed with SMPS within 14% for monodisperse engine exhaust particles<50nm while larger particles agreed within −19% to 1%. The new matrix also improved the agreement between EEPS and SMPS for polydisperse exhaust particles from different engines under different operating conditions. Diesel engine tests showed that the total concentration, geometric mean diameter, and geometric standard deviation by the SMPS and EEPS with the new matrix differed less than 16%, 33%, and 9%, respectively, with the greatest differences found for particles <15nm.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"92","issue":"","pages":"83-94","date":"2016-02-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Aerosol Science","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.11.003","ISSN":"0021-8502","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850215001718","accessDate":"2022-04-28T14:28:34Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ScienceDirect","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Charging","type":1},{"tag":"EEPS","type":1},{"tag":"Electrical mobility","type":1},{"tag":"Engine exhaust","type":1},{"tag":"Particle size distribution","type":1},{"tag":"Soot","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T14:28:34Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T14:28:34Z"}}


key: ZLCK8F3V
data:
  {"key":"ZLCK8F3V","version":79,"data":{"key":"ZLCK8F3V","version":79,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Improvement of Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) size distribution measurement – I. Algorithm and applications to compact-shape particles","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiaoliang","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Melissa A.","lastName":"Grose"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Aaron","lastName":"Avenido"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark R.","lastName":"Stolzenburg"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Caldow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Brian L.","lastName":"Osmondson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Judith C.","lastName":"Chow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John G.","lastName":"Watson"}],"abstractNote":"Comparisons between the Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer Spectrometer (EEPS) and scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS) have shown that the EEPS underestimates size and concentration of particles >~75nm and that the discrepancies vary by particle type. This paper describes the development of a new EEPS instrument matrix to improve size distribution measurements for compact-shape particles. Both the operating principle and the mathematical model of the EEPS data inversion are described. Monodisperse and polydisperse sucrose, poly-α-olefin oil (PAO), and sodium chloride (NaCl) particles were used for calibration. A new instrument matrix was developed and implemented for data inversion. This study confirms the literature findings that the geometric mean diameter, geometric standard deviation, and total number concentration by EEPS with the default instrument matrix (referred to as IM-2004) agrees with SMPS within ±20% for compact-shape particles <~75nm. However, EEPS with IM-2004 underestimates geometric mean diameters by 20–40% for larger particles. The revised instrument matrix improves the size agreement with the SMPS to within ±14% across the entire size range.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"92","issue":"","pages":"95-108","date":"2016-02-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Aerosol Science","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.11.002","ISSN":"0021-8502","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850215001706","accessDate":"2022-04-28T13:07:50Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ScienceDirect","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","deleted":1,"tags":[{"tag":"EEPS","type":1},{"tag":"Electrical mobility","type":1},{"tag":"Engine exhaust","type":1},{"tag":"Inversion","type":1},{"tag":"Particle size distribution","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T13:07:50Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T13:07:50Z"}}


key: QY9RCFB2
data:
  {"key":"QY9RCFB2","version":77,"data":{"key":"QY9RCFB2","version":77,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Passage of Intratracheally Instilled Ultrafine Particles  from the Lung into the Systemic Circulation in Hamster","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"NEMMAR"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"VANBILLOEN"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F","lastName":"HOYLAERTS"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. H. M.","lastName":"HOET"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"VERBRUGGEN"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B","lastName":"VERBRUGGEN"}],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2101036","accessDate":"2022-04-28T12:32:29Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:32:29Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:53:23Z"}}


key: SGW2J26D
data:
  {"key":"SGW2J26D","version":65,"data":{"key":"SGW2J26D","version":65,"itemType":"bookSection","title":"Chapter 17 A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter H.","lastName":"McMurry"},{"creatorType":"editor","firstName":"Jill","lastName":"Austin"},{"creatorType":"editor","firstName":"Peter","lastName":"Brimblecombe"},{"creatorType":"editor","firstName":"William","lastName":"Sturges"}],"abstractNote":"Recent developments in atmospheric aerosol measurements are reviewed. The topics included complement those covered in the recent review by Chow (JAWMA 45: 320–382, 1995) which focuses on regulatory compliance measurements and filter measurements of particulate composition. This review focuses on measurements of aerosol integral properties (total number concentration, CCN concentration, optical coefficients, etc.), aerosol physical chemical properties (density, refractive index, equilibrium water content, etc.), measurements of aerosol size distributions, and measurements of size-resolved aerosol composition. Such measurements play an essential role in studies of secondary aerosol formation by atmospheric chemical transformations and enable one to quantify the contributions of various species to effects including light scattering/absorption, health effects, dry deposition, etc. Aerosol measurement evolved from an art to a science in the 1970s following the development of instrumentation to generate monodisperse calibration aerosols of known size, composition, and concentration. While such calibration tools permit precise assessments of instrument responses to known laboratory-generated aerosols, unquantifiable uncertainties remain even when carefully calibrated instruments are used for atmospheric measurements. This is because instrument responses typically depend on aerosol properties including composition, shape, density, etc., which, for atmospheric aerosols, may vary from particle-to-particle and are often unknown. More effort needs to be made to quantify measurement accuracies that can be achieved for realistic atmospheric sampling scenarios. The measurement of organic species in atmospheric particles requires substantial development. Atmospheric aerosols typically include hundreds of organic compounds, and only a small fraction (∼10%) of these can be identified by state-of-the-art analytical methodologies. Even the measurement of the total particulate organic carbon mass concentration is beset by difficulties including the unknown extent of evaporative losses during sampling, adsorption of gas-phase organic compounds onto sampling substrates, and the unknown relationship between carbon mass and mass of the particulate organics. The development of improved methodologies for such measurements should be a high priority for the future. Mass spectrometers that measure the composition of individual particles have recently been developed. It is not clear that these instruments will provide quantitative information on species mass concentrations, and more work is needed to routinely interpret the vast quantities of data generated during field sampling. Nevertheless, these instruments substantially expand the range of atmospheric aerosol issues that can be explored experimentally. These instruments represent the most significant advance in aerosol instrumentation in recent years.","bookTitle":"Developments in Environmental Science","series":"Air Pollution Science for the 21 Century","seriesNumber":"","volume":"1","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"Elsevier","date":"2002-01-01","pages":"443-517","language":"en","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474817702800201","accessDate":"2022-04-28T12:31:30Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ScienceDirect","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"DOI: 10.1016/S1474-8177(02)80020-1","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:31:30Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:31:30Z"}}


key: M82LG8AC
data:
  {"key":"M82LG8AC","version":64,"data":{"key":"M82LG8AC","version":64,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Number concentration and size of particles in urban air: effects on spirometric lung function in adult asthmatic subjects.","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Penttinen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. L.","lastName":"Timonen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Tiittanen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Mirme"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Ruuskanen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Pekkanen"}],"abstractNote":"Daily variations in ambient particulate air pollution are associated with variations in respiratory lung function. It has been suggested that the effects of particulate matter may be due to particles in the ultrafine (0.01-0.1 microm) size range. Because previous studies on ultrafine particles only used self-monitored peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), we assessed the associations between particle mass and number concentrations in several size ranges measured at a central site and measured (biweekly) spirometric lung function among a group of 54 adult asthmatics (n = 495 measurements). We also compared results to daily morning, afternoon, and evening PEFR measurements done at home (n = 7,672-8,110 measurements). The median (maximum) 24 hr number concentrations were 14,500/cm(3) (46,500/cm(3)) ultrafine particles and 800/cm(3) (2,800/cm(3)) accumulation mode (0.1-1 microm) particles. The median (maximum) mass concentration of PM(2.5) (particulate matter < 2.5 microm) and PM(10) (particulate matter < 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) were 8.4 microg/m(3) (38.3 microg/m(3)) and 13.5 microg/m(3) (73.7 microg/m(3)), respectively. The number of accumulation mode particles was consistently inversely associated with PEFR in spirometry. Inverse, but nonsignificant, associations were observed with ultrafine particles, and no associations were observed with large particles (PM(10)). Compared to the effect estimates for self-monitored PEFR, the effect estimates for spirometric PEFR tended to be larger. The standard errors were also larger, probably due to the lower number of spirometric measurements. The present results support the need to monitor the particle number and size distributions in urban air in addition to mass.","publicationTitle":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"109","issue":"4","pages":"319-323","date":"2001-04","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1289/ehp.01109319","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"Number concentration and size of particles in urban air","url":"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.01109319","accessDate":"2022-04-28T12:31:01Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ehp.niehs.nih.gov (Atypon)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:31:01Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:31:01Z"}}


key: C4PKIJ9X
data:
  {"key":"C4PKIJ9X","version":63,"data":{"key":"C4PKIJ9X","version":63,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hyouk-Soo","lastName":"Kwon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Min Hyung","lastName":"Ryu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christopher","lastName":"Carlsten"}],"abstractNote":"Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less. There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFPs to human health. Despite their modest mass and size, they dominate in terms of the number of particles in the ambient air. A particular concern about UFPs is their ability to reach the most distal lung regions (alveoli) and circumvent primary airway defenses. Moreover, UFPs have a high surface area and a capacity to adsorb a substantial amount of toxic organic compounds. Harmful systemic health effects of PM10 or PM2.5 are often attributable to the UFP fraction. In this review, we examine the physicochemical characteristics of UFPs to enable a better understanding of the effects of these particles on human health. The characteristics of UFPs from diesel combustion will be discussed in the greatest detail because road vehicles are the primary source of UFP emissions in urban pollution hotspots. Finally, we will elaborate on the role of UFPs on global climate change, since the adverse effects of UFPs on meteorological processes and the hydrological cycle may even be more harmful to human health than their direct toxic effects., Ultrafine particles (UFPs) from auto exhaust, factory emissions, and woodburning negatively affect human health and can alter weather patterns. UFPs, particles less than 100 nanometers, smaller than the smallest bacterium, are the most common airborne particles. Their size allows them to penetrate the deepest lung passageways, sometimes carrying toxic metals or organic compounds that trigger inflammation and disease. Hyouk-Soo Kwon at the University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea, and coworkers have reviewed the sources and effects of UFPs. Auto engines are a primary source; recent improvements in combustion technology have resulted in production of smaller particles, with worse effects on health. UFPs have also been found to affect cloud formation and behavior, altering rainfall patterns and potentially causing flooding or drought. Understanding the properties of UFPs will help find ways to mitigate their effects.","publicationTitle":"Experimental & Molecular Medicine","volume":"52","issue":"3","pages":"318-328","date":"2020-3-17","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Exp Mol Med","language":"","DOI":"10.1038/s12276-020-0405-1","ISSN":"1226-3613","shortTitle":"Ultrafine particles","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156720/","accessDate":"2022-04-28T12:28:33Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"PubMed Central","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"PMID: 32203103\nPMCID: PMC7156720","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:28:33Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:28:33Z"}}


key: ENG69JV3
data:
  {"key":"ENG69JV3","version":61,"data":{"key":"ENG69JV3","version":61,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Relationships between size segregated mass concentration data and ultrafine particle number concentrations in urban areas","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M. D.","lastName":"Keywood"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G. P.","lastName":"Ayers"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. L.","lastName":"Gras"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. W.","lastName":"Gillett"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. D.","lastName":"Cohen"}],"abstractNote":"Mass concentration data derived from samples collected with a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) in six Australian urban centers during periods of significant particle loading have been used to investigate the relationships between TSP, PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and ultrafine particles. While PM10 and PM2.5 display a clear relationship, the lack of correlation between PM10 and the coarse fraction of PM10 (PM10–PM2.5) suggests that variation in PM10 is dominated by variance in PM2.5. Given that particles of less than 2.5 μm are suspected to have adverse health effects, increasing the extent of PM2.5 monitoring may improve detection of relationships between air pollution and human health. A lack of correlation between both PM10 and PM2.5 with ultrafine mass concentrations indicates that PM10 and PM2.5 cannot be used as a surrogate for ultrafine mass concentration. Similarly, ultrafine number concentrations cannot be inferred from mass concentration information determined by the MOUDI.","publicationTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"33","issue":"18","pages":"2907-2913","date":"1999-08-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Atmospheric Environment","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00102-8","ISSN":"1352-2310","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231099001028","accessDate":"2022-04-28T12:27:12Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ScienceDirect","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"MOUDI","type":1},{"tag":"PM1","type":1},{"tag":"PM10","type":1},{"tag":"PM2.5","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:27:12Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:27:12Z"}}


key: AJAKJTKG
data:
  {"key":"AJAKJTKG","version":62,"data":{"key":"AJAKJTKG","version":62,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Relationships between size segregated mass concentration data and ultrafine particle number concentrations in urban areas","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Keywood"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G.","lastName":"Ayers"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Gras"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Gillett"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Cohen"}],"abstractNote":"Semantic Scholar extracted view of \"Relationships between size segregated mass concentration data and ultrafine particle number concentrations in urban areas\" by M. Keywood et al.","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"1999","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00102-8","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Semantic Scholar","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","deleted":1,"tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:26:58Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:26:58Z"}}


key: LNPC7JE7
data:
  {"key":"LNPC7JE7","version":59,"data":{"key":"LNPC7JE7","version":59,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ultrafine particles in four European urban environments: Results from a new continuous long-term monitoring network","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Hofman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Staelens"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Cordell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.","lastName":"Stroobants"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N.","lastName":"Zikova"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S. M. L.","lastName":"Hama"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. P.","lastName":"Wyche"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G. P. A.","lastName":"Kos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Van Der Zee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. L.","lastName":"Smallbone"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E. P.","lastName":"Weijers"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. S.","lastName":"Monks"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Roekens"}],"abstractNote":"To gain a better understanding on the spatiotemporal variation of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in urban environments, this study reports on the first results of a long-term UFP monitoring network, set up in Amsterdam (NL), Antwerp (BE), Leicester (UK) and London (UK). Total number concentrations and size distributions were assessed during 1–2 years at four fixed urban background sites, supplemented with mobile trailer measurements for co-location monitoring and additional short-term monitoring sites. Intra- and interurban spatiotemporal UFP variation, associations with commonly-monitored pollutants (PM, NOx and BC) and impacts of wind fields were evaluated. Although comparable size distributions were observed between the four cities, source-related differences were demonstrated within specific particle size classes. Total and size-resolved particle number concentrations showed clear traffic-related temporal variation, confirming road traffic as the major UFP contributor in urban environments. New particle formation events were observed in all cities. Correlations with typical traffic-related pollutants (BC and NOx) were obtained for all monitoring stations, except for Amsterdam, which might be attributable to UFP emissions from Schiphol airport. The temporal variation in particle number concentration correlated fairly weakly between the four cities (rs = 0.28−0.50, COD = 0.28−0.37), yet improved significantly inside individual cities (rs = 0.59−0.77). Nevertheless, considerable differences were still obtained in terms of particle numbers (20–38% for total particle numbers and up to 49% for size-resolved particle numbers), confirming the importance of local source contributions and the need for careful consideration when allocating UFP monitoring stations in heterogeneous urban environments.","publicationTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"136","issue":"","pages":"68-81","date":"2016-07-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Atmospheric Environment","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.010","ISSN":"1352-2310","shortTitle":"Ultrafine particles in four European urban environments","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231016302783","accessDate":"2022-04-28T12:25:51Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ScienceDirect","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Amsterdam","type":1},{"tag":"Antwerp","type":1},{"tag":"Leicester","type":1},{"tag":"London","type":1},{"tag":"UFP","type":1},{"tag":"Urban particle size distribution","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:25:51Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:25:51Z"}}


key: AEMXVPBG
data:
  {"key":"AEMXVPBG","version":58,"data":{"key":"AEMXVPBG","version":58,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Järvinen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Aitomaa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Rostedt"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Keskinen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Yli-Ojanperä"}],"abstractNote":"A renewed Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI+) was introduced by Dekati Ltd. in late 2010. This study presents the collection efficiencies of the ELPI+ cascade impactor stages and the back-up filter as well as the charging efficiency of the corona charger in the size range of 0.01–10μm. According to the measurements the impactor cut diameters are within ±10% to the predecessor except the upmost stage for which the difference was found to be −18%. The secondary collection of nanoparticles was found to be similar to the predecessor for stages with the largest cut diameters but higher for the stages with the smallest cut diameters. The charging efficiency is higher for the new charger compared to the old one by 54% at 20nm particle size. This study also presents the first use of the Single Charged Aerosol Reference (SCAR) for impactor and charger calibrations.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"69","issue":"","pages":"150-159","date":"2014-03-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Aerosol Science","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.12.006","ISSN":"0021-8502","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850213002528","accessDate":"2022-04-28T12:17:30Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"ScienceDirect","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Charger","type":1},{"tag":"ELPI+","type":1},{"tag":"Electrical Low Pressure Impactor","type":1},{"tag":"Impactor","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-28T12:17:30Z","dateModified":"2022-04-28T12:17:30Z"}}


key: JX2RY6S6
data:
  {"key":"JX2RY6S6","version":57,"data":{"key":"JX2RY6S6","version":57,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Atmospheric Aerosols: Size Distribution Interpretation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Klaus","lastName":"Willeke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kenneth","lastName":"Whitby"}],"abstractNote":"The body of information presented in this paper is directed\ntowards the scientist or engineer who measures and interprets the\nphysical characteristics of ambient air. This paper interprets mea surements made with the Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing System\n(MAAS) in Denver, near Denver, and near Ft. Collins, Colo., and\nexamines the measurements in the light of what has been learned\nfrom several thousand size distributions measured in the other\nparts of the United States. The origin and physical change of atmo spheric particulates is examined through interpretation of modes\noccurring in the size distributions. The mode coined \"AHken Nuclei\nRange\" mode is a measure of aerosol generation, while aged\naerosols show up in the \"Accumulation Range\" mode. Windblown\ndusts, sea sprays, and mechanically produced particles such as fly\nash generate a \"Coarse Particle Range\" mode. The air environ ment is categorized into several types of background and urban\naerosols whose physical characteristics are described by a limited\nnumber of parameters. These categories are exemplified and dis cussed","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00022470.1975.10470110?needAccess=true","accessDate":"2022-04-27T05:23:21Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T05:23:21Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T05:27:07Z"}}


key: KW2C9RJL
data:
  {"key":"KW2C9RJL","version":50,"data":{"key":"KW2C9RJL","version":50,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Table S1. Gas-phase chemical species and aerosol compounds in the CESM2 MOZART family  of chemical mechanisms including troposphere (T1), stratosphere (TS1), mesosphere and  lower thermosphere (TSMLT1).","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1029%2F2019MS001882&file=jame21103-sup-0002-2019MS001882+Table_SI-S01.pdf","accessDate":"2022-04-27T04:43:45Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T04:43:45Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T05:01:24Z"}}


key: JYHU35A2
data:
  {"key":"JYHU35A2","version":51,"data":{"key":"JYHU35A2","version":51,"itemType":"webpage","title":"","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1029%2F2019MS001882&file=jame21103-sup-0002-2019MS001882+Table_SI-S01.pdf","accessDate":"2022-04-27T05:00:06Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","deleted":1,"tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T05:00:06Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T05:00:06Z"}}


key: KJ5QEGCP
data:
  {"key":"KJ5QEGCP","version":48,"data":{"key":"KJ5QEGCP","version":48,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The Chemistry Mechanism in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Louisa K.","lastName":"Emmons"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rebecca H.","lastName":"Schwantes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John J.","lastName":"Orlando"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Geoff","lastName":"Tyndall"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Douglas","lastName":"Kinnison"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jean-François","lastName":"Lamarque"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Marsh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael J.","lastName":"Mills"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Simone","lastName":"Tilmes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles","lastName":"Bardeen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rebecca R.","lastName":"Buchholz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Conley"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Gettelman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolando","lastName":"Garcia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Isobel","lastName":"Simpson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Donald R.","lastName":"Blake"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Simone","lastName":"Meinardi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gabrielle","lastName":"Pétron"}],"abstractNote":"The Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) includes a detailed representation of chemistry throughout the atmosphere in the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model configurations. These model configurations use the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers (MOZART) family of chemical mechanisms, covering the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. The new MOZART tropospheric chemistry scheme (T1) has a number of updates over the previous version (MOZART-4) in CESM, including improvements to the oxidation of isoprene and terpenes, organic nitrate speciation, and aromatic speciation and oxidation and thus improved representation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol precursors. An evaluation of the present-day simulations of CESM2 being provided for Climate Model Intercomparison Project round 6 (CMIP6) is presented. These simulations, using the anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions from the inventories specified for CMIP6, as well as online calculation of emissions of biogenic compounds, lightning NO, dust, and sea salt, indicate an underestimate of anthropogenic emissions of a variety of compounds, including carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The simulation of surface ozone in the southeast United States is improved over previous model versions, largely due to the improved representation of reactive nitrogen and organic nitrate compounds resulting in a lower ozone production rate than in CESM1 but still overestimates observations in summer. The simulation of tropospheric ozone agrees well with ozonesonde observations in many parts of the globe. The comparison of NOx and PAN to aircraft observations indicates the model simulates the nitrogen budget well.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"12","issue":"4","pages":"e2019MS001882","date":"2020","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.1029/2019MS001882","ISSN":"1942-2466","shortTitle":"","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019MS001882","accessDate":"2022-04-27T04:54:52Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Wiley Online Library","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019MS001882","deleted":1,"tags":[{"tag":"atmospheric chemistry","type":1},{"tag":"chemical mechanism","type":1},{"tag":"tropospheric ozone","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T04:54:52Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T04:54:52Z"}}


key: 6S5F2ZVE
data:
  {"key":"6S5F2ZVE","version":44,"data":{"key":"6S5F2ZVE","version":44,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The Chemistry Mechanism in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Louisa K.","lastName":"Emmons"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rebecca H.","lastName":"Schwantes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John J.","lastName":"Orlando"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Geoff","lastName":"Tyndall"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Douglas","lastName":"Kinnison"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jean‐François","lastName":"Lamarque"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Marsh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael J.","lastName":"Mills"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Simone","lastName":"Tilmes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles","lastName":"Bardeen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rebecca R.","lastName":"Buchholz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Conley"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Gettelman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolando","lastName":"Garcia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Isobel","lastName":"Simpson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Donald R.","lastName":"Blake"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Simone","lastName":"Meinardi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gabrielle","lastName":"Pétron"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"12","issue":"4","pages":"","date":"04/2020","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.","language":"en","DOI":"10.1029/2019MS001882","ISSN":"1942-2466, 1942-2466","shortTitle":"","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019MS001882","accessDate":"2022-04-27T03:27:09Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T03:27:09Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T03:27:09Z"}}


key: NWG2AHH9
data:
  {"key":"NWG2AHH9","version":44,"data":{"key":"NWG2AHH9","version":44,"itemType":"document","title":"Community MUSICA V.0 CONUS Simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"","lastName":"Tilmes, Simone"}],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"UCAR/NCAR - GDEX","date":"2021","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://gdex.ucar.edu/dataset/id/83232cf8-e536-4dc8-bbbe-2d63fa08974e.html","accessDate":"2022-04-27T03:27:09Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Datacite)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Type: dataset\nDOI: 10.5065/TGBJ-YV18","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T03:27:09Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T03:27:09Z"}}


key: Z5WLC6YJ
data:
  {"key":"Z5WLC6YJ","version":48,"data":{"key":"Z5WLC6YJ","version":48,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"NCAR Release of CAM-SE in CESM2.0: A Reformulation of the Spectral Element Dynamical Core in Dry-Mass Vertical Coordinates With Comprehensive Treatment of Condensates and Energy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. H.","lastName":"Lauritzen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. D.","lastName":"Nair"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A. R.","lastName":"Herrington"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Callaghan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Goldhaber"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"Dennis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. T.","lastName":"Bacmeister"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B. E.","lastName":"Eaton"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. M.","lastName":"Zarzycki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark A.","lastName":"Taylor"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. A.","lastName":"Ullrich"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T.","lastName":"Dubos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Gettelman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. B.","lastName":"Neale"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Dobbins"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. A.","lastName":"Reed"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.","lastName":"Hannay"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Medeiros"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. J.","lastName":"Benedict"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. J.","lastName":"Tribbia"}],"abstractNote":"It is the purpose of this paper to provide a comprehensive documentation of the new NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) version of the spectral element (SE) dynamical core as part of the Community Earth System Model (CESM2.0) release. This version differs from previous releases of the SE dynamical core in several ways. Most notably the hybrid sigma vertical coordinate is based on dry air mass, the condensates are dynamically active in the thermodynamic and momentum equations (also referred to as condensate loading), and the continuous equations of motion conserve a more comprehensive total energy that includes condensates. Not related to the vertical coordinate change, the hyperviscosity operators and the vertical remapping algorithms have been modified. The code base has been significantly reduced, sped up, and cleaned up as part of integrating SE as a dynamical core in the CAM (Community Atmosphere Model) repository rather than importing the SE dynamical core from High-Order Methods Modeling environment as an external code.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"10","issue":"7","pages":"1537-1570","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.1029/2017MS001257","ISSN":"1942-2466","shortTitle":"NCAR Release of CAM-SE in CESM2.0","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2017MS001257","accessDate":"2022-04-27T03:24:46Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Wiley Online Library","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2017MS001257","deleted":1,"tags":[{"tag":"Aqua-planet","type":1},{"tag":"CESM","type":1},{"tag":"Computational efficiency","type":1},{"tag":"Spectral-elements","type":1},{"tag":"condensate loading","type":1},{"tag":"total energy","type":1}],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T03:24:46Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T03:24:46Z"}}


key: IX3KS4US
data:
  {"key":"IX3KS4US","version":49,"data":{"key":"IX3KS4US","version":49,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Download Files: Community MUSICAv0 CONUS Simulations","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://gdex.ucar.edu/dataset/256_tilmes/file.html","accessDate":"2022-04-27T03:18:55Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","deleted":1,"tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T03:18:55Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T03:18:55Z"}}


key: 8TS5F7V2
data:
  {"key":"8TS5F7V2","version":42,"data":{"key":"8TS5F7V2","version":42,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Download Files: Community MUSICAv0 CONUS Simulations","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://gdex.ucar.edu/dataset/256_tilmes/file.html","accessDate":"2022-04-27T03:18:54Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T03:18:54Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T03:18:54Z"}}


key: 4AMW2PHG
data:
  {"key":"4AMW2PHG","version":41,"data":{"key":"4AMW2PHG","version":41,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Exploring the vertical profile of atmospheric organic aerosol: comparing 17 aircraft field campaigns with a global model","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://fugroup.org/papers/Heald_et_al_2011_Atmospheric_Chemistry_and_Physics.pdf","accessDate":"2022-04-27T02:18:09Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T02:18:09Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T02:28:58Z"}}


key: SSVRFWYE
data:
  {"key":"SSVRFWYE","version":40,"data":{"key":"SSVRFWYE","version":40,"itemType":"webpage","title":"IPT/Emissions at master · NCAR/IPT","creators":[],"abstractNote":"Emissions Model Interface Tool. Contribute to NCAR/IPT development by creating an account on GitHub.","websiteTitle":"GitHub","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://github.com/NCAR/IPT","accessDate":"2022-04-27T02:27:57Z","language":"en","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T02:27:57Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T02:27:57Z"}}


key: FF55KPVR
data:
  {"key":"FF55KPVR","version":39,"data":{"key":"FF55KPVR","version":39,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Input Processing Tools - MUSICA - wiki.ucar.edu","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://wiki.ucar.edu/display/MUSICA/Input+Processing+Tools","accessDate":"2022-04-27T02:27:35Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2022-04-27T02:27:35Z","dateModified":"2022-04-27T02:27:35Z"}}


