# syncCache

key: BITXW6C9
data:
  {"key":"BITXW6C9","version":81,"data":{"key":"BITXW6C9","version":81,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"3D CFD simulation of a CI engine converted to SI natural gas operation using the G-equation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jinlong","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cosmin E.","lastName":"Dumitrescu"}],"abstractNote":"The conversion of heavy-duty CI engines to natural gas (NG) SI operation have the potential to increase the use of NG in the transportation sector in the United States. More, the increased turbulence of a bowl-in-piston combustion chamber can increase the ﬂame speed under more eﬃcient lean conditions. The main objective of this study was to investigate if a 3D G-equation-based RANS simulation (i.e., reasonable computational costs and running times) can predict the eﬃciency and emissions of such converted engine, for various NG compositions and operating conditions. The model was validated with experimental data from a single-cylinder CI research engine that replaced the fuel injector with a spark plug and fumigated NG inside the intake manifold using a lowpressure gas injector. Using a unique set of model tuning parameters, the model was able to qualitatively predict the eﬀect of NG composition on engine performance and emissions over a range of operating conditions that changed spark timing, equivalence ratio, and engine speed. The model also captured the double-peak heat release rate seen at advanced spark timing in the experiments. The results showed that a lower methane number (MN) increased peak pressure and indicated mean eﬀective pressure. Higher H/C ratio advanced combustion phasing. More, higher MN lowered nitrogen oxides but increased unburned hydrocarbons emissions. However, while a lower MN increased carbon monoxide (CO) production during the combustion process, there was no clear trend for engine-out CO emissions. Overall, the predicted gas composition eﬀects on engine eﬃciency and emissions were relatively small, at least for the range of operating conditions investigated here. However, the results suggest that the 3D CFD model described here is suitable for combustion phenomena analysis such the ﬂame behavior in a bowl-in-piston combustion chamber.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"232","issue":"","pages":"833-844","date":"11/2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.159","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236118310044","accessDate":"2021-01-04T19:49:55Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["5F957NR5"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-01-04T19:49:56Z","dateModified":"2021-01-04T19:49:56Z"}}


key: 4GNISJAL
data:
  {"key":"4GNISJAL","version":73,"data":{"key":"4GNISJAL","version":73,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Prediction of autoignition in a lifted methane/air flame using an unsteady flamelet/progress variable model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matthias","lastName":"Ihme"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yee Chee","lastName":"See"}],"abstractNote":"An unsteady ﬂamelet/progress variable (UFPV) model has been developed for the prediction of autoignition in turbulent lifted ﬂames. The model is a consistent extension to the steady ﬂamelet/progress variable (SFPV) approach, and employs an unsteady ﬂamelet formulation to describe the transient evolution of all thermochemical quantities during the ﬂame ignition process. In this UFPV model, all thermochemical quantities are parameterized by mixture fraction, reaction progress parameter, and stoichiometric scalar dissipation rate, eliminating the explicit dependence on a ﬂamelet time scale. An a priori study is performed to analyze critical modeling assumptions that are associated with the population of the ﬂamelet state space.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"157","issue":"10","pages":"1850-1862","date":"10/2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.015","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218010002038","accessDate":"2020-12-28T22:45:52Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["TCRFDQDS"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T22:45:52Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T22:45:53Z"}}


key: TFRUPDQK
data:
  {"key":"TFRUPDQK","version":57,"data":{"key":"TFRUPDQK","version":57,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Scalar mixing and dissipation rate in large-eddy simulations of non-premixed turbulent combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heinz","lastName":"Pitsch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Helfried","lastName":"Steiner"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"41-49","date":"1/2000","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/S0082-0784(00)80193-9","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0082078400801939","accessDate":"2020-12-28T18:58:06Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["TCRFDQDS"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T18:58:06Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T18:58:06Z"}}


key: 6Z8CZBWL
data:
  {"key":"6Z8CZBWL","version":52,"data":{"key":"6Z8CZBWL","version":52,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An equivalent dissipation rate model for capturing history effects in non-premixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Prithwish","lastName":"Kundu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tarek","lastName":"Echekki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuanjiang","lastName":"Pei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sibendu","lastName":"Som"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"176","issue":"","pages":"202-212","date":"02/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.10.001","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218016303005","accessDate":"2020-12-28T18:11:58Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["TCRFDQDS"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T18:11:58Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T18:11:58Z"}}


key: AK52BN53
data:
  {"key":"AK52BN53","version":49,"data":{"key":"AK52BN53","version":49,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of turbulence–chemistry interactions on chemical pathways for turbulent hydrogen–air premixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Debolina","lastName":"Dasgupta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marc","lastName":"Day"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tim","lastName":"Lieuwen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"176","issue":"","pages":"191-201","date":"02/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.029","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218016302991","accessDate":"2020-12-28T17:55:05Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["TCRFDQDS"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:55:05Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:55:05Z"}}


key: TT23K4V5
data:
  {"key":"TT23K4V5","version":46,"data":{"key":"TT23K4V5","version":46,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A G-equation formulation for large-eddy simulation of premixed turbulent combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"Pitsch"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"12","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"en","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Zotero","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["R4DPN78P"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:27:21Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:27:21Z"}}


key: 2E6FNAXH
data:
  {"key":"2E6FNAXH","version":43,"data":{"key":"2E6FNAXH","version":43,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion Modeling with the G-Equation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N.","lastName":"Peters"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Dekena"}],"abstractNote":"Ñ Combustion Modeling with the G-Equation Ñ Numerical investigations concerning the turbulent flame front propagation in Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines were made by implementing a flamelet model in the CFD code Fire. The advantage of this combustion model is the decoupling of the chemistry from the turbulent flow. For this purpose the combustion chamber has to be divided into a burned and an unburned area, which is realized by transporting a scalar field (G-Equation). The reference value defines the present averaged flame position. The complete reaction kinetics is calculated interactively with the CFD code in a one dimensional Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF) code. This combustion model was verified by simulating a 2.0 l-2 V gasoline engine with homogeneous combustion where a parameter study was conducted to check the flamelet model for plausibility. Finally, the potential of this combustion model was investigated by simulating a hypothetical 2.0 l-4 V GDI engine.","publicationTitle":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology","volume":"54","issue":"2","pages":"265-270","date":"03/1999","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP","language":"en","DOI":"10.2516/ogst:1999024","ISSN":"1294-4475","shortTitle":"","url":"http://ogst.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr/10.2516/ogst:1999024","accessDate":"2020-12-28T17:25:43Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["R4DPN78P"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:25:43Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:25:43Z"}}


key: WD2MQWZ5
data:
  {"key":"WD2MQWZ5","version":41,"data":{"key":"WD2MQWZ5","version":41,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lijiang","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peng","lastName":"Geng"}],"abstractNote":"With the increasing concern regarding diesel engine emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM), and the rising of energy demand as well, the utilization of alternative fuels in diesel engine has been found to be an attractive solution. Natural gas is a very promising and highly attractive fuel because of its domestic availability, widespread distribution infrastructure, low cost, and clean-burning qualities to be used as a transportation fuel. Natural gas/diesel dual fuel is an operation mode in which natural gas is introduced into the intake air upstream of the manifold and then ignited by the direct injected diesel in the cylinder. The aim of this paper is to identify the potential use of natural gas/diesel dual fuel on diesel engine. In this literature review, the combustion, emission and performance characteristics of natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustionmode published mainly in scientiﬁc journals have been collected and critically analyzed. A wide range of natural gas mass ratio which represents the mass fraction of natural gas in the total fuel and different types of engines were involved. It has been found that dual fuel mode has a lower compression pressure and a longer ignition delay compared with normal diesel mode. The application of dual fuel mode signiﬁcantly decreases the NOX, carbon dioxide (CO2) and PM emissions. However, the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions may increase by several times or even more than 100 times in comparison to normal diesel combustion. And there appears a trade-off relationship between NOX and HC emissions with dual fuel mode. The engine power is decreased up to 2.1% at dual fuel mode, but the power loss can be reduced or recovered by changing some of the operating parameters. The brake thermal efﬁciency (BTE) of dual fuel mode is lower at low and intermediate loads, while under high engine load conditions it is similar or a little higher when compared with normal diesel mode, and the maximum increase is about 3%. The COVIMEP seems to be generally higher than normal diesel mode and it decreases with the increasing engine load.","publicationTitle":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"142","issue":"","pages":"264-278","date":"02/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel Processing Technology","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.018","ISSN":"03783820","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378382015301715","accessDate":"2020-12-28T17:24:40Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:24:40Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:24:40Z"}}


key: T8SUI9UA
data:
  {"key":"T8SUI9UA","version":39,"data":{"key":"T8SUI9UA","version":39,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling turbulence–chemistry interaction in lean premixed hydrogen flames with a strained flamelet model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Philipp","lastName":"Trisjono"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantin","lastName":"Kleinheinz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Evatt R.","lastName":"Hawkes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heinz","lastName":"Pitsch"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"174","issue":"","pages":"194-207","date":"12/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.07.008","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001021801630164X","accessDate":"2020-12-28T17:23:44Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["TCRFDQDS"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:23:44Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:23:44Z"}}


key: PJZ2RHJ3
data:
  {"key":"PJZ2RHJ3","version":36,"data":{"key":"PJZ2RHJ3","version":36,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Importance of turbulence-chemistry interactions at low temperature engine conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Prithwish","lastName":"Kundu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Muhsin M","lastName":"Ameen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sibendu","lastName":"Som"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"183","issue":"","pages":"283-298","date":"09/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.05.025","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218017302006","accessDate":"2020-12-28T17:23:05Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["TCRFDQDS"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-28T17:23:05Z","dateModified":"2020-12-28T17:23:05Z"}}


key: JYYKQ5LE
data:
  {"key":"JYYKQ5LE","version":34,"data":{"key":"JYYKQ5LE","version":34,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Simulation of Dual-Fuel-CI and Single-Fuel-SI Engine Combustion Fueled with CNG","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Apoorv","lastName":"Talekar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marcis","lastName":"Jansons"}],"abstractNote":"With increasing interest to reduce the dependency on gasoline and diesel, alternative energy source like compressed natural gas (CNG) is a viable option for internal combustion engines. Spark-ignited (SI) CNG engine is the simplest way to utilize CNG in engines, but direct injection (DI) Diesel-CNG dual-fuel engine is known to offer improvement in combustion efficiency and reduction in exhaust gases. Dual-fuel engine has characteristics similar to both SI engine and diesel engine which makes the combustion process more complex. This paper reports the computational fluid dynamics simulation of both DI dual-fuel compression ignition (CI) and SI CNG engines. In diesel-CNG dual-fuel engine simulations and comparison to experiments, attention was on ignition delay, transition from auto-ignition to flame propagation and heat released from the combustion of diesel and gaseous fuel, as well as relevant pollutants emissions. Injection timing for diesel pilot was changed in a test matrix and the most efficient and least pollutant producing cases were selected and simulation results were correlated to the experimental data for those cases. The possible end-gas auto-ignition-like processes under certain test conditions like PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region (PREMIER) were also demonstrated. SI CNG lean burn engine tests and simulations were directed to check the ignitability, combustion stability, heat release rate for different spark energy values. The results show that a combined approach of using both chemical kinetics and G-equation formulations in RANS is capable of capturing most of the physical-chemical processes in both the dual-fuel CI and SI engine combustions.","date":"","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"SAE INternational","volume":"","pages":"12","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0789","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Zotero","callNumber":"","rights":"All rights reserved","extra":"","inPublications":true,"tags":[],"collections":["H3Q3QAF6"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-11T16:20:25Z","dateModified":"2020-12-11T16:28:56Z"}}


key: MTGDBP9U
data:
  {"key":"MTGDBP9U","version":34,"data":{"key":"MTGDBP9U","version":34,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"An Experimental and Computational Investigation of Water Condensation inside the Tubes of an Automotive Compact Charge Air Cooler","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robin Y.","lastName":"Cash"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Edward","lastName":"Lumsdaine"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Apoorv","lastName":"Talekar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bashar","lastName":"AbdulNour"}],"abstractNote":"To address the need of increasing fuel economy requirements, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are increasing the number of turbocharged engines in their powertrain line-ups. The turbine-driven technology uses a forced induction device, which increases engine performance by increasing the density of the air charge being drawn into the cylinder. Denser air allows more fuel to be introduced into the combustion chamber, thus increasing engine performance. During the inlet air compression process, the air is heated to temperatures that can result in preignition resulting and reduced engine functionality. The introduction of the charge air cooler (CAC) is therefore, necessary to extract heat created during the compression process. The present research describes the physics and develops the optimized simulation method that defines the process and gives insight into the development of CACs. The present research develops a 3-D computational model using ANSYS® Fluent of the CAC internal flow with condensate and validates the predictions of the 3-D model using measurements from experimental data. Finally, the research presents a correlation that provides an approach for designing heat exchangers for practical applications that encounter moisture in the intake air stream. The overall benefit presented is an experimentally validated simulation methodology to evaluate and design CACs that function outside the condensate formation zone during vehicle operation modes.","date":"2016-04-05","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2016-01-0224","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0224","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2016-01-0224/","accessDate":"2020-12-11T16:20:36Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"All rights reserved","extra":"","inPublications":true,"tags":[],"collections":["H3Q3QAF6"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-11T16:20:36Z","dateModified":"2020-12-11T16:20:36Z"}}


key: YZLWQHHB
data:
  {"key":"YZLWQHHB","version":21,"data":{"key":"YZLWQHHB","version":21,"itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"803820.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"803820.pdf","md5":"4000ed30018cf01dee7262b5c4f59a7a","mtime":1607703634000,"tags":[],"collections":["H3Q3QAF6"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-11T16:20:33Z","dateModified":"2020-12-11T16:20:33Z"}}


key: NUFI6FJ9
data:
  {"key":"NUFI6FJ9","version":29,"data":{"key":"NUFI6FJ9","version":29,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Numerical Investigation of Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with End Gas Ignition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Apoorv","lastName":"Talekar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eiji","lastName":"Tomita"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nobuyuki","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2018-04-03","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"WCX World Congress Experience","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2018-01-0199","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2018-01-0199","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2018-01-0199/","accessDate":"2020-12-11T16:20:02Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"All rights reserved","extra":"","inPublications":true,"tags":[],"collections":["H3Q3QAF6"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-11T16:20:02Z","dateModified":"2020-12-11T16:20:03Z"}}


key: A938YJB8
data:
  {"key":"A938YJB8","version":16,"data":{"key":"A938YJB8","version":16,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","date":"","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-11T16:19:03Z","dateModified":"2020-12-11T16:19:03Z"}}


key: WGFP7GAK
data:
  {"key":"WGFP7GAK","version":13,"data":{"key":"WGFP7GAK","version":13,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","date":"","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-02T02:19:29Z","dateModified":"2020-12-02T02:19:29Z"}}


key: EX6CRKJM
data:
  {"key":"EX6CRKJM","version":13,"data":{"key":"EX6CRKJM","version":13,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","date":"","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2020-12-02T01:58:16Z","dateModified":"2020-12-02T01:58:16Z"}}


key: ESTFDDQU
data:
  {"key":"ESTFDDQU","version":7,"data":{"key":"ESTFDDQU","version":7,"itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_url","title":"TURBULENCE.doc - T1_TURBULENCE.pdf","accessDate":"2015-04-10T17:30:49Z","url":"http://web2.clarkson.edu/projects/crcd/me637/downloads/T1_TURBULENCE.pdf","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"utf-8","filename":"T1_TURBULENCE.pdf","md5":"9d5e68f677e68a4417d31e05fcb08c83","mtime":1428687049784,"tags":[],"collections":["32XNKFW4"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2015-04-10T17:30:49Z","dateModified":"2015-04-10T17:30:50Z"}}


key: FPHRJ4UC
data:
  {"key":"FPHRJ4UC","version":7,"data":{"key":"FPHRJ4UC","version":7,"itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_url","title":"L:\\Industrial-RandA\\HWANM\\Catalog\\HotWireCatalog - Hotwire_Catalog_2980465.pdf","accessDate":"2015-04-10T17:17:42Z","url":"http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/_Site_Root/Products/Literature/Catalogs/Hotwire_Catalog_2980465.pdf","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"utf-8","filename":"Hotwire_Catalog_2980465.pdf","md5":"0411388b79b37c5045a56c6909e41e46","mtime":1428686262359,"tags":[],"collections":["78WTATDQ"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2015-04-10T17:17:42Z","dateModified":"2015-04-10T17:17:43Z"}}


key: FANWUHIU
data:
  {"key":"FANWUHIU","version":5,"data":{"key":"FANWUHIU","version":5,"itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_url","title":"238-9 probe catalog 22-3-2013.qxp - Hot-wire_catalog_238.pdf","accessDate":"2015-04-10T17:13:38Z","url":"http://www.dantecdynamics.com/docs/products-and-services/general-literature/Hot-wire_catalog_238.pdf","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"utf-8","filename":"Hot-wire_catalog_238.pdf","md5":"fcaac0b7afc0420a39ce6c33a74885ca","mtime":1428686018434,"tags":[],"collections":["78WTATDQ"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2015-04-10T17:13:38Z","dateModified":"2015-04-10T17:13:39Z"}}


key: ABCD2345
data:
  {"key":"ABCD2345","version":2,"data":{"key":"ABCD2345","version":2,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Zotero Quick Start Guide","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","name":"Center for History and New Media"}],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide","accessDate":"","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2015-03-12T19:03:55Z","dateModified":"2015-03-12T19:03:55Z"}}


key: TRCEYT8B
data:
  {"key":"TRCEYT8B","version":388,"data":{"key":"TRCEYT8B","version":388,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"G-equation Model with Detailed Chemistry","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Prof Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"679–679","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:06Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:06Z"}}


key: PFVKQZPT
data:
  {"key":"PFVKQZPT","version":388,"data":{"key":"PFVKQZPT","version":388,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Induced by Straining of Cellular Flow","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jack","lastName":"Xin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yifeng","lastName":"Yu"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"214","issue":"","pages":"1–34","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:06Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:06Z"}}


key: C2SW9WRY
data:
  {"key":"C2SW9WRY","version":388,"data":{"key":"C2SW9WRY","version":388,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"CFD Modeling of Spark Ignited Gasoline Engines- Part 1 : Modeling the Engine under Motored and Premixed-Charge Combustion Mode Experimental Apparatus : SI Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ishan","lastName":"Verma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric","lastName":"Bish"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Martin","lastName":"Kuntz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ellen","lastName":"Meeks"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karthik","lastName":"Puduppakkam"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0591.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:06Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:06Z"}}


key: K4SSA6IX
data:
  {"key":"K4SSA6IX","version":387,"data":{"key":"K4SSA6IX","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A model for the laminar flame speed of binary fuel blends and its application to methane / hydrogen mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peng","lastName":"Dai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shiyi","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"37","issue":"13","pages":"10390–10396","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.015","ISSN":"0360-3199","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.015","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: EURG3AI2
data:
  {"key":"EURG3AI2","version":387,"data":{"key":"EURG3AI2","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Shock-tube study of the ignition of methane / ethane / hydrogen mixtures with hydrogen contents from 0 % to 100 % at different pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Herzler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Naumann"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"32","issue":"1","pages":"213–220","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2008.07.034","ISSN":"1540-7489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.07.034","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"ethane"},{"tag":"hydrogen"},{"tag":"ignition"},{"tag":"methane"},{"tag":"shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: N2SJDAZT
data:
  {"key":"N2SJDAZT","version":387,"data":{"key":"N2SJDAZT","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Strain Induced Slowdown of Front Propagation in Random Shear Flow via Analysis of G-equations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongwei","lastName":"Gao"}],"abstractNote":"It is proved that for the 2-dimensional case with random shear flow of the G-equation model with strain term, the strain term reduces the front propagation. Also an improvement of the main result by Armstrong-Souganidis is provided.","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–16","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1090/proc/12930","ISSN":"10886826","shortTitle":"","url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.0530","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"_eprint: 1509.0530","tags":[{"tag":"and phrases"},{"tag":"hamilton-jacobi equation"},{"tag":"level-set convex"},{"tag":"partially supported by dms-1151919"},{"tag":"random shear flow"},{"tag":"stochastic homogeniza-"},{"tag":"strain"},{"tag":"the g-equation"},{"tag":"tion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: QLUXZ9MT
data:
  {"key":"QLUXZ9MT","version":387,"data":{"key":"QLUXZ9MT","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Study and Parameter Optimization on a Diesel - Natural Gas Dual Fuel Engine Chemical Effects of NG on Diesel Ignition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mianzhi","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Menghan","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chia-fon","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper Series","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0769.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: L2FID4QZ
data:
  {"key":"L2FID4QZ","version":387,"data":{"key":"L2FID4QZ","version":387,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Large eddy simulation and experiments of stratified lean premixed methane / air turbulent flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K","lastName":"Nogenmyr"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P","lastName":"Petersson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"X S","lastName":"Bai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Nauert"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Olofsson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Brackman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"Seyfried"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Zetterberg"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z S","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Richter"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2007","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"31","pages":"1467–1475","series":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.038","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"G-equation"},{"tag":"LES"},{"tag":"large eddy simulation"},{"tag":"laser diagnostics"},{"tag":"lean premixed stratified flames"},{"tag":"level-set g-equation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: IXV7ZV6W
data:
  {"key":"IXV7ZV6W","version":387,"data":{"key":"IXV7ZV6W","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Coupling of in situ adaptive tabulation and dynamic adaptive chemistry: An effective method for solving combustion in engine simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Francesco","lastName":"Contino"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hervé","lastName":"Jeanmart"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tommaso","lastName":"Lucchini"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gianluca","lastName":"D'Errico"}],"abstractNote":"Using detailed mechanisms to include chemical kinetics in computational fluid dynamics simulations is required for many combustion applications, yet the resulting computational cost is often extremely prohibitive. In order to reduce the resources dedicated to this stage, we investigated the coupling of the dynamic adaptive chemistry (DAC) reduction scheme with the in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) algorithm. This paper describes the tabulation of dynamic adaptive chemistry (TDAC) method which takes advantage of both ISAT and DAC to reduce the impact of the mesh and the oxidation mechanism on the computational cost, particularly for unsteady applications like internal combustion engines. In the context of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), we performed simulations on simplified 2D cases using various n-heptane mechanisms and on a real case mesh using a detailed 857-species iso-octane mechanism. Compared to the direct integration of the combustion reactions, results are in very good agreements and a speed-up factor above 300 is obtained. This is significantly better than what was reported for ISAT and DAC which illustrates the synergy of the two methods. In addition, an experimental validation has also been performed with low load HCCI data. Accordingly, the TDAC method is a significant improvement for the computation of the combustion chemistry in engine simulations and allows the use of detailed mechanisms with practical case meshes in simulations that are inconceivable using direct integration. © 2010 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"33","issue":"2","pages":"3057–3064","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2010.08.002","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 15407489","tags":[{"tag":"Computational fluid dynamics"},{"tag":"Dynamic adaptative chemistry"},{"tag":"Homogeneous charge compression ignition"},{"tag":"In situ adaptive tabulation"},{"tag":"Internal combustion engine"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: K5I3M2CH
data:
  {"key":"K5I3M2CH","version":387,"data":{"key":"K5I3M2CH","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling and 3D-Simulation of the Kinetic Effects in the Post-Flame Region of Turbulent Premixed Flames Based on the G-Equation Approach","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E","lastName":"Schneider"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Sadiki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Janicka"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"75","issue":"","pages":"191–216","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"conditioned progress variable approach"},{"tag":"cpva"},{"tag":"g-equation"},{"tag":"premixed combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: 8VTI6WNG
data:
  {"key":"8VTI6WNG","version":387,"data":{"key":"8VTI6WNG","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Influence of steam dilution on the ignition of hydrogen , syngas and natural gas blends at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nicola","lastName":"Donohoe"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karl A","lastName":"Heufer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christopher J","lastName":"Aul"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric L","lastName":"Petersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gilles","lastName":"Bourque"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Gordon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J","lastName":"Curran"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"162","issue":"4","pages":"1126–1135","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.005","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.005","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: D85USTRP
data:
  {"key":"D85USTRP","version":387,"data":{"key":"D85USTRP","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multiple Cycle LES Simulations of a Direct Injection Natural Gas Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Martin","lastName":"Schmitt"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rennan","lastName":"Hu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuri","lastName":"Martin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Patrik","lastName":"Soltic"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantinos","lastName":"Boulouchos"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"645–668","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s10494-015-9625-1","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:05Z"}}


key: L4GXPYTX
data:
  {"key":"L4GXPYTX","version":387,"data":{"key":"L4GXPYTX","version":387,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of non-premixed turbulent combustion using the eddy dissipation concept and comparing with the steady laminar flamelet model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dmitry A.","lastName":"Lysenko"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ivar S.","lastName":"Ertesvåg"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kjell Erik","lastName":"Rian"}],"abstractNote":"Numerical simulations of the Sandia flame CHNa and the Sydney bluff-body stabilized flame HM1E are reported and the results are compared to available experimental data. The numerical method is based on compressible URANS formulations which were implemented recently in the OpenFOAM toolbox. In this study, the calculations are carried out using the conventional compressible URANS approach and a standard k- turbulence model. The Eddy Dissipation Concept with a detailed chemistry approach is used for the turbulence-chemistry interaction. The syngas (CO/H2) chemistry diluted by 30 % nitrogen in the Sandia flame CHNa and CH4/H2 combustion in the Sydney flame HM1E are described by the full GRI-3.0 mechanism. A robust implicit Runge-Kutta method (RADAU5) is used for integrating stiff ordinary differential equations to calculate the reaction rates. The radiation is treated by the P1-approximation model. Both target flames are predicted with the Steady Laminar Flamelet model using the commercial code ANSYS FLUENT as well. In general, there is good agreement between present simulations and measurements for both flames, which indicates that the proposed numerical method is suitable for this type of combustion, provides acceptable accuracy and is ready for further combustion application development.","publicationTitle":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"93","issue":"4","pages":"577–605","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s10494-014-9551-7","ISSN":"15731987","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Compressible Reynolds-averaged simulations"},{"tag":"Eddy Dissipation Concept"},{"tag":"OpenFOAM"},{"tag":"RADAU5"},{"tag":"Sandia flame CHNa"},{"tag":"Sydney flame HM1E"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z"}}


key: 8NRFLU5W
data:
  {"key":"8NRFLU5W","version":386,"data":{"key":"8NRFLU5W","version":386,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The effects of CO addition on the autoignition of H 2 , CH 4 and CH 4 / H 2 fuels at high pressure in an RCM","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sander","lastName":"Gersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Harry","lastName":"Darmeveil"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Howard","lastName":"Levinsky"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"159","issue":"12","pages":"3472–3475","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.06.021","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.06.021","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"autoignition delay times"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z"}}


key: ZKLRZB26
data:
  {"key":"ZKLRZB26","version":386,"data":{"key":"ZKLRZB26","version":386,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of turbulent mixing on the end gas auto-ignition of n-heptane/air mixtures under IC engine-relevant conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haiqiao","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ceyuan","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hua","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wanhui","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhuyin","lastName":"Ren"}],"abstractNote":"The effect of turbulence on the end-gas auto-ignition (AI) of stoichiometric n-heptane/air mixtures under engine relevant conditions is numerically studied through a combined methodology of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and one-dimensional stand-alone Linear Eddy Model (LEM). Similar end-gas auto-ignition process in super rapid compression machine experiments is first been qualitatively reproduced through LES. To further investigate the effect of small-scale turbulence-chemistry interaction on the end-gas auto-ignition in the near-wall region which consists of a core region and a boundary layer, 1-D LEM simulations are performed by extracting the thermal-chemical and turbulent parameters at top dead center from LES. The parametric study covers a range of representative fluctuation velocity values under engine-like conditions at two initial temperatures of 700 K and 900 K, which are below and within the Negative Temperature Coefficient regime respectively. It is generally found that, increased turbulence intensity delays AI formation and also reduces the kernel size at the onset of AI. At the initial temperature of 700 K, intense turbulence can change the combustion mode of the end-gas following the initial spontaneous auto-ignition in the core region. Diffusive - reactive flame structures are observed and the kernel expansion is governed by turbulent flame propagation. At a high initial temperature of 900 K, the formation of “cold” AI kernels is inhibited with increased turbulence intensity. A budget analysis reveals that the expansion processes of nascent kernels mainly are spontaneous ignitions and turbulence may enhance the local scalar mixing. However, turbulence won't change the nature of auto-ignition propagation wave driven dominantly by exothermicity during the end-gas combustion process.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"174","issue":"","pages":"25–36","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.011","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0010-2180\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"End-gas auto-ignition"},{"tag":"Engine knock"},{"tag":"Negative temperature coefficient"},{"tag":"Turbulent mixing"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z"}}


key: M4LIHJAB
data:
  {"key":"M4LIHJAB","version":386,"data":{"key":"M4LIHJAB","version":386,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An investigation of in situ adaptive tabulation for premixed and nonpremixed combustion engine simulations with primary reference fuel mechanism","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lei","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haiqiao","lastName":"Wei"}],"abstractNote":"The object of this work is to enhance the ISAT performance for transient combustion simulations for both premixed and non-premixed combustion process. In this work, dynamic pruning (DP) strategy for not-frequently-accessed tabulated points has been employed. For DP approach, the action considered when the table is full is to delete the most recently used leaf (at the tail of most recently used leaf) and replace it by the new entry in ISAT. The performances of ISAT with DP are presented firstly both in a homogenous charged compression ignition (HCCI) engine and a diesel engine. In present study, we investigate the sensitivity of ignition and composition inhomogeneity to heat loss/chemistry model for HCCI combustion. Composition inhomogeneity is governed by heat loss, turbulence diffusion and chemical reaction. Meanwhile, the effect of composition and temperature inhomogeneity on chemistry acceleration with ISAT-DP is studied in detail. It is shown that, ISAT-DP method can effectively reduce computational cost and achieve a large speedup factor of around 2 compared with original ISAT method. Memory size in ISAT has a tight influence on computational efficiency. And an overall speed up factor of around 4 for diesel engine is also achieved.","publicationTitle":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"111","issue":"x","pages":"526–536","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.141","ISSN":"13594311","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.141","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Composition inhomogeneity"},{"tag":"Engine"},{"tag":"Heat loss"},{"tag":"ISAT"},{"tag":"Pruning"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z"}}


key: CBEZLL2D
data:
  {"key":"CBEZLL2D","version":386,"data":{"key":"CBEZLL2D","version":386,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of radiation and compression on propagating spherical flames of methane / air mixtures near the lean flammability limit","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"157","issue":"12","pages":"2267–2276","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.010","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.010","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z"}}


key: Q7YGSHIA
data:
  {"key":"Q7YGSHIA","version":386,"data":{"key":"Q7YGSHIA","version":386,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A numerical investigation on methane combustion and emissions from a natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine using CFD model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hailin","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongsheng","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongzhi","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mingfa","lastName":"Yao"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas (NG)-diesel dual fuel engines have been criticized for their high emissions of unburned methane. The past research on methane emissions from dual fuel engines has focused on the measurement of methane concentration in exhaust gases. The development of approaches capable of minimizing methane emissions requests the detailed spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder during the combustion and post combustion processes. However, it is difficult to experimentally measure the spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder. This research presents a numerical study on the combustion process of a NG-diesel dual fuel engine using the computational fluids dynamics (CFD) model CONVERGE coupled with a reduced primary reference fuel (PRF) mechanism. The model was validated against the heat release process and the emissions of nitrogen oxide, methane and carbon monoxide measured in a single cylinder dual fuel engine. The validated CFD model was applied to investigate the combustion of methane and n-heptane and the spatial distribution of methane in the dual fuel engine. This is most likely the first attempt to visualize the spatial distribution of methane in dual fuel engines using CFD. The objective of this study is to numerically simulate the methane combustion process, especially the methane present outside the pilot spray, quantify the methane combustion in each combustion stage, and visualize the spatial methane distribution in cylinder. The results showed that the momentum produced by the pilot fuel injection and combustion pushed the combustion products of pilot fuel and methane within the pilot spray plume toward the unburned methane-air mixture. Such a movement enhanced the mixing of the hot combustion products and the relatively cold unburned methane-air mixture during the main combustion process and dominated the combustion of methane presented outside the pilot fuel spray plume. Based on the simulation results at a low load condition (4.05bar), the main combustion process consumed 43–53% of the methane fumigated into the intake mixture. The post-combustion oxidation process consumed 17–29% of the intake methane, which was 36.2–51.8% methane that survived the main combustion process. In comparison, 27–35% methane emitted the engine without participating the combustion process. The unburned methane at exhaust valve opening was mainly observed at the center of the cylinder. In comparison, the contribution of the crevice and boundary layer around the cylinder liner to methane emissions was relatively small. The slip of methane through the dual fuel engines was due to the fact that the premixed mixture was too lean to support the propagation of the turbulent flame initiated by the pilot fuel and the lack of pilot fuel vapor reaching the center of the combustion chamber because of the geometric limitations of the fuel injection system and the reduced mass of pilot fuel injected into the cylinder. The approaches aiming to enhance the combustion of methane and minimize methane emissions from dual fuel engines should focus on those capable of increasing the volume of pilot fuel vapor formed after injected into the cylinder.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"205","issue":"","pages":"153–162","date":"2017-11","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/J.APENERGY.2017.07.071","ISSN":"0306-2619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/science/article/pii/S0306261917309431","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:04Z"}}


key: HPU9FWVK
data:
  {"key":"HPU9FWVK","version":386,"data":{"key":"HPU9FWVK","version":386,"itemType":"book","title":"Direct numerical simulation of homogeneous turbulence in combination with premixed combustion at low Mach number modelled by the","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J M Burgers","lastName":"Centre"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"2006","volume":"565","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"","date":"2017","numPages":"25–62","language":"","ISBN":"0-02-211200-6","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"DOI: 10.1017/S0022112006002072","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:03Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:03Z"}}


key: M9RYZIS2
data:
  {"key":"M9RYZIS2","version":386,"data":{"key":"M9RYZIS2","version":386,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental and numerical study of laminar premixed dimethyl ether / methane – air flame","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Huibin","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Erjiang","lastName":"Hu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Cheng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xinyi","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zuohua","lastName":"Huang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"FUEL","volume":"136","issue":"","pages":"37–45","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.032","ISSN":"0016-2361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.032","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:03Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:03Z"}}


key: 5UNRXKE6
data:
  {"key":"5UNRXKE6","version":386,"data":{"key":"5UNRXKE6","version":386,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Simulation of Dual-Fuel-CI and Single-Fuel-SI Engine Combustion Fueled with CNG","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Apoorv P","lastName":"Talekar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2016","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"SAE International","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0789","ISBN":"2-01-601078-9","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:03Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:03Z"}}


key: ASEKKMC2
data:
  {"key":"ASEKKMC2","version":366,"data":{"key":"ASEKKMC2","version":366,"itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Reitz - 1987 - Modeling Atomization Processes in High-Pressure Vaporizing Sprays.pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Reitz - 1987 - Modeling Atomization Processes in High-Pressure Vaporizing Sprays.pdf","md5":"79f1367efb6fbf110218f5c7eca3512d","mtime":1617748225000,"tags":[],"collections":["P94K79KA"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T22:30:25Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T22:30:25Z"}}


key: MEQ8CET8
data:
  {"key":"MEQ8CET8","version":361,"data":{"key":"MEQ8CET8","version":361,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Large-eddy simulation study on cycle-to-cycle variation of knocking combustion in a spark-ignition engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ceyuan","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pinaki","lastName":"Pal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Muhsin","lastName":"Ameen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dengquan","lastName":"Feng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haiqiao","lastName":"Wei"}],"abstractNote":"The cycle-to-cycle variation in the knock intensity is commonly encountered under abnormal combustion conditions. The severity of these abnormal combustion events can vary significantly, and the efficiency of engines at high loads is limited in practice by heavy knocking phenomena. Since, a thorough analysis of such recurrent but non-cyclic phenomena via experiments alone becomes highly cumbersome, in the present work, a multi-cycle large-eddy simulation study was performed to quantitatively predict cyclic variability in the combustion process and cyclic knock intensity variability in a direct injection spark-ignition engine. To account for the turbulence-chemistry interaction effects on flame propagation, the G-equation combustion model was used. Detailed chemistry was solved outside the flame front with a toluene primary reference fuel skeletal kinetic mechanism. For both the mild knock and heavy knock conditions, the numerical results were validated against experimental measurements. Based on the simulation results, a correlation analysis was performed considering combustion phasing, peak cylinder pressure and maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation. Furthermore, a detailed three-dimensional spatial analysis illustrated the evolution of auto-ignition kernel development and propagation of pressure waves during knocking combustion for three typical cycles with different knock intensities. It was found that an early occurrence of auto-ignition in the end gas was prone to high knock intensity. Although multiple auto-ignition kernels were observed in different cycles, the degree of coupling between chemical heat release and pressure waves varied, thereby leading to different maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation values.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"261","issue":"","pages":"114447","date":"03/2020","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Applied Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114447","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030626191932135X","accessDate":"2021-04-06T22:28:11Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["LV42JGU8"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T22:28:11Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T22:28:12Z"}}


key: 7V3IG2NS
data:
  {"key":"7V3IG2NS","version":358,"data":{"key":"7V3IG2NS","version":358,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition characteristics of heptane–hydrogen and heptane–methane fuel blends at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.K.","lastName":"Aggarwal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"O.","lastName":"Awomolo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Akber"}],"abstractNote":"There is signiﬁcant interest in using hydrogen and natural gas for enhancing the performance of diesel engines. We report herein a numerical investigation on the ignition of n-C7H16/H2 and n-C7H16/CH4 fuel blends. The CHEMKIN 4.1 software is used to model ignition in a closed homogenous reactor under conditions relevant to diesel/HCCI engines. Three reaction mechanisms used are (i) NIST mechanism involving 203 species and 1463 reactions, (ii) Dryer mechanism with 116 species and 754 reactions, and (iii) a reduced mechanism (Chalmers) with 42 species and 168 reactions. The parameters include pressures of 30 atm and 55 atm, equivalence ratios of ɸ ¼ 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, temperature range of 800e1400 K, and mole fractions of H2 or CH4 in the blend between 0 and 100%. For n-C7H16/air mixtures, the Chalmers mechanism not only provides closer agreement with measurements compared to the other two mechanisms, but also reproduces the negative temperature coefﬁcient regime. Consequently, this mechanism is used to characterize the effects of H2 or CH4 on the ignition of n-C7H16. Results indicate that H2 or CH4 addition has a relatively small effect on the ignition of n-C7H16/air mixtures, while the n-C7H16 addition even in small amount modiﬁes the ignition of H2/air and CH4/air mixtures signiﬁcantly. The n-C7H16 addition decreases and increases the ignition delays of H2/air mixtures at low and high temperatures, respectively, while its addition to CH4/air mixtures decreases ignition delays at all temperatures. The sensitivity analysis indicates that ignition characteristics of these fuel blends are dominated by the pyrolysis/oxidation chemistry of n-heptane, with heptyl (C7H16-2) and hydoxyl (OH) radicals being the two most important species.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"36","issue":"23","pages":"15392-15402","date":"11/2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.065","ISSN":"03603199","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319911019860","accessDate":"2021-04-06T22:15:21Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T22:15:21Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T22:15:22Z"}}


key: Y7QXDF4V
data:
  {"key":"Y7QXDF4V","version":353,"data":{"key":"Y7QXDF4V","version":353,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Extinction and Autoignition of n-Heptane in Counterflow Configuration","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Seiser"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H.","lastName":"Pitsch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Seshadri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W. J.","lastName":"Pitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H. J.","lastName":"Curran"}],"abstractNote":"A study is performed to elucidate the mechanisms of extinction and autoignition of n-heptane in strained laminar flows under nonpremixed conditions. A previously developed detailed mechanism made UP of 2540 reversible elementary reactions among 557 species is the starting point for the study. The detailed mechanism was previously used to calculate ignition delay times in homogeneous reactors, and concentration histories of a number of species in plug-flow and jet-stirred reactors. An intermediate mechanism made up of 1282 reversible elementary reactions among 282 species and a short mechanism made up of 770 reversible elementary reactions among 160 species are assembled from this detailed mechanism. Ignition delay times in an isochoric homogeneous reactor calculated using the intermediate and the short mechanism are found to agree well with those calculated using the detailed mechanism. The intermediate and the short mechanism are used to calculate extinction and autoignition of n-heptane in strained laminar flows. Steady laminar flow of two counter flowing Streams toward a stagnation plane is considered. One stream made up of prevaporized n-heptane and nitrogen is injected from the fuel boundary and the other stream made up of air and nitrogen is injected from the oxidizer boundary. Critical conditions of extinction and autoignition given by the strain rate, temperature and concentrations of the reactants at the boundaries, are calculated. The results are found to agree well with experiments. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of various elementary reactions on autoignition. At all values of the strain rate investigated here, high temperature chemical processes are found to control autoignition. In general, the influence of low temperature chemistry is found to increase with decreasing strain. A key finding of the present study is that strain has more influence on low temperature chemistry than the temperature of the reactants.","websiteTitle":"Twenty Eighth International Symposium on Combustion, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (GB), 07/30/2000--08/04/2000","websiteType":"Article","date":"01/12/2000","shortTitle":"","url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc724356/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T22:04:41Z","language":"English","rights":"","extra":"Number: UCRL-JC-137080\nPublisher: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","tags":[],"collections":["5D5PI4AX"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T22:04:41Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T22:04:41Z"}}


key: 2PISBBWC
data:
  {"key":"2PISBBWC","version":350,"data":{"key":"2PISBBWC","version":350,"itemType":"webpage","title":"n-Heptane, Reduced Mechanism","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://combustion.llnl.gov/archived-mechanisms/alkanes/heptane-reduced-mechanism","accessDate":"2021-04-06T22:03:50Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T22:03:50Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T22:03:50Z"}}


key: 4P7MS49M
data:
  {"key":"4P7MS49M","version":349,"data":{"key":"4P7MS49M","version":349,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Extinction and Autoignition of n-Heptane in Counterflow Configuration","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["5D5PI4AX"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T22:02:48Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T22:03:36Z"}}


key: W3IM6LWG
data:
  {"key":"W3IM6LWG","version":336,"data":{"key":"W3IM6LWG","version":336,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Comparison of turbulent flame speeds from complete averaging and the G‐equation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pedro F.","lastName":"Embid"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew J.","lastName":"Majda"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Panagiotis E.","lastName":"Souganidis"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Physics of Fluids","volume":"7","issue":"8","pages":"2052-2060","date":"08/1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Physics of Fluids","language":"en","DOI":"10.1063/1.868452","ISSN":"1070-6631, 1089-7666","shortTitle":"","url":"http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.868452","accessDate":"2021-04-06T21:11:58Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["5F957NR5"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T21:11:58Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T21:11:58Z"}}


key: AK3NGSM9
data:
  {"key":"AK3NGSM9","version":333,"data":{"key":"AK3NGSM9","version":333,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental Analysis of Diesel-Ignited Methane Dual-Fuel Low-Temperature Combustion in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mostafa S.","lastName":"Raihan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Edward S.","lastName":"Guerry"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Umang","lastName":"Dwivedi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kalyan Kumar","lastName":"Srinivasan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sundar Rajan","lastName":"Krishnan"}],"abstractNote":"This paper focuses on the effect of diesel injection timing, intake boost pressure, and diesel injection pressure on diesel-methane dual-fuel combustion performed in a single-cylinder research engine. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,500 revolutions per minute (rpm) while percentage of methane energy substitution (PES) and load were maintained at 80% and 5.1 bar net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), respectively. The start of injection (SOI) of diesel was varied from 250 crank angle degrees (CAD) to 350 CAD while keeping the injection pressure at 500 bar and intake boost pressure at 1.5 bar. Advancing SOI from 330° to 300° reduced indicated specific NOx (ISNOx) emissions from 11.9 g=kW · h to less than 0.02 g=kW · h; further advancement of SOI did not yield any significant ISNOx reduction. Net indicated fuel conversion efficiency (IFCE) increases from 29.4% at 350 CAD SOI to 40.5% at 300 CAD SOI. Combustion efficiency trends are consistent with unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission trends. Moreover, smoke emissions were lower than 0.1 filter smoke number (FSN) for all SOIs. A diesel injection pressure sweep from 200 to 1,300 bar at 300 CAD SOI showed that very low injection pressures lead to apparently more heterogeneous combustion and higher ISNOx, indicated specific CO (ISCO), and indicated specific HC (ISHC) emissions, whereas smoke, IFCE, and combustion efficiency remained unaffected. An injection pressure of approximately 500 bar appeared to be optimal for early SOIs. Finally, an intake boost pressure sweep from 1.1 to 1.8 bar at 300 CAD SOI and 500 bar injection pressure showed that ISNOx and smoke remained fairly low at all conditions (ISNOx < 0.15 g=kW · h; smoke < 0.1 FSN); however, increasing boost pressure resulted in an increase in both ISHC and ISCO emissions while combustion efficiency and IFCE were reduced. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000235. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Energy Engineering","volume":"141","issue":"2","pages":"","date":"06/2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"J. Energy Eng.","language":"en","DOI":"10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000235","ISSN":"0733-9402, 1943-7897","shortTitle":"","url":"http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EY.1943-7897.0000235","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:53:05Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:53:05Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:53:06Z"}}


key: F2M8MSP6
data:
  {"key":"F2M8MSP6","version":330,"data":{"key":"F2M8MSP6","version":330,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Parametric investigation of natural gas port injection and diesel pilot injection on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged common rail dual-fuel engine at low load","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chengxun","lastName":"Xi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"In this paper, a common rail diesel research engine was converted to operate in dual-fuel mode and extensive experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of natural gas injection timing on the combustion and emissions performance under different pilot injection pressure and timing at low load conditions. The presented results include the cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay, combustion duration and brake thermal efﬁciency, as well as CO, HC and NOx emissions at different natural gas injection timing under pilot injection pressure (46 and 72 MPa) and pilot injection timing (À8° and À17° ATDC) operation conditions at low load (BMEP = 0.24 MPa). The results indicated that retarded natural gas injection timing can achieve a stratiﬁed-like air–fuel mixture in cylinder under the different pilot injection conditions, which provided a method to improve the combustion performance and exhaust emissions at low load. Moreover, under higher pilot injection pressure (72 MPa) conditions, better combustion performance, such as shorter ignition delay and combustion duration, higher brake thermal efﬁciency, were achieved; however, the exhaust emissions signiﬁcantly increased compared with those under lower pilot injection pressure (46 MPa). On the other hand, under the advanced pilot injection timing (À17° ATDC), the combustion performance was radically better, THC and CO emissions were lower but the NOx emissions were signiﬁcantly higher compared with those under the regular pilot injection timing (À8° ATDC). This is attributed to faster ﬂame propagation speed, better combustion phasing and higher volumetric efﬁciency. Consequently, employing appropriate natural gas injection timing accompanied with reasonable pilot injection parameters is critical to further improve combustion performance and exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel engine at low loads.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"143","issue":"","pages":"130-137","date":"04/2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Applied Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.037","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261915000434","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:47:53Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:47:53Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:47:54Z"}}


key: Y3P3SRFW
data:
  {"key":"Y3P3SRFW","version":330,"data":{"key":"Y3P3SRFW","version":330,"itemType":"attachment","linkMode":"imported_file","title":"Yang et al. - 2014 - Parametric investigation of natural gas port injection and diesel pilot injection on the combustion and emission(2).pdf","accessDate":"","url":"","note":"","contentType":"application/pdf","charset":"","filename":"Yang et al. - 2014 - Parametric investigation of natural gas port injection and diesel pilot injection on the combustion and emission(2).pdf","md5":"12e1f682e1eb2da25a593578bc617beb","mtime":1617727611000,"tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:46:51Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:46:51Z"}}


key: VF7PVEVW
data:
  {"key":"VF7PVEVW","version":327,"data":{"key":"VF7PVEVW","version":327,"itemType":"bookSection","title":"3. Turbulent Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F. A.","lastName":"Williams"}],"abstractNote":"1. Introduction. Like the proverbial elephant, turbulent combustion exhibits so many different aspects that two investigators, chosen at random from the set of all investigators examining the subject, will with high probability disagree entirely about its general characteristics. For example, few will know the full definitions of all of the terms “k-ϵ modelling,” “strange attractor,” “Favre average,” “conserved scalar,” “Kolmogorov scale,” “functional differentiation,” “coherent structure,” “large-eddy Damköhler number,” “random vortex,” “spectral transfer,” “intermittency” and “age theory.” Almost all of the investigators will consider at least one of the items in this sequence to be practically irrelevant to turbulent combustion. Yet, for each of the items there likely exist investigators who would identify that item as the central aspect of the subject. Turbulent combustion has now become so multifaceted that no one has the background necessary to give a complete and impartial review of it. Therefore the reader must prepare himself for an incomplete and somewhat biased review. Fifteen years ago, in the introduction to a review on laminar combustion [1], it was remarked that there had been little progress in the theory of turbulent combustion, and it was predicted that the future rate of progress would not be much greater than that of the immediate past. The truth of that prediction was short-lived (just as with most predictions in turbulent combustion). Research in the subject has mushroomed in-numerous diverse directions in recent years, and a few of the avenues have led fruitfully to genuine discoveries of lasting value. The intent of the present article is to attempt to highlight the most promising avenues and to identify some of the pitfalls along the many seductively ruinous paths.","bookTitle":"The Mathematics of Combustion","series":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"0","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","date":"January 1, 1985","pages":"97-131","language":"","ISBN":"978-0-89871-053-3","shortTitle":"","url":"https://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/1.9781611971064.ch3","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:41:19Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"epubs.siam.org (Atypon)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"DOI: 10.1137/1.9781611971064.ch3","tags":[],"collections":["5F957NR5"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:41:19Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:41:19Z"}}


key: RP86JXR2
data:
  {"key":"RP86JXR2","version":325,"data":{"key":"RP86JXR2","version":325,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"An Evaluation of Knock Determination Techniques for Diesel-Natural Gas Dual Fuel Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amrit","lastName":"Singh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Anderson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark","lastName":"Hoffman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zoran","lastName":"Filipi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Prucka"}],"abstractNote":"The recent advent of highly effective drilling and extraction technologies has decreased the price of natural gas and renewed interest in its use for transportation. Of particular interest is the conversion of dedicated diesel engines to operate on dual-fuel with natural gas injected into the intake manifold. Dual-fuel systems with natural gas injected into the intake manifold replace a significant portion of diesel fuel energy with natural gas (generally 50% or more by energy content), and produce lower operating costs than diesel-only operation. Diesel-natural gas engines have a high compression ratio and a homogeneous mixture of natural gas and air in the cylinder end gases. These conditions are very favorable for knock at high loads. In the present study, knock prediction concepts that utilize a single step Arrhenius function for diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines are evaluated. A heavy duty diesel engine with the capability of running both natural gas and diesel is operated at points where knock occurs and the cylinder pressure traces are recorded. Constants of the Arrhenius function for dual-fuel operation are determined empirically based on the cylinder pressure and temperature histories. Several methods for knock prediction and coefficient fitting are evaluated, and their accuracy is compared. Results indicate that Arrhenius integral methods can determine if a cycle will knock with accuracy up to 72% using coefficients similar to those for methane.","date":"2014-10-13","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE 2014 International Powertrain, Fuels &  Lubricants Meeting","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2014-01-2695","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-2695","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2014-01-2695/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:38:13Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["LV42JGU8"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:38:13Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:38:13Z"}}


key: H8YAPFVQ
data:
  {"key":"H8YAPFVQ","version":325,"data":{"key":"H8YAPFVQ","version":325,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Development of a Flame Propagation Model for Dual-Fuel Partially Premixed Compression Ignition Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S","lastName":"Singh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S-C","lastName":"Kong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"The limitations of an existing characteristic–time combustion (CTC) model are explored and a new combustion model is developed and applied to simulate combustion in dual-fuel engines in which the premixed natural gas is ignited by the combustion ﬂame initiated by a diesel spray. The model consists of a diesel auto-ignition model and a ﬂame propagation model. A G-equation-based model previously developed to simulate SI engine combustion was incorporated with an auto-ignition model to simulate the ﬂame propagation process in partially premixed environments. The computer code is based on the KIVA-3V code and consists of updated sub-models to simulate more accurately the fuel spray atomization, auto-ignition, combustion, and emissions processes. Modiﬁcations were made to implement the level set G-equation approach and to track the location of the ﬂame as a function of the turbulent ﬂame speed, ﬂame curvature, ﬂow velocity, and the movement of the computational mesh in the engine environment. Good agreement with engine experiments was obtained by using the present model.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"7","issue":"1","pages":"65-75","date":"02/2006","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Engine Research","language":"en","DOI":"10.1243/146808705X7464","ISSN":"1468-0874, 2041-3149","shortTitle":"","url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1243/146808705X7464","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:37:58Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["5F957NR5"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:37:58Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:37:58Z"}}


key: 2Z5ZX4IV
data:
  {"key":"2Z5ZX4IV","version":321,"data":{"key":"2Z5ZX4IV","version":321,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"N-heptane micro pilot assisted methane combustion in a Rapid Compression Expansion Machine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stéphanie","lastName":"Schlatter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bruno","lastName":"Schneider"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuri M.","lastName":"Wright"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantinos","lastName":"Boulouchos"}],"abstractNote":"The autoignition and combustion behaviour of an n-heptane spray in a premixed methane/air charge was investigated. A Rapid Compression Expansion Machine (RCEM) with a free ﬂoating piston was employed to reach engine relevant conditions at Start of Injection (SOI) of the micro n-heptane pilot. The methane content in the ambient gas mixture was varied by injecting different amounts of methane directly into the combustion chamber; the ambient equivalence ratio for the methane content ranged from 0.0 to 0.99. Filtered OH⁄ chemiluminescence images of the combustion were taken with a UV intensiﬁed camera at a rate of 20 kHz through the optical access in the piston and schlieren imaging was performed at 20 kHz for the detection of density gradients arising from pilot injection, ignition and ﬂame propagation in the unburned mixture. Filtered photomultiplier signals of the total emitted light for OH⁄, CH⁄ and CÃ2 radicals as well as the pressure signal were simultaneously recorded and the effect of methane content, charge temperature and ambient oxygen concentration on ignition locations, ignition timing and combustion behaviour was analysed. It was found that increasing methane contents in the ambient mixture considerably prolongs the ignition delays of the pilot spray due to inhibiting effects of the premixed methane on the reactions leading to high temperature ignition triggered by n-heptane. Longer ignition delays due to lower ambient temperatures or dilution of the ambient oxidizer cause higher heat release during the combustion of the pilot spray, since more methane/air is entrained and mixed with the pilot spray and oxidized simultaneously. This behaviour is reversed with increasing ignition delays arising from increased methane addition. There, lower heat release rates during pilot combustion were observed due to decreased reactivity in the n-heptane spray area. Comparison of different strategies with respect to the determination of high temperature ignition delay highlighted shortcomings as well as the potential in the usage of spectrally ﬁltered chemiluminescence data, since changes in the spectrum of the emitted chemiluminescence are expected to change over time in the case of pilot ignition due to the transition between combustion modes. An assessment of the methane content inﬂuence on the ignition reactions by means of homogeneous, adiabatic Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR) simulations with a suitable reaction mechanism is further presented which allows for separation of inﬂuences and supports the experimental ﬁndings.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"179","issue":"","pages":"339-352","date":"09/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.03.006","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236116300369","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:37:29Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:37:29Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:37:30Z"}}


key: NUVPSRZY
data:
  {"key":"NUVPSRZY","version":318,"data":{"key":"NUVPSRZY","version":318,"itemType":"webpage","title":"Turbulent Combustion","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","websiteTitle":"","websiteType":"","date":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/turbulent-combustion/4A93A00CCA922A28D8E5316744D8CF8F","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:36:16Z","language":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["5F957NR5"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:36:16Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:36:16Z"}}


key: 5CPNVN65
data:
  {"key":"5CPNVN65","version":318,"data":{"key":"5CPNVN65","version":318,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The propagation of a laminar reaction front during end-gas auto-ignition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jason B.","lastName":"Martz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"George A.","lastName":"Lavoie"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hong G.","lastName":"Im"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert J.","lastName":"Middleton"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Aristotelis","lastName":"Babajimopoulos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dionissios N.","lastName":"Assanis"}],"abstractNote":"A transient, one dimensional premixed laminar reaction front is used as a model problem to further understand the physical processes inﬂuencing reaction front propagation during the various stages of spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) combustion for both constant and variable domain pressures. This approach is consistent with the wrinkled laminar ﬂame representation of turbulent, spark ignited engine combustion. With the proper choice of timescales and pressure rise rate, it applies to the interaction of the ﬂame with auto-igniting end-gas in a typical automotive engine. Under the conditions simulated by a transient ﬂame code, the reaction front begins as a deﬂagration, propagating into an end-gas with an initially negligible level of reaction progress. The diffusive–reactive nature of the front is maintained until signiﬁcant levels of end-gas reaction progress, where the burning velocity depends upon the degree of pre-reaction. At the time of the end-gas maximum chemical power, the maximum temperature gradient and peak rate of heat conduction within the front diminish to the point where combustion becomes chemically controlled. Although signiﬁcant increases in burning velocity are observed at the onset of chemically controlled combustion within the front, the end-gas is within one front time from the completion of combustion. As a result, no more than one front thickness is consumed by the apparent propagation of the spontaneous ignition front.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"159","issue":"6","pages":"2077-2086","date":"6/2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.01.011","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218012000259","accessDate":"2021-04-06T16:32:23Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["YNSLQKNA"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T16:32:23Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T16:32:24Z"}}


key: ZJMDXQHA
data:
  {"key":"ZJMDXQHA","version":543,"data":{"key":"ZJMDXQHA","version":543,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of engine parameters and gaseous fuel type on the cyclic variability of dual fuel engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Selim"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents an analysis of the cycle-to-cycle combustion variation as reﬂected in the combustion pressure data of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, four stroke, Ricardo E6 engine converted to run as dual fuel engine on diesel and gaseous fuel of LPG or methane. A measuring set-up consisting of a piezo-electric pressure transducer with charge ampliﬁer and fast data acquisition card installed on an IBM microcomputer was used to gather the data of up to 1200 consecutive combustion cycles of the cylinder under various combination of engine operating and design parameters. These parameters included type of gaseous fuel, engine load, compression ratio, pilot fuel injection timing, pilot fuel mass, and engine speed. The data for each operating conditions were analyzed for the maximum pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise—representing the combustion noise, and indicated mean effective pressure. The cycle-to-cycle variation is expressed as the mean value, standard deviation, and coefﬁcient of variation of these three parameters. It was found that the type of gaseous fuel and engine operating and design parameters affected the combustion noise and its cyclic variation and these effects have been presented.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"84","issue":"7-8","pages":"961-971","date":"05/2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.023","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236104003679","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:41:04Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FEQPKG7M","DXGZGPTN"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:41:04Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:41:05Z"}}


key: UUNICYFP
data:
  {"key":"UUNICYFP","version":544,"data":{"key":"UUNICYFP","version":544,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Sensitivity of dual fuel engine combustion and knocking limits to gaseous fuel composition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohamed Y.E.","lastName":"Selim"}],"abstractNote":"Combustion noise, knock and ignition limits data are measured and presented for a dual fuel engine running on dual fuels of Diesel and three gaseous fuels separately. The gaseous fuels used are liqueﬁed petroleum gas, pure methane and compressed natural gas mixture. The maximum pressure rise rate during combustion is presented as a measure of combustion noise, and the knocking and ignition limits are presented as torque output at the onset of knocking and ignition failure. Experimental investigation on the dual fuel engine revealed the noise generated from combustion, knocking and ignition limits for all gases at diﬀerent design and operating conditions. A Ricardo E6 Diesel version engine is converted to run on dual fuel of Diesel and the tested gaseous fuel and is used throughout the work. The engine is fully computerized, and the cylinder pressure data, crank angle data and engine operating variables are stored in a PC for oﬀ line analysis. The eﬀects of engine speeds, loads, pilot injection angle, pilot fuel quantity and compression ratio on combustion noise, knocking torque, thermal eﬃciency and maximum pressure are examined for the dual engine running on the three gaseous fuels separately. The combustion noise, knocking and ignition limits are found to relate to the type of gaseous fuels and to the engine design and operating parameters.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"45","issue":"3","pages":"411-425","date":"2/2004","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/S0196-8904(03)00150-X","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019689040300150X","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:41:01Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FEQPKG7M","DXGZGPTN"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:41:01Z"}}


key: FPT8VGRW
data:
  {"key":"FPT8VGRW","version":543,"data":{"key":"FPT8VGRW","version":543,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Eﬀect of exhaust gas recirculation on some combustion characteristics of dual fuel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohamed Y E","lastName":"Selim"}],"abstractNote":"Combustion pressure rise rate and thermal eﬃciency data are measured and presented for a dual fuel engine running on a dual fuel of Diesel and compressed natural gas and utilizing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The maximum pressure rise rate during combustion is presented as a measure of combustion noise. The experimental investigation on the dual fuel engine revealed the noise generated from combustion and the thermal eﬃciency at diﬀerent EGR ratios. A Ricardo E6 Diesel version engine is converted to run on a dual fuel of Diesel and compressed natural gas and having an exhaust gas recycling system is used throughout the work. The engine is fully computerized, and the cylinder pressure data and crank angle data are stored in a PC for oﬄine analysis. The eﬀects of EGR ratio, engine speeds, loads, temperature of recycled exhaust gases, intake charge pressure and engine compression ratio on combustion noise and thermal eﬃciency are examined for the dual fuel engine. The combustion noise and thermal eﬃciency of the dual fuel engine are found to be aﬀected when EGR is used in the dual fuel engine.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"15","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"en","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Zotero","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FEQPKG7M","DXGZGPTN"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:40:56Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:40:56Z"}}


key: YY5T4IXC
data:
  {"key":"YY5T4IXC","version":544,"data":{"key":"YY5T4IXC","version":544,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Pressure–time characteristics in diesel engine fueled with natural gas","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohamed Y.E","lastName":"Selim"}],"abstractNote":"Combustion pressure data are measured and presented for a dual fuel engine running on dual fuel of diesel and compressed natural gas, and compared to the diesel engine case. The maximum pressure rise rate during combustion is presented as a measure of combustion noise. Experimental investigation on diesel and dual fuel engines revealed the noise generated from combustion in both cases. A Ricardo E6 diesel version engine is converted to run on dual fuel of diesel and compressed natural gas and is used throughout the work. The engine is fully computerized and the cylinder pressure data, crank angle data are stored in a PC for off-line analysis. The effect of engine speeds, loads, pilot injection angle, and pilot fuel quantity on combustion noise is examined for both diesel and dual engine. Maximum pressure rise rate and some samples of ensemble averaged pressure–crank angle data are presented in the present work. The combustion noise, generally, is found to increase for the dual fuel engine case as compared to the diesel engine case. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Renewable Energy","volume":"22","issue":"4","pages":"473-489","date":"4/2001","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Renewable Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/S0960-1481(00)00115-4","ISSN":"09601481","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960148100001154","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:40:54Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FEQPKG7M","DXGZGPTN"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:40:54Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:40:54Z"}}


key: AU2EEGPV
data:
  {"key":"AU2EEGPV","version":302,"data":{"key":"AU2EEGPV","version":302,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Impact of pilot diesel ignition mode on combustion and emissions characteristics of a diesel/natural gas dual fuel heavy-duty engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongshu","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongxiang","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dan","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manzhi","lastName":"Tan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongqiang","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongchang","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Huili","lastName":"Dou"}],"abstractNote":"The brake thermal efﬁciency and exhaust emission issues are still not fully-resolved to diesel/natural gas dual fuel engines. To better understand the effect of pilot diesel ignition mode on combustion and emissions characteristics of dual fuel engines, a detailed study concerned with diesel injection timing was conducted. The testing work was operated on a 6-cylinder turbocharged intercooler diesel/natural gas dual fuel heavy-duty engine at light load operations, and diesel injection timing was controlled over a very wide range. The investigated results show that the diesel injection timing (Tinj) has an obvious effect on pilot diesel ignition mode. A signiﬁcant advancing Tinj leads to pilot diesel ignition mode differs from traditional diesel engine compression ignition mode in the sense that it does not occur at a speciﬁc place in the spray, which is a two-stage autoignition mode. With advancing Tinj, engine combustion and emissions characteristics, including cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, heat release rate, start of combustion (SOC), ignition delay, combustion duration, crank angle of 50% heat release (CA50), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total hydrocarbon (THC), show completely different variation trends in different ignition modes. Overall, higher thermal efﬁciency and lower emissions can be achieved simultaneously in two-stage autoignition mode. Satisfactory results can be obtained with higher brake thermal efﬁciency (35%), lower NOx (60 ppm) and THC (0.4%) emissions, when Tinj is 42.5 °CA BTDC.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"167","issue":"","pages":"248-256","date":"03/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.077","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236115012338","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:40:15Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:40:15Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:40:15Z"}}


key: SMF6MP4R
data:
  {"key":"SMF6MP4R","version":297,"data":{"key":"SMF6MP4R","version":297,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An investigation of diesel–ignited propane dual fuel combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew C.","lastName":"Polk"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chad D.","lastName":"Carpenter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kalyan Kumar","lastName":"Srinivasan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sundar Rajan","lastName":"Krishnan"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents a detailed experimental analysis of diesel–ignited propane dual fuel combustion on a 12.9-l, six-cylinder, production heavy-duty diesel engine. Gaseous propane was fumigated upstream of the turbocharger air inlet and ignited using direct injection of diesel sprays. Results are presented for brake mean effective pressures (BMEP) from 5 to 20 bar and different percent energy substituted (PES) by propane at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The effect of propane PES on apparent heat release rates, combustion phasing and duration, fuel conversion and combustion efﬁciencies, and engine-out emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and total unburned hydrocarbons (HC) were investigated. Exhaust particle number concentrations and size distributions were also quantiﬁed for diesel–ignited propane combustion. With stock engine parameters, the maximum propane PES was limited to 86%, 60%, 33%, and 25% at 5, 10, 15, and 20 bar BMEPs, respectively, either by high maximum pressure rise rates (MPRR) or by excessive HC and CO emissions. With increasing PES, while fuel conversion efﬁciencies increased slightly at high BMEPs or decreased at low BMEPs, combustion efﬁciencies uniformly decreased. Also, with increasing PES, NOx and smoke emissions were generally decreased but these reductions were accompanied by higher HC and CO emissions. Exhaust particle number concentrations decreased with increasing PES at low loads but showed the opposite trends at higher loads. At 10 bar BMEP, by adopting a different fueling strategy, the maximum possible propane PES was extended to 80%. Finally, a limited diesel injection timing study was performed to identify the optimal operating conditions for the best efﬁciency-emissions-MPRR tradeoffs.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"132","issue":"","pages":"135-148","date":"09/2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.069","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236114004049","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:39:00Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:39:00Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:39:00Z"}}


key: RWLZH53D
data:
  {"key":"RWLZH53D","version":297,"data":{"key":"RWLZH53D","version":297,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A numerical investigation on combustion and emission characteristics of a dual fuel engine at part load condition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Seyed Mohammad","lastName":"Mousavi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rahim Khoshbakhti","lastName":"Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kamran","lastName":"Poorghasemi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Maghbouli"}],"abstractNote":"Dual fuel engines are more attractive due to lower emission levels in comparison with conventional diesel engines particularly at full loads. But it is required to study dual fuel combustion process with more details at part loads due to the poor performance and high CO and UHC emissions at these conditions. In the present study, numerical modeling of OM-355 dual fuel (injection of diesel pilot fuel to premixed mixture of air and methane) engine has been performed by using KIVA-3V code at part and full loads. Sub-models of the code were modiﬁed to simulate the fuel spray atomization, combustion and pollutants emissions processes, accurately. Results indicate that in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and exhaust emissions predictions are in good agreement with experiments at all loads. Results show that a lean premixed natural gas mixture is ignited slowly. The slow progress of combustion process at part load, leads the heat release to be drawn more toward the expansion stroke which causes incomplete combustion, and consequently high amounts of UHC and CO will be emitted. It is found that at part loads, areas that are inﬂuenced by diesel diffusion ﬂames are ignited and premixed natural gas ﬂame could not be propagated properly. Hence development of diesel diffusion ﬂame is required to burn lean natural gas mixture. But at full load, in addition to the diesel diffusion ﬂames, premixed natural gas ﬂame could be propagated suitably. Also, at part load because of low gas temperature in the environment of diesel spray and low diesel fuel temperature, diesel liquid droplets evaporate lately which are far from injector nozzles. Hence, it causes diesel diffusion ﬂame from spray of each injector nozzles to be developed distinctly. It can be deduced that the ﬂame structure is affected by operating conditions. Finally the effect of increasing the diesel fuel quantity on improving methane combustion is studied. The studied strategy could help to improving natural gas combustion due to enlarge the size of diesel combustion region.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"166","issue":"","pages":"309-319","date":"02/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.052","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236115010571","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:38:46Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FEQPKG7M"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:38:46Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:38:47Z"}}


key: FKG7XZK9
data:
  {"key":"FKG7XZK9","version":297,"data":{"key":"FKG7XZK9","version":297,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A numerical investigation on methane combustion and emissions from a natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine using CFD model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hailin","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongsheng","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongzhi","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mingfa","lastName":"Yao"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas (NG)-diesel dual fuel engines have been criticized for their high emissions of unburned methane. The past research on methane emissions from dual fuel engines has focused on the measurement of methane concentration in exhaust gases. The development of approaches capable of minimizing methane emissions requests the detailed spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder during the combustion and post combustion processes. However, it is diﬃcult to experimentally measure the spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"205","issue":"","pages":"153-162","date":"11/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Applied Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.071","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261917309431","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:38:25Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FEQPKG7M"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:38:25Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:38:26Z"}}


key: N9GEJW4G
data:
  {"key":"N9GEJW4G","version":297,"data":{"key":"N9GEJW4G","version":297,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A review of hydrogen and natural gas addition in diesel HCCI engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A. Aziz","lastName":"Hairuddin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Talal","lastName":"Yusaf"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew P.","lastName":"Wandel"}],"abstractNote":"Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine uses a relatively new mode of combustion technology. In principle, there is no spark plug or injector to assist the combustion, and the combustion auto-ignites in multiple spots once the mixture has reached its chemical activation energy. The challenges in developing HCCI engines are the difﬁculties in: controlling the auto-ignition of the mixture and the heat release rate at high load operations, achieving a cold start, meeting emission standards and controlling knock. At low engine speeds, early auto-ignition can occur, possibly leading to knocking, while late auto-ignition at high engine speeds will make HCCI susceptible to misﬁre. Hydrogen greatly reduces emissions levels but with reduced power. However, when hydrogen is combined with diesel in dual-fuel mode, low NOx, CO and particulate matter (PM) emissions levels can be achieved, and engine efﬁciency can be increased by 13–16%. Numerical methods are commonly used to predict HCCI engines0 performance (i.e. emissions levels, brake thermal efﬁciency and combustion phasing), which is costeffective compared to solely relying on experimentation. The multi-zone method promises better simulation results compared to the single-zone model by combining detailed chemical kinetics with simpliﬁed 3D modeling so that turbulence and inhomogeneity in the mixture are considered; good agreement between simulations and experiments have been achieved. Speciﬁc strategies used in the experimental method (e.g. fuel additives, inlet air heating, inlet air pressurizing, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and injection methods), and numerical method (e.g. single-zone and multi-zone models, mixing model, turbulence model and multi-dimensional model), and other issues associated with HCCI engines are discussed in this paper.","publicationTitle":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"32","issue":"","pages":"739-761","date":"04/2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.018","ISSN":"13640321","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136403211400029X","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:38:16Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["PRSPL56J"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:38:16Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:38:17Z"}}


key: 9NTE8QVQ
data:
  {"key":"9NTE8QVQ","version":294,"data":{"key":"9NTE8QVQ","version":294,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Characterization of particle number and mass size distributions from a small compression ignition engine operating in diesel/methane dual fuel mode","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Silvana","lastName":"Di Iorio"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Agnese","lastName":"Magno"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ezio","lastName":"Mancaruso"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bianca Maria","lastName":"Vaglieco"}],"abstractNote":"The use of gas fuels in compression ignition engines through dual fuel technology represents a promising way to reach a good compromise among sustainable development, energy conservation and environmental preservation. Dual fuel is an operation mode in which the gas, the primary fuel, is mixed with air in the intake manifold before entering into the cylinder. The air–fuel mixture is then ignited by a small amount of liquid fuel directly injected in the cylinder towards the end of the compression stroke. Methane is particularly attractive because of its potential to reduce particulate emissions that are likely the most critical issue of diesel engine exhaust. The present work deals with an experimental activity carried out on a compression ignition engine modiﬁed to run in diesel/methane dual fuel mode. The engine is a three-cylinder, 1.0 L of displacement, equipped with a common rail injection system. Experiments were carried out at different engine speeds and loads. For each engine speed, a ﬁxed part of the total energy was supplied by the diesel combustion and the remaining by varying the concentration of methane in the intake. Thermodynamics analysis of the combustion process was performed by in-cylinder pressure signal. Particulate matter emissions were measured at the exhaust by commercial instruments. The sizing and the counting of the particles were performed in the diameter range 5.6–560 nm. It was found out that the effect of diesel/methane combustion on particle formation is strongly affected by the operating condition. In particular, it arose that DF combustion emits lower amount of particles whose size with respect to diesel fuel is related to the different combustion evolution.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"180","issue":"","pages":"613-623","date":"09/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.108","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236116302733","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:38:02Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:38:02Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:38:02Z"}}


key: 784NNUQJ
data:
  {"key":"784NNUQJ","version":289,"data":{"key":"784NNUQJ","version":289,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Direct Numerical Simulations of premixed methane flame initiation by pilot n-heptane spray autoignition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Elena","lastName":"Demosthenous"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Giulio","lastName":"Borghesi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Epaminondas","lastName":"Mastorakos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert Stewart","lastName":"Cant"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"163","issue":"","pages":"122-137","date":"01/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.09.013","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218015003168","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:37:42Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FEQPKG7M"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:37:42Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:37:42Z"}}


key: XHGEXQCM
data:
  {"key":"XHGEXQCM","version":285,"data":{"key":"XHGEXQCM","version":285,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine fuelled with diesel and LNG (liquid natural gas)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kraipat","lastName":"Cheenkachorn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chedthawut","lastName":"Poompipatpong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Choi Gyeung","lastName":"Ho"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents the effects of liquid natural gas on a heavy-duty diesel engine. Natural gas was used as primary fuel, while a pilot amount of diesel was used as an ignition source. The amount of each fuel was adjusted to obtain comparable brake torque and power output from the dual engine operation, while no knocking was observed. The engine performance and emissions from the diesel and dual fuel engine tests were conducted over the engine speed range between 1100 and 1900 rpm. The engine performance included torque, power, speciﬁc fuel consumption (SFC), volume efﬁciency, and thermal efﬁciency. The emissions tested were total hydrocarbon (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The results showed that the maximum portion of natural gas in the dual fuel engine operation was up to 77.90% at 1300 rpm. Compared to the diesel operation, the dual fuel operation showed less speciﬁc fuel consumption, thermal efﬁciency, and volumetric efﬁciency. The emissions of THC and CO from the dual fuel engine operation were higher, while the emissions of NOx and CO2 were lower. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"53","issue":"","pages":"52-57","date":"05/2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.027","ISSN":"03605442","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544213001412","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:37:22Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:37:22Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:37:22Z"}}


key: N72KERR7
data:
  {"key":"N72KERR7","version":285,"data":{"key":"N72KERR7","version":285,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Improvement of dual-fuel biodiesel-producer gas engine performance acting on biodiesel injection parameters and strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.P.","lastName":"Carlucci"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Ficarella"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Laforgia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L.","lastName":"Strafella"}],"abstractNote":"Dual-fuel biodiesel-producer gas combustion has shown potential in reducing nitric oxides and particulate emission levels compared to only diesel operation; however, engine overall eﬃciency is slightly penalized, while the main drawbacks are represented by the higher levels of total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. In this work, the improvements in the combustion development deriving from the splitting of the liquid fuel injection at low loads have been assessed using a 0.51 L single-cylinder research diesel engine equipped with a high pressure common rail injection system and operated in dual-fuel mode. In this case, a synthetic producer gas was used as inducted gaseous fuel, while biodiesel was used as pilot fuel.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"209","issue":"","pages":"754-768","date":"12/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.100","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236117309626","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:37:12Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:37:12Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:37:13Z"}}


key: NXZMCJ25
data:
  {"key":"NXZMCJ25","version":285,"data":{"key":"NXZMCJ25","version":285,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A reduced mechanism for predicting the ignition timing of a fuel blend of natural-gas and n-heptane in HCCI engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Keyvan","lastName":"Bahlouli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ugur","lastName":"Atikol"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Khoshbakhti Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vahid","lastName":"Mohammadi"}],"abstractNote":"One of the main challenges associated with homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine application is the lack of direct control on ignition timing. One of the solutions to this problem is mixing two fuels with various properties at a variety of ratios on a cycle-by-cycle basis. In the current study, a reduced mechanism for a fuel blend of natural-gas and n-heptane is proposed. The approach is validated for the prediction of ignition timing in the HCCI combustion engine. A single-zone combustion model is used to simulate the HCCI engine. A two-stage reduction process is used to produce two reduced mechanisms of existing semi-detailed GRI-Mech. 3.0 mechanism that contains 53 species and 325 reactions and Golovichev’s mechanism consisting of 57 species and 290 reactions for natural gas and n-heptane fuels, respectively. Firstly, the unimportant species and related reactions are identiﬁed by employing the directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP) reduction method and then, to extend reduction, the principal component analysis (PCA) method is utilized. To evaluate the validity of the reduced mechanism, representative engine combustion parameters such as peak pressure, maximum heat release, and CA50 are used. The reduced mechanism of GRI-Mech. 3.0 mechanism, containing 19 species and 39 reactions, and the reduced mechanism of Golovichev’s mechanism, consisting of 40 species and 95 reactions, provide good prediction for the mentioned parameters in comparison with those of detailed mechanisms. The combination of the generated reduced mechanisms is used to develop a reaction mechanism for a fuel blend of natural-gas/n-heptane. Then, the genetic algorithm is used for optimization of reaction rate constants in the newly generated mechanism. Simulation results agree well with the experimental results under various operating conditions, while maintaining small errors (less than 2° CA) for the mentioned engine combustion parameter. The proposed mechanism, which includes 41 species and 109 reactions, and two generated reduced mechanisms (for natural gas and n-heptane) are available as Supporting Information for this article.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"79","issue":"","pages":"85-96","date":"03/2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.005","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890413007814","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:36:56Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["PRSPL56J"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:36:56Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:36:57Z"}}


key: BIWHGZ5U
data:
  {"key":"BIWHGZ5U","version":277,"data":{"key":"BIWHGZ5U","version":277,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multidimensional CFD simulation of syngas combustion in a micro-pilot-ignited dual-fuel engine using a constructed chemical kinetics mechanism","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ulugbek","lastName":"Azimov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Masahiro","lastName":"Okuno"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazuya","lastName":"Tsuboi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nobuyuki","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eiji","lastName":"Tomita"}],"abstractNote":"A multidimensional computational ﬂuid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a constructed syngas chemical kinetic mechanism was performed to evaluate the combustion of syngas in a supercharged dual-fuel engine for various syngas initial compositions under lean conditions. The modelled results were validated by comparing predictions against corresponding experimental data for a supercharged dual-fuel engine. The predicted and measured in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and rate of heat release (ROHR) data were in good agreement. The effect of the hydrogen peroxide chain-propagation reaction on the progress of combustion under supercharged conditions was examined for different types of syngas using various initial H2 concentrations. The effect of the main syngas kinetic mechanism reactions on the combustion progress was analysed in terms of their contribution to the total heat of the reaction. The best results compared with experimental data were obtained in the range of equivalence ratios below about 0.8 for all types of syngas considered in this paper. As the equivalence ratio increased above 0.8, the results deviated from the experiment data. The spatial distribution of the in-cylinder temperature and OH* within this equivalence-ratio range showed the completeness of the combustion. The present CFD model captured the overall combustion process well and could be further developed into a useful tool for syngas-engine combustion simulations.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"36","issue":"21","pages":"13793-13807","date":"10/2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.07.140","ISSN":"03603199","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319911018465","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:36:40Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:36:40Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:36:41Z"}}


key: IDZI4NER
data:
  {"key":"IDZI4NER","version":275,"data":{"key":"IDZI4NER","version":275,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lijiang","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peng","lastName":"Geng"}],"abstractNote":"With the increasing concern regarding diesel engine emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM), and the rising of energy demand as well, the utilization of alternative fuels in diesel engine has been found to be an attractive solution. Natural gas is a very promising and highly attractive fuel because of its domestic availability, widespread distribution infrastructure, low cost, and clean-burning qualities to be used as a transportation fuel. Natural gas/diesel dual fuel is an operation mode in which natural gas is introduced into the intake air upstream of the manifold and then ignited by the direct injected diesel in the cylinder. The aim of this paper is to identify the potential use of natural gas/diesel dual fuel on diesel engine. In this literature review, the combustion, emission and performance characteristics of natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustionmode published mainly in scientiﬁc journals have been collected and critically analyzed. A wide range of natural gas mass ratio which represents the mass fraction of natural gas in the total fuel and different types of engines were involved. It has been found that dual fuel mode has a lower compression pressure and a longer ignition delay compared with normal diesel mode. The application of dual fuel mode signiﬁcantly decreases the NOX, carbon dioxide (CO2) and PM emissions. However, the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions may increase by several times or even more than 100 times in comparison to normal diesel combustion. And there appears a trade-off relationship between NOX and HC emissions with dual fuel mode. The engine power is decreased up to 2.1% at dual fuel mode, but the power loss can be reduced or recovered by changing some of the operating parameters. The brake thermal efﬁciency (BTE) of dual fuel mode is lower at low and intermediate loads, while under high engine load conditions it is similar or a little higher when compared with normal diesel mode, and the maximum increase is about 3%. The COVIMEP seems to be generally higher than normal diesel mode and it decreases with the increasing engine load.","publicationTitle":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"142","issue":"","pages":"264-278","date":"02/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel Processing Technology","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.018","ISSN":"03783820","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378382015301715","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:36:25Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:36:25Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:36:26Z"}}


key: 7HCNXFGN
data:
  {"key":"7HCNXFGN","version":275,"data":{"key":"7HCNXFGN","version":275,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition characteristics of heptane–hydrogen and heptane–methane fuel blends at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.K.","lastName":"Aggarwal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"O.","lastName":"Awomolo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Akber"}],"abstractNote":"There is signiﬁcant interest in using hydrogen and natural gas for enhancing the performance of diesel engines. We report herein a numerical investigation on the ignition of n-C7H16/H2 and n-C7H16/CH4 fuel blends. The CHEMKIN 4.1 software is used to model ignition in a closed homogenous reactor under conditions relevant to diesel/HCCI engines. Three reaction mechanisms used are (i) NIST mechanism involving 203 species and 1463 reactions, (ii) Dryer mechanism with 116 species and 754 reactions, and (iii) a reduced mechanism (Chalmers) with 42 species and 168 reactions. The parameters include pressures of 30 atm and 55 atm, equivalence ratios of ɸ ¼ 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, temperature range of 800e1400 K, and mole fractions of H2 or CH4 in the blend between 0 and 100%. For n-C7H16/air mixtures, the Chalmers mechanism not only provides closer agreement with measurements compared to the other two mechanisms, but also reproduces the negative temperature coefﬁcient regime. Consequently, this mechanism is used to characterize the effects of H2 or CH4 on the ignition of n-C7H16. Results indicate that H2 or CH4 addition has a relatively small effect on the ignition of n-C7H16/air mixtures, while the n-C7H16 addition even in small amount modiﬁes the ignition of H2/air and CH4/air mixtures signiﬁcantly. The n-C7H16 addition decreases and increases the ignition delays of H2/air mixtures at low and high temperatures, respectively, while its addition to CH4/air mixtures decreases ignition delays at all temperatures. The sensitivity analysis indicates that ignition characteristics of these fuel blends are dominated by the pyrolysis/oxidation chemistry of n-heptane, with heptyl (C7H16-2) and hydoxyl (OH) radicals being the two most important species.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"36","issue":"23","pages":"15392-15402","date":"11/2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.065","ISSN":"03603199","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319911019860","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:36:19Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:36:19Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:36:20Z"}}


key: 2DD7YMN4
data:
  {"key":"2DD7YMN4","version":275,"data":{"key":"2DD7YMN4","version":275,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion and emission characteristics of a natural gas-fueled diesel engine with EGR","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.M.","lastName":"Abdelaal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.H.","lastName":"Hegab"}],"abstractNote":"The use of natural gas as a partial supplement for liquid diesel fuel is a very promising solution for reducing pollutant emissions, particularly nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matters (PM), from conventional diesel engines. In most applications of this technique, natural gas is inducted or injected in the intake manifold to mix uniformly with air, and the homogenous natural gas–air mixture is then introduced to the cylinder as a result of the engine suction.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"64","issue":"","pages":"301-312","date":"12/2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2012.05.021","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890412002415","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:36:11Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:36:12Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:36:12Z"}}


key: FLAEXRPA
data:
  {"key":"FLAEXRPA","version":275,"data":{"key":"FLAEXRPA","version":275,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"A Simulation Model for the Combustion Process of Natural Gas Engines with Pilot Diesel Fuel as an Ignition Source","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. T.","lastName":"Hountalas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. G.","lastName":"Papagiannakis"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2001-03-05","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE 2001 World Congress","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2001-01-1245","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2001-01-1245","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2001-01-1245/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:35:56Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:35:56Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:35:56Z"}}


key: BT3NWM4V
data:
  {"key":"BT3NWM4V","version":275,"data":{"key":"BT3NWM4V","version":275,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Development of a Simulation Model for Direct Injection Dual Fuel Diesel-Natural Gas Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. T.","lastName":"Hountalas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. G.","lastName":"Papagiannakis"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2000-03-06","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE 2000 World Congress","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2000-01-0286","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2000-01-0286","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2000-01-0286/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:35:46Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:35:46Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:35:47Z"}}


key: ZMXWTN92
data:
  {"key":"ZMXWTN92","version":267,"data":{"key":"ZMXWTN92","version":267,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of the Combustion and Pollutants Formation Mechanisms in Dual Fuel DI Diesel Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. G.","lastName":"Papagiannakis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. T.","lastName":"Hountalas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. N.","lastName":"Kotsiopoulos"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2005-04-11","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE 2005 World Congress &  Exhibition","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2005-01-1726","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2005-01-1726","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2005-01-1726/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:35:23Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:35:23Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:35:23Z"}}


key: FSKQFJYF
data:
  {"key":"FSKQFJYF","version":267,"data":{"key":"FSKQFJYF","version":267,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Emission characteristics of high speed, dual fuel, compression ignition engine operating in a wide range of natural gas/diesel fuel proportions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.G.","lastName":"Papagiannakis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.D.","lastName":"Rakopoulos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.T.","lastName":"Hountalas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.C.","lastName":"Rakopoulos"}],"abstractNote":"In the effort to reduce pollutant emissions from diesel engines various solutions have been proposed, one of which is the use of natural gas as supplement to liquid diesel fuel, with these engines referred to as fumigated, dual fuel, compression ignition engines. One of the main purposes of using natural gas in dual fuel (liquid and gaseous one) combustion systems is to reduce particulate emissions and nitrogen oxides. Natural gas is a clean burning fuel; it possesses a relatively high auto-ignition temperature, which is a serious advantage over other gaseous fuels since then the compression ratio of most conventional direct injection (DI) diesel engines can be maintained high. In the present work, an experimental investigation has been conducted to examine the effects of the total air–fuel ratio on the efﬁciency and pollutant emissions of a high speed, compression ignition engine located at the authors’ laboratory, where liquid diesel fuel is partially substituted by natural gas in various proportions, with the natural gas fumigated into the intake air. The experimental results disclose the effect of these parameters on brake thermal efﬁciency, exhaust gas temperature, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and soot emissions, with the beneﬁcial effect of the presence of natural gas being revealed. Given that the experimental measurements cover a wide range of liquid diesel supplementary ratios without any appearance of knocking phenomena, the belief is strengthened that the ﬁndings of the present work can be very valuable if opted to apply this technology on existing DI diesel engines.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"89","issue":"7","pages":"1397-1406","date":"7/2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.001","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236109005109","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:35:13Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:35:13Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:35:14Z"}}


key: 3JFH8CVQ
data:
  {"key":"3JFH8CVQ","version":266,"data":{"key":"3JFH8CVQ","version":266,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Availability analysis of n-heptane and natural gas blends combustion in HCCI engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.K.","lastName":"Amjad"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Khoshbakhi Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.M.S.","lastName":"Mahmoudi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Rahimi"}],"abstractNote":"One of the major problems associated with HCCI combustion engine application is lack of direct control for combustion timing. A proposed solution for combustion timing control is using a binary fuel blend in which two fuels with different auto-ignition characteristics are blended at various ratios on a cycle-bycycle basis.","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"36","issue":"12","pages":"6900-6909","date":"12/2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.046","ISSN":"03605442","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544211006566","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:34:23Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR","PRSPL56J"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:34:23Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:34:23Z"}}


key: RFBGZLGZ
data:
  {"key":"RFBGZLGZ","version":266,"data":{"key":"RFBGZLGZ","version":266,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study of the effects of natural gas injection timing on the combustion performance and emissions of a turbocharged common rail dual-fuel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chengxun","lastName":"Xi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yifu","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas combustion with pilot ignition has been considered to be one of the most promising ways to utilize natural gas in existing diesel engine without serious engine modiﬁcation and it has been widely researched all over the world. In this study, three experiments of different loads (BMEP 0.240 MPa, 0.480 MPa and 0.767 MPa) were performed on a 2.8 L four-cylinder, natural gas manifold injection dual-fuel engine to investigate the effects of natural gas injection timing on engine combustion performance and emissions. The pilot injection parameters (pilot injection timing and pressure) and natural gas injection pressure remain constant at a speed of 1600 rpm in the experiment. The cylinder pressure, HRR, CoVimep, ﬂame development duration, CA50 and brake thermal efﬁciency were analyzed. The results indicated that under low and part engine loads, the ﬂame development duration and CA50 can be reduced by properly retarding natural gas injection timing, while the CoVimep increased with retarded natural gas injection timing. As a result, the brake thermal efﬁciency is increased and the combustion stability slightly deteriorates. Meanwhile, under low and part engine loads, PM emissions in the dual-fuel engine is much lower than that in conventional diesel engines, furthermore, at high load, the PM emissions are near zero. CO and HC emissions are reduced with retarded natural gas injection timing under low and part loads, however, NOx emissions are slightly increased. Under high load, the ﬂame development duration and CA50 are obviously prolonged with retarded natural gas injection timing companied with a deterioration of brake thermal efﬁciency. CO and HC emissions are not signiﬁcantly varied with retarded natural gas injection timing under high load, except that NOx emissions decreased slightly.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"87","issue":"","pages":"297-304","date":"11/2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019689041400661X","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:34:00Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:34:00Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:34:00Z"}}


key: DN6HVPGD
data:
  {"key":"DN6HVPGD","version":266,"data":{"key":"DN6HVPGD","version":266,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study of the effects of natural gas injection timing on the combustion performance and emissions of a turbocharged common rail dual-fuel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chengxun","lastName":"Xi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yifu","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas combustion with pilot ignition has been considered to be one of the most promising ways to utilize natural gas in existing diesel engine without serious engine modiﬁcation and it has been widely researched all over the world. In this study, three experiments of different loads (BMEP 0.240 MPa, 0.480 MPa and 0.767 MPa) were performed on a 2.8 L four-cylinder, natural gas manifold injection dual-fuel engine to investigate the effects of natural gas injection timing on engine combustion performance and emissions. The pilot injection parameters (pilot injection timing and pressure) and natural gas injection pressure remain constant at a speed of 1600 rpm in the experiment. The cylinder pressure, HRR, CoVimep, ﬂame development duration, CA50 and brake thermal efﬁciency were analyzed. The results indicated that under low and part engine loads, the ﬂame development duration and CA50 can be reduced by properly retarding natural gas injection timing, while the CoVimep increased with retarded natural gas injection timing. As a result, the brake thermal efﬁciency is increased and the combustion stability slightly deteriorates. Meanwhile, under low and part engine loads, PM emissions in the dual-fuel engine is much lower than that in conventional diesel engines, furthermore, at high load, the PM emissions are near zero. CO and HC emissions are reduced with retarded natural gas injection timing under low and part loads, however, NOx emissions are slightly increased. Under high load, the ﬂame development duration and CA50 are obviously prolonged with retarded natural gas injection timing companied with a deterioration of brake thermal efﬁciency. CO and HC emissions are not signiﬁcantly varied with retarded natural gas injection timing under high load, except that NOx emissions decreased slightly.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"87","issue":"","pages":"297-304","date":"11/2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019689041400661X","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:33:40Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:33:40Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:33:40Z"}}


key: PRX7ZXPB
data:
  {"key":"PRX7ZXPB","version":266,"data":{"key":"PRX7ZXPB","version":266,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Theoretical study of the effects of pilot fuel quantity and its injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.G.","lastName":"Papagiannakis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.T.","lastName":"Hountalas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.D.","lastName":"Rakopoulos"}],"abstractNote":"Various solutions have been proposed for improving the combustion process of conventional diesel engines and reducing the exhaust emissions without making serious modiﬁcations on the engine, one of which is the use of natural gas as a supplement for the conventional diesel fuel, the so called dual fuel natural gas diesel engines. The most common type of these is referred to as the pilot ignited natural gas diesel engine (PINGDE). Here, the primary fuel is natural gas that controls the engine power output, while the pilot diesel fuel injected near the end of the compression stroke auto-ignites and creates ignition sources for the surrounding gaseous fuel mixture to be burned. Previous research studies have shown that the main disadvantage of this dual fuel combustion is its negative impact on engine eﬃciency compared to the normal diesel operation, while carbon monoxide emissions are also increased. The pilot diesel fuel quantity and injection advance inﬂuence signiﬁcantly the combustion mechanism. Then, in order to examine the eﬀect of these two parameters on the performance and emissions, a comprehensive two-zone phenomenological model is employed and applied on a high-speed, pilot ignited, natural gas diesel engine located at the authors’ laboratory. According to the results, the simultaneously increase of the pilot fuel quantity accompanied with an increase of its injection timing results to an improvement of the engine eﬃciency (increase) and of the emitted CO emissions (decrease) while it has a negative eﬀect (increase) of NO emissions.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"48","issue":"11","pages":"2951-2961","date":"11/2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.003","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890407002129","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:33:15Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:33:15Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:33:15Z"}}


key: PYFNDNW8
data:
  {"key":"PYFNDNW8","version":266,"data":{"key":"PYFNDNW8","version":266,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of pilot fuel quantity on the emissions characteristics of a CNG/diesel dual fuel engine with optimized pilot injection timing","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jie","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fuyuan","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hewu","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Minggao","lastName":"Ouyang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shougang","lastName":"Hao"}],"abstractNote":"For CNG/diesel dual fuel engines, the effects of pilot fuel quantity and injection timing are noticeable and signiﬁcant. In this study, the emission characteristics of a CNG–diesel dual fuel engine with different pilot diesel fuel quantity and optimized pilot injection timing were investigated. The CO emission levels under dual fuel mode are considerably higher than that under normal diesel operation modes even at high load, which indicated that there exist some ﬂame extinction regions. Dual fuel mode reduces NOx emissions by 30% averagely in comparison to diesel mode. That is because most of the fuel is burned under lean premixed conditions which result in lower local temperature. The unburned HC emissions under dual-fuel mode are obviously higher than that of the normal diesel mode, especially at low to medium loads. And around 90% of the THC emissions were unburned methane, which means the ﬂame does not propagate throughout the charge. THC emissions reduce signiﬁcantly with the increase of the pilot diesel quantity. Thanks to the premixed nature of the combustion mode and the methane molecular structure, the PM emission is reduced obviously under dual fueling condition. The PM emission is increased with the increase of the pilot fuel quantity.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"110","issue":"","pages":"201-206","date":"10/2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Applied Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.024","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261913002201","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:33:02Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:33:02Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:33:03Z"}}


key: 6SGAKX2V
data:
  {"key":"6SGAKX2V","version":257,"data":{"key":"6SGAKX2V","version":257,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Integration of a Continuous Multi-Component Fuel Evaporation Model with an Improved G-Equation Combustion and Detailed Chemical Kinetics Model with Application to GDI Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shiyou","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D.","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2009-04-20","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE World Congress &  Exhibition","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2009-01-0722","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2009-01-0722","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2009-01-0722/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:31:18Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["5F957NR5"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:31:18Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:31:19Z"}}


key: CV7SUVE4
data:
  {"key":"CV7SUVE4","version":257,"data":{"key":"CV7SUVE4","version":257,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of natural gas injection timing and split pilot fuel injection strategy on the combustion performance and emissions in a dual-fuel engine fueled with diesel and natural gas","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"}],"abstractNote":"Considering the drawbacks of a diesel/natural gas dual-fuel combustion at low load usually is relative to undesirable natural gas-air-diesel mixture distributions in-cylinder and natural gas supply method and pilot diesel injection strategy are believed to play a critical role in the process of mixture formation in the cylinder. So an experimental study has been conducted to explore the eﬀects of natural gas injection timing and split pilot injection strategy on the combustion performance and emissions characteristics in a diesel/natural gas dual-fuel engine.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"168","issue":"","pages":"162-169","date":"07/2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.091","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890418304394","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:30:50Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:30:50Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:30:50Z"}}


key: 8RLW7CCT
data:
  {"key":"8RLW7CCT","version":257,"data":{"key":"8RLW7CCT","version":257,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Inert gas influence on the laminar burning velocity of methane-air mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Maria","lastName":"Mitu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Venera","lastName":"Giurcan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Domnina","lastName":"Razus"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dumitru","lastName":"Oancea"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"321","issue":"","pages":"440-448","date":"01/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.033","ISSN":"03043894","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304389416308524","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:30:15Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:30:15Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:30:15Z"}}


key: 4RN299RF
data:
  {"key":"4RN299RF","version":256,"data":{"key":"4RN299RF","version":256,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of natural gas injection timing and split pilot fuel injection strategy on the combustion performance and emissions in a dual-fuel engine fueled with diesel and natural gas","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"}],"abstractNote":"Considering the drawbacks of a diesel/natural gas dual-fuel combustion at low load usually is relative to undesirable natural gas-air-diesel mixture distributions in-cylinder and natural gas supply method and pilot diesel injection strategy are believed to play a critical role in the process of mixture formation in the cylinder. So an experimental study has been conducted to explore the eﬀects of natural gas injection timing and split pilot injection strategy on the combustion performance and emissions characteristics in a diesel/natural gas dual-fuel engine.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"168","issue":"","pages":"162-169","date":"07/2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.091","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890418304394","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:29:54Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:29:54Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:29:55Z"}}


key: 5WN3L7FF
data:
  {"key":"5WN3L7FF","version":256,"data":{"key":"5WN3L7FF","version":256,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Performance and emissions of a dual-fuel pilot diesel ignition engine operating on various premixed fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Yousefi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Madjid","lastName":"Birouk"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Lawler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ayatallah","lastName":"Gharehghani"}],"abstractNote":"A multi-dimensional computational ﬂuid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with chemical kinetics mechanisms was applied to investigate the effect of various premixed fuels and equivalence ratios on the combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of a dual-fuel indirect injection (IDI) pilot diesel ignition engine. The diesel fuel is supplied via indirect injection into the cylinder prior to the end of the compression stroke. Various premixed fuels were inducted into the engine through the intake manifold. The results showed that the dual-fuel case using hydrogen/diesel has a steeper pressure rise rate, higher peak heat release rate (PHRR), more advanced ignition timing, and shorter ignition delay compared to the natural gas/diesel and methanol/diesel dual-fuel cases. For leaner mixtures (UP < 0.32), the hydrogen/diesel case has a higher indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and indicated thermal efﬁciency (ITE); however, the methanol/diesel case has the maximum IMEP and ITE for richer mixtures (UP > 0.32). For instance, with an equivalence ratio of 0.35, the ITE is 56.24% and 60.85% for hydrogen/diesel and methanol/diesel dual-fuel cases, respectively. For an equivalence ratio of 0.15, the natural gas/diesel simulation exhibits partial burn combustion and thus results in a negative IMEP. At equivalence ratios of 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25, the methanol/diesel case experiences misﬁring phenomenon which consequently deteriorates the engine performance considerably. As for the engine-out emissions, the hydrogen/diesel results display carbon monoxide (CO) free combustion relative to natural gas/diesel and methanol/diesel engines; however, considerable amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are produced at an equivalence ratio of 0.35 which exceeds the Euro 6 NOx limit. Due to the larger area exposed to high temperature regions and the higher content of oxygen with increased methanol, soot and CO emissions are signiﬁcantly reduced for richer premixed methanol mixtures. According to these ﬁndings, a dual-fuel engine operating on methanol and diesel performs better at rich conditions, whereas the performance of hydrogen and diesel is superior to that of natural gas/diesel and methanol/diesel mixtures at lean conditions.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"106","issue":"","pages":"322-336","date":"12/2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2015.09.056","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890415009012","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:29:49Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:29:49Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:29:50Z"}}


key: T46AU9VA
data:
  {"key":"T46AU9VA","version":256,"data":{"key":"T46AU9VA","version":256,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An experimental and numerical study on diesel injection split of a natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at a low engine load","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Yousefi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongsheng","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Madjid","lastName":"Birouk"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas/diesel dual-fuel combustion is currently one of the most promising LTC strategies for the next generation of heavy-duty engines. While this concept is not new and it has been deliberated lengthily in the past two decades, several uncertainties still exist. A major shortcoming of this concept is associated with its low thermal eﬃciency and high level of unburned methane and CO emissions under low engine load conditions. The present paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the eﬀect of diﬀerent injection strategies (single and two pulses injection of pilot diesel fuel) on the combustion performance and emissions of a heavy duty natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at 25% engine load. The results of single diesel injection mode showed that advancing diesel injection timing from 10 to 30 °BTDC reduced unburned methane and CO emissions by 62% and 61% and increased thermal eﬃciency by 6%; however, NOx emissions increased by 74%. In order to achieve NOx – CH4 and NOx – CO trade-oﬀ and increased thermal eﬃciency at low load conditions, the eﬀect of split injection strategy was experimentally and numerically examined. The results of split injection mode revealed that split injection strategy considerably increases the in-cylinder peak pressure compared to that of single injection (10 °BTDC). The results showed also that the heat release produced by the ﬁrst injection of diesel fuel considerably increased the in-cylinder charge temperature before the start of the second injection. The ﬂame zone of the split injection mode is markedly higher than that of the single injection due to larger heat release produced during the ﬁrst injection which promotes the combustion of the second one. When the ﬁrst injection timing is close to the second injection timing, the MPRR of split injection mode is higher than that of single injection (10 °BTDC). However, further advancing of the ﬁrst injection timing continuously decreased the MPRR. OH radical analysis showed that for advanced ﬁrst injection timings (38–50 °BTDC), the overall growth rate of OH radical becomes slower and its distribution is narrower as indicated by the wider non-reactive blue zones compared with those observed at a late ﬁrst injection timing in the initial stages of combustion. However, OH radicals gradually grow during last stages of combustion in the expansion stroke, indicating that a more premixed combustion takes place in these cases. For very advanced ﬁrst injection timing of 55 °BTDC, the OH distribution is similar to that of the single injection mode with lower OH intensity at initial stages of combustion and they barely grow during the late expansion stroke. At this condition, the ignition of premixed mixture is mainly controlled by the second diesel fuel injection. The trade-oﬀ between NOx – CH4 and NOx – CO is achieved when applying split injection. Compared to single injection (10 °BTDC), the ﬁrst injection timing of 50 °BTDC decreased unburned methane and CO emissions by 60% and 63%, respectively, and increased the thermal efﬁciency by 8.9%. However, NOx emissions were maintained at the same level as single injection mode (10 °BTDC).","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"212","issue":"","pages":"332-346","date":"01/2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.053","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001623611731298X","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:29:42Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:29:42Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:29:44Z"}}


key: 8DIF5ZB9
data:
  {"key":"8DIF5ZB9","version":256,"data":{"key":"8DIF5ZB9","version":256,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A numerical investigation on methane combustion and emissions from a natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine using CFD model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hailin","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongsheng","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongzhi","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mingfa","lastName":"Yao"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas (NG)-diesel dual fuel engines have been criticized for their high emissions of unburned methane. The past research on methane emissions from dual fuel engines has focused on the measurement of methane concentration in exhaust gases. The development of approaches capable of minimizing methane emissions requests the detailed spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder during the combustion and post combustion processes. However, it is diﬃcult to experimentally measure the spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"205","issue":"","pages":"153-162","date":"11/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Applied Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.071","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261917309431","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:29:17Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:29:18Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:29:18Z"}}


key: L6UN8TWV
data:
  {"key":"L6UN8TWV","version":256,"data":{"key":"L6UN8TWV","version":256,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Impact of the surrogate formulation on 3D CFD engine knock prediction using detailed chemistry","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Corinna","lastName":"Netzer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lars","lastName":"Seidel"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frédéric","lastName":"Ravet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fabian","lastName":"Mauß"}],"abstractNote":"For engine knock prediction, surrogate fuels are often composed of iso-octane and n-heptane since they are the components of the Primary Reference Fuel (PRF). By deﬁnition, a PRF has no octane sensitivity (S = RON-MON). However, for a commercial gasoline fuel holds RON > MON and therefor S > 0. More complex surrogates are Toluene Reference Fuels (TRF) and Ethanol containing Toluene Reference Fuels (ETRF). In this work, the impact of the surrogate formulation on the prediction of ﬂame propagation and auto-ignition in the unburnt gases are investigated. The surrogates are composed such that the Research Octane Number is the same. The auto-ignition events ahead of the ﬂame front are predicted using 3D CFD and a combustion model based on the ETRF mechanism by Seidel (2017). The strength of the auto-ignition is determined using the detonation diagram by Bradley and co-workers (2002, 2003). Applying the diﬀerent surrogates, ignition kernels of diﬀerent size and reactivity are predicted. The results indicate a dependency on the local temperature history and the low temperature chemistry of the fuel species. The comparison of homogenous constant volume reactor and transient simulations show that the analysis of ignition delay time and octane rating solely from homogenous simulations is not suﬃcient if the knock tendency of a surrogate in engine simulations needs to be characterized.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"254","issue":"","pages":"115678","date":"10/2019","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115678","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236119310300","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:28:13Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["LV42JGU8"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:28:13Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:28:13Z"}}


key: Y2M6NMFM
data:
  {"key":"Y2M6NMFM","version":250,"data":{"key":"Y2M6NMFM","version":250,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Physicochemical effects of varying fuel composition on knock characteristics of natural gas mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sander","lastName":"Gersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Martijn","lastName":"van Essen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gerco","lastName":"van Dijk"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Howard","lastName":"Levinsky"}],"abstractNote":"The physicochemical origins of how changes in fuel composition affect autoignition of the end gas, leading to engine knock, are analyzed for a natural gas engine. Experiments in a lean-burn, high-speed medium-BMEP gas engine are performed using a reference natural gas with systematically varied fractions of admixed ethane, propane and hydrogen. Thermodynamic analysis of the measured non-knocking pressure histories shows that, in addition to the expected changes arising from changes in the heat capacity of the mixture, changes in the combustion duration relative to the compression cycle (the combustion ‘‘phasing’’) caused by variations in burning velocity dominate the effects of fuel composition on the temperature (and pressure) of the end gas. Thus, despite the increase in the heat capacity of the fuel–air mixture with addition of ethane and propane, the change in combustion phasing is actually seen to increase the maximum end-gas temperature slightly for these fuel components. By the same token, the substantial change in combustion duration upon hydrogen addition strongly increases the end-gas temperature, beyond that caused by the decrease in mixture heat capacity. The impact of these variations in in-cylinder conditions on the knock tendency of the fuel have been assessed using autoignition delay times computed using SENKIN and a detailed chemical mechanism for the end gas under the conditions extant in the engine. The results show that the ignition-promoting effect of hydrogen is mainly the result of the increase in end-gas temperature and pressure, while addition of ethane and propane promotes ignition primarily by changing the chemical autoignition behavior of the fuel itself. Comparison of the computed end-gas autoignition delay time, based on the complete measured pressure history of each gas, with the measured Knock-Limited Spark Timing shows that the computed delay time accurately reﬂects the measured knock tendency of the fuels.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"161","issue":"10","pages":"2729-2737","date":"10/2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.03.019","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218014000996","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:25:49Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["VQRG8YII"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:25:49Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:25:49Z"}}


key: DF27A82B
data:
  {"key":"DF27A82B","version":250,"data":{"key":"DF27A82B","version":250,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition-promoting effect of NO2 on methane, ethane and methane/ethane mixtures in a rapid compression machine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Gersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.V.","lastName":"Mokhov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.H.","lastName":"Darmeveil"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H.B.","lastName":"Levinsky"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Glarborg"}],"abstractNote":"Autoignition delay times of stoichiometric methane, ethane and methane/ethane mixtures doped with 100 and 270 ppm of NO2 have been measured in a RCM in the temperature range 900–1050 K and pressures from 25 to 50 bar. The measurements show that addition of NO2 to CH4/O2/N2/Ar and CH4/C2H6/ O2/N2/Ar mixtures results in a signiﬁcant reduction in the autoignition delay time and that the ignitionpromoting eﬀect of NO2 increases substantially with increasing temperature, from $20% to more than a factor of two over the range of temperature studied. Addition of NO2 to C2H6/O2/N2/Ar mixtures results in only a modest reduction in ignition delay time over the range of pressure and temperature measured. Computations with an updated chemical mechanism show good agreement with the measurements for undoped methane, but overpredict the delay times for undoped ethane and underestimate the eﬀects of replacing 10% methane by ethane. For NO2-containing mixtures, the model predicts the observed trend in decreasing delay time with increasing NO2 fraction. However, the computations tend to overestimate the eﬀect of NO2 addition on ignition, particularly for C2H6 mixtures. Analysis of the reaction mechanism for the eﬀects of NO2 addition to methane mixtures indicates that the ignition-promoting eﬀect of NO2 is related to the appearance of new conversion channels for CH3 and CH3OO, i.e., NO2 + CH3 ? NO + CH3O and NO + CH3OO ? NO2 + CH3O, generation of chain-initiating OH radicals through NO/ NO2 interconversion, i.e., NO2 + H ? NO + OH and NO + HO2 ? NO2 + OH, and to the direct initiation step CH4 + NO2 ? CH3 + HNO2. Analyses further show that the formation of CH3NO2 via CH3 + NO2(+M) M CH3NO2(+M) essentially inactivates NO2. This reaction limits the promoting eﬀect of NO2 at lower temperatures and higher pressures, where stabilization of CH3NO2 is favored, explaining the experimentally observed trends.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"33","issue":"1","pages":"433-440","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.097","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1540748910002233","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:25:30Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["VQRG8YII"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:25:30Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:25:31Z"}}


key: YAC9P2YB
data:
  {"key":"YAC9P2YB","version":250,"data":{"key":"YAC9P2YB","version":250,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The effects of CO addition on the autoignition of H2, CH4 and CH4/H2 fuels at high pressure in an RCM","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sander","lastName":"Gersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Harry","lastName":"Darmeveil"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Howard","lastName":"Levinsky"}],"abstractNote":"Autoignition delay times of stoichiometric and fuel-lean (u = 0.5) H2, H2/CO, CH4, CH4/CO, CH4/H2 and CH4/CO/H2 mixtures have been measured in an Rapid Compression Machine at pressures ranging from 20 to 80 bar and in the temperature range 900–1100 K. The effects of CO addition on the ignition of H2, to 50% CO in the fuel, and CH4, to 20% CO in the fuel, are observed to be negligible both experimentally and computationally for the conditions studied here. The addition of syngas to methane results in ignition behavior that resembles an equivalent methane/hydrogen fuel mixture with the same hydrogen fraction. In contrast to results previous presented in the literature, we thus observe no inhibiting effect from CO for the conditions in our experiments.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"159","issue":"12","pages":"3472-3475","date":"12/2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.06.021","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218012002015","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:25:20Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["VQRG8YII"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:25:20Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:25:21Z"}}


key: GDM4YC92
data:
  {"key":"GDM4YC92","version":250,"data":{"key":"GDM4YC92","version":250,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical investigation of the impact of gas composition on the combustion process in a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Maciej","lastName":"Mikulski"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sławomir","lastName":"Wierzbicki"}],"abstractNote":"This study discusses the model of operation of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine, powered by gaseous fuel with an initial dose of diesel fuel as the ignition inhibitor. The study used a zerodimensional multiphase mathematical model of a dual-fuel engine to simulate the impact of enhancing Natural Gas (NG) with other gases on the combustion process. The model simulated the thermodynamic parameters of the gas mixture in the cylinder of a dual-fuel (NG/Diesel), turbocharged, four cylinder CRDI (Common-Rail Direct Injection) engine. The tests discussed herein were conducted for steady state engine operation, for partial load and constant consumption of gaseous fuel. In the discussed tests, carbon dioxide and higher hydrocarbons (ethane and propane) were used as additions to NG.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"31","issue":"","pages":"525-537","date":"04/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.jngse.2016.03.074","ISSN":"18755100","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1875510016301810","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:23:08Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:23:08Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:23:08Z"}}


key: UYYZ4N44
data:
  {"key":"UYYZ4N44","version":250,"data":{"key":"UYYZ4N44","version":250,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion Visualization And Particulate Matter Emission Of A Gdi Engine By Using Gasoline And E85","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Po-I","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"254","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"en","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"Zotero","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["B7CX42H8"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:22:34Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:22:34Z"}}


key: BF2ZWKS8
data:
  {"key":"BF2ZWKS8","version":246,"data":{"key":"BF2ZWKS8","version":246,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Investigation of Ignition Energy with Visualization on a Spark Ignited Engine powered by CNG","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nick","lastName":"Polcyn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Po-I","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"The need for using alternative fuel sources continues to grow as industry looks towards enhancing energy security and lowering emissions levels. In order to capture the potential of these megatrends, this study focuses on the relationship between ignition energy, thermal efficiency, and combustion stability of a 0.5 L single cylinder engine powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) at steady state operation. The goal of the experiment was to increase ignition energy at fixed lambda values to look for gains in thermal efficiency. Secondly, a lambda sweep was performed with criteria of maintaining a 4% COVIMEP by increasing the ignition energy until an appropriate threshold for stable combustion was found. The engine performance was measured with a combustion analysis system (CAS), to understand the effects of thermal efficiency and combustion stability (COVIMEP). Emissions of the engine were measured with an FTIR. The engine was instrumented with visualization equipment to capture real-time combustion images. The results show that increasing the ignition energy will increase the thermal efficiency of combustion by roughly 2-3%. In areas of lean combustion, the ignition energy level plays a pronounced role in the COVIMEP of the engine. At λ = 1.25, drastic improvement of COVIMEP was realized based on increasing the energy level. Additionally, the reduction of NOx, CO, and THC emissions is possible as they also are sensitive to the amount of ignition energy.","date":"2014-04-01","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE 2014 World Congress &  Exhibition","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2014-01-1331","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1331","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2014-01-1331/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:22:13Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["B7CX42H8"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:22:13Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:22:14Z"}}


key: EVEZSMW4
data:
  {"key":"EVEZSMW4","version":246,"data":{"key":"EVEZSMW4","version":246,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Direct Visualization of Combustion in an E85-Fueled DISI Engine under Various Operation Conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Po-I","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nick","lastName":"Polcyn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"Gasoline-direct-injection (GDI) engines have been adopted increasingly by the automotive industry in the recent years due to their performance, effects on the environment, and customers' demand on advanced technology. However, the knowledge of detailed combustion process in such engines is still not thoroughly analyzed and understood. With optically accessible engines (OAE) and advanced measuring techniques, such as high-speed digital imaging, the incylinder combustion process is made available directly to researchers. The present study primarily focuses on the effects of different parameters of engine control on the combustion process, such as fuel types, valve deactivation, ignition timing, spark energy, injection timing, air-fuel ratio, and exhaust gas recirculation. Three engine heads of a 2.0L GDI engine are used with modification to acquire different optical access. Pure (E0) and ethanol-blended (E85) gasoline are used, and the engine speed and coolant temperature are kept low to imitate start-up situations in the normal driving condition. The visualization study is realized with two highspeed digital cameras, a color one and a monochrome one with an intensifier, to capture the combustion images.","date":"2013-04-08","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"SAE 2013 World Congress &  Exhibition","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2013-01-1129","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-1129","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2013-01-1129/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:22:08Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["B7CX42H8"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:22:08Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:22:10Z"}}


key: DTDBBVCD
data:
  {"key":"DTDBBVCD","version":242,"data":{"key":"DTDBBVCD","version":242,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion and emission characteristics of a natural gas-fueled diesel engine with EGR","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.M.","lastName":"Abdelaal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.H.","lastName":"Hegab"}],"abstractNote":"The use of natural gas as a partial supplement for liquid diesel fuel is a very promising solution for reducing pollutant emissions, particularly nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matters (PM), from conventional diesel engines. In most applications of this technique, natural gas is inducted or injected in the intake manifold to mix uniformly with air, and the homogenous natural gas–air mixture is then introduced to the cylinder as a result of the engine suction.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"64","issue":"","pages":"301-312","date":"12/2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Conversion and Management","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2012.05.021","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890412002415","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:20:59Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:20:59Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:21:00Z"}}


key: KQU5RLFJ
data:
  {"key":"KQU5RLFJ","version":240,"data":{"key":"KQU5RLFJ","version":240,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Effect of Hydrogen Concentration on Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions and Operation Range of PREMIER Combustion in a Dual Fuel Gas Engine Using Methane-Hydrogen Mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cagdas","lastName":"Aksu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nobuyuki","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazuya","lastName":"Tsuboi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shun","lastName":"Nanba"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eiji","lastName":"Tomita"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Morio","lastName":"Kondo"}],"abstractNote":"A single cylinder, supercharged dual fuel gas engine with micro-pilot fuel injection is operated using methane only and methane-hydrogen mixtures. Methane only experiments were performed at various equivalence ratios and equivalence ratio of 0.56 is decided as the optimum operating condition based on engine performance, exhaust emissions and operation stability. Methane-hydrogen experiments were performed at equivalence ratio of 0.56 and 2.6 kJ/cycle energy supply rate. Results show that indicated mean effective pressure is maintained regardless of hydrogen content of the gaseous fuel while thermal efficiency is improved and presence of hydrogen reduces cyclic variations. Increasing the fraction of hydrogen in the fuel mixture replaces hydrocarbon fuels and reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. Mixtures with higher hydrogen content undergo faster heat release from flame propagation, approach knocking limit faster and are less knock resistant. 40% methane – 60% hydrogen mixture is prone to premature autoignition and superknocking, and is the critical concentration limit for methane-hydrogen mixtures.","date":"2015-09-01","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"JSAE/SAE 2015 International Powertrains, Fuels &  Lubricants Meeting","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"2015-01-1792","series":"","language":"en","DOI":"10.4271/2015-01-1792","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.sae.org/content/2015-01-1792/","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:20:23Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:20:23Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:20:24Z"}}


key: NH8NTPBN
data:
  {"key":"NH8NTPBN","version":237,"data":{"key":"NH8NTPBN","version":237,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multidimensional CFD simulation of syngas combustion in a micro-pilot-ignited dual-fuel engine using a constructed chemical kinetics mechanism","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ulugbek","lastName":"Azimov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Masahiro","lastName":"Okuno"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazuya","lastName":"Tsuboi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nobuyuki","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eiji","lastName":"Tomita"}],"abstractNote":"A multidimensional computational ﬂuid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a constructed syngas chemical kinetic mechanism was performed to evaluate the combustion of syngas in a supercharged dual-fuel engine for various syngas initial compositions under lean conditions. The modelled results were validated by comparing predictions against corresponding experimental data for a supercharged dual-fuel engine. The predicted and measured in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and rate of heat release (ROHR) data were in good agreement. The effect of the hydrogen peroxide chain-propagation reaction on the progress of combustion under supercharged conditions was examined for different types of syngas using various initial H2 concentrations. The effect of the main syngas kinetic mechanism reactions on the combustion progress was analysed in terms of their contribution to the total heat of the reaction. The best results compared with experimental data were obtained in the range of equivalence ratios below about 0.8 for all types of syngas considered in this paper. As the equivalence ratio increased above 0.8, the results deviated from the experiment data. The spatial distribution of the in-cylinder temperature and OH* within this equivalence-ratio range showed the completeness of the combustion. The present CFD model captured the overall combustion process well and could be further developed into a useful tool for syngas-engine combustion simulations.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"36","issue":"21","pages":"13793-13807","date":"10/2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.07.140","ISSN":"03603199","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319911018465","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:19:50Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["EIMIVSM7"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:19:50Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:19:50Z"}}


key: H7SHGGWX
data:
  {"key":"H7SHGGWX","version":234,"data":{"key":"H7SHGGWX","version":234,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of syngas combustion with a multi-spark ignition system in a diesel engine adapted to work at the Otto cycle","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Gamiño"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Aguillón"}],"abstractNote":"This work focuses on the construction of a 2D dynamic model, taking into consideration the turbulent ﬂux combustion reactions of syngas inside a combustion chamber and its displacement through the cylinder of a diesel engine model OM 447 LA converted to Otto cycle operation. The engine has a multi-spark ignition system. The geometry of both the chamber and cylinder is symmetric to a radius of 0.064 m and to a length of 0.17595 m. The simulation is carried out on only half of the system, with a premixed supply of the syngas and air. The supply temperature of the mixture is 336 K. The supply relation air/syngas ratio is 1.1:1, and the supply pressure of the mixture is 1 bar. The gaseous phase is modeled as a multi-component mixture comprised of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2). The study describes a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) numerical model, in which the conservation of matter, motion and energy equations are solved; in addition, sub-models are used to represent the turbulence intensity and the multiple reactions. The model predicts the proﬁles of syngas speed, temperature, chemical composition, pressure, and turbulence intensity for the gases when the working parameters and the supply characteristics are modiﬁed (air–syngas ratio, initial temperature of the mixture, initial pressure, compression ratio, and engine speed). The equation formulation is elliptic staggered. The result is a simple nonlinear map that resolves combustion time sequences using the commercial code CFD in PHOENICS.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"89","issue":"3","pages":"581-591","date":"3/2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2009.06.030","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236109002956","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:18:35Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["EIMIVSM7"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:18:35Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:18:36Z"}}


key: FVSF9AAB
data:
  {"key":"FVSF9AAB","version":231,"data":{"key":"FVSF9AAB","version":231,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The ignition, combustion and flame structure of carbon monoxide/hydrogen mixtures. Note 1: Detailed kinetic modeling of syngas combustion also in presence of nitrogen compounds","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Frassoldati"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T.","lastName":"Faravelli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Ranzi"}],"abstractNote":"The kinetic characterization of the H2/CO system is of interest right now due mainly to its role in sustainable combustion processes. The aim of this paper is to revise and validate a detailed kinetic model of hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture combustion with particular focus not only on NOx formation but also on interactions with nitrogen species. Model predictions and experimental measurements are discussed and compared across a wide range of operating conditions. This study moves from the detailed analysis of species proﬁles in syngas oxidation in ﬂow reactor and laminar premixed ﬂames to global combustion properties (ignition delay times and laminar ﬂame speeds) by referring to a large set of literature data. According to recent literature, the validation of the kinetic scheme conﬁrmed there was a need to slightly modify the kinetic parameters of two relevant CO2 formation reactions (CO + OH = CO2 + H and CO + O + M = CO2 + M) and of reaction HONO + OH = NO2 + H2O.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"32","issue":"15","pages":"3471-3485","date":"10/2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.01.011","ISSN":"03603199","shortTitle":"The ignition, combustion and flame structure of carbon monoxide/hydrogen mixtures. Note 1","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319907000432","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:17:42Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["EIMIVSM7"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:17:42Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:17:43Z"}}


key: TINCGQ4J
data:
  {"key":"TINCGQ4J","version":227,"data":{"key":"TINCGQ4J","version":227,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Development of HCCI natural gas engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazunobu","lastName":"Kobayashi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Takahiro","lastName":"Sako"},{"creatorType":"author","name":"Yoshimi Sakaguchi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Satoshi","lastName":"Morimoto"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sumihiro","lastName":"Kanematsu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kiyoshi","lastName":"Suzuki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tohru","lastName":"Nakazono"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hiroyuki","lastName":"Ohtsubo"}],"abstractNote":"The possibility of turbocharging into a natural gas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is experimentally investigated. Experiments are performed using a naturally aspirated engine ﬁtted with an external supercharger and a butterﬂy valve for back pressure control to simulate a turbocharger. The results indicate that the thermal efﬁciency can be improved by raising the engine compression ratio and lowering the boost pressure. At an engine compression ratio of 21 and turbocharging pressure of 0.19 MPa, the brake thermal efﬁciency reaches 43%, with NOx emissions of only 10 ppm or less. Finally, the performance of the engine ﬁtted with a newly developed turbocharger is demonstrated. As a result, 43.3% brake thermal efﬁciency, 0.98 MPa brake mean effective pressure, and 13.8 ppm NOx emission have been realized. This value shows the possibility that a power generating efﬁciency of 40% at a power output of 50 kW could be achieved when applied to combined heat and power (CHP), even allowing for energy losses in the generator and the power inverter. For practical use, the ignition timing control, operation control, including how to start or load input and ensuring durability, remain to be investigated. To clarify these issues, we have initiated the endurance test for a newly developed 25 kW HCCI package, although the engine is not supercharged.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"3","issue":"5","pages":"651-656","date":"10/2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.jngse.2011.07.002","ISSN":"18755100","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1875510011000722","accessDate":"2021-04-06T14:16:26Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["PRSPL56J"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-04-06T14:16:26Z","dateModified":"2021-04-06T14:16:27Z"}}


key: 2DZR9FSU
data:
  {"key":"2DZR9FSU","version":165,"data":{"key":"2DZR9FSU","version":165,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Gas–Diesel (dual-fuel) modeling in diesel engine environment","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cheikh","lastName":"Mansour"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelhamid","lastName":"Bounif"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelkader","lastName":"Aris"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Françoise","lastName":"Gaillard"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"40","issue":"4","pages":"409-424","date":"4/2001","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/S1290-0729(01)01223-6","ISSN":"12900729","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1290072901012236","accessDate":"2021-03-23T14:52:14Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["REBFIKTR"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-23T14:52:14Z","dateModified":"2021-03-23T14:52:14Z"}}


key: 9V654WZB
data:
  {"key":"9V654WZB","version":161,"data":{"key":"9V654WZB","version":161,"itemType":"note","note":"<div data-schema-version=\"1\"><p>KH-RT :B0 = 0.61 , B1 = 18.0</p>\n<p>O'Rourke: collision and coalescence</p>\n<p>Mesh = 0.8 Million,</p>\n<p>injection pressure = 150 MPa ( 1500 bar)</p>\n<p>Fuel temp 373 K</p>\n<p>ambient gas density : 14.8 kg/m3</p>\n<p>Ignition delay with phi_methane = 0.5 at 1000K is about 0.9 ms ( figure 4 ) </p></div>","tags":[],"collections":[],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T04:02:12Z","dateModified":"2021-03-23T14:38:14Z"}}


key: HKLDSG93
data:
  {"key":"HKLDSG93","version":118,"data":{"key":"HKLDSG93","version":118,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Dual Fuel Reaction Mechanism 2.0 including NOx Formation and Laminar Flame Speed Calculations Using Methane/Propane/n-Heptane Fuel Blends","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sebastian","lastName":"Schuh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Franz","lastName":"Winter"}],"abstractNote":"This study presents the further development of the TU Wien dual fuel mechanism, which was optimized for simulating ignition and combustion in a rapid compression expansion machine (RCEM) in dual fuel mode using diesel and natural gas at pressures higher than 60 bar at the start of injection. The mechanism is based on the Complete San Diego mechanism with n-heptane extension and was attuned to the RCEM measurements to achieve high agreement between experiments and simulation. This resulted in a speciﬁc application area. To obtain a mechanism for a wider parameter range, the Arrhenius parameter changes performed were analyzed and updated. Furthermore, the San Diego nitrogen sub-mechanism was added to consider NOx formation. The ignition delay time-reducing eﬀect of propane addition to methane was closely examined and improved. To investigate the propagation of the ﬂame front, the laminar ﬂame speed of methane–air mixtures was simulated and compared with measured values from literature. Deviations at stoichiometric and fuel-rich conditions were found and by further mechanism optimization reduced signiﬁcantly. To be able to justify the parameter changes performed, the resulting reaction rate coeﬃcients were compared with data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology chemical kinetics database.","publicationTitle":"Energies","volume":"13","issue":"4","pages":"778","date":"2020-02-11","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energies","language":"en","DOI":"10.3390/en13040778","ISSN":"1996-1073","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/4/778","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:38:19Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:38:19Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:38:20Z"}}


key: X9CEQN2K
data:
  {"key":"X9CEQN2K","version":118,"data":{"key":"X9CEQN2K","version":118,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar flame speed, Markstein length, and cellular instability for spherically propagating methane/ethylene–air premixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hee J.","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kyuho","lastName":"Van"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dae K.","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chun S.","lastName":"Yoo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeong","lastName":"Park"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Suk H.","lastName":"Chung"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"214","issue":"","pages":"464-474","date":"04/2020","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.01.011","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218020300146","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:38:14Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:38:14Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:38:14Z"}}


key: Y725BHAQ
data:
  {"key":"Y725BHAQ","version":118,"data":{"key":"Y725BHAQ","version":118,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Dilution gas and hydrogen enrichment on the laminar flame speed and flame structure of the methane/air mixture","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiongbo","lastName":"Duan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yangyang","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiqun","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shiheng","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jinhuan","lastName":"Guan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming-Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jingping","lastName":"Liu"}],"abstractNote":"In this study, the mechanisms of the chemical, thermal and dilution eﬀects of the CO2, H2O, N2 and EGR quantitatively analyzed on the laminar ﬂame speed, laminar ﬂame structure and key radicals proﬁles of the premixed methane/air mixture. Moreover, the artiﬁcial species of the FCO2, FH2O, FN2 and FEGR were used to separate the combined chemical and physical eﬀects. Furthermore, the impacts of the hydrogen enrichment coupled with the EGR on the laminar ﬂame speed, the laminar ﬂame structure and key radicals proﬁles of the premixed methane/air mixture was also studied in detailed. The results indicated that the chemical eﬀect of the CO2 dilution gas produced the greatest impacts on the laminar ﬂame speed, adiabatic combustion temperature and key radicals formation of the methane/air, and followed by the H2O vapor, EGR and N2. In addition, the dilution limitation of the CO2 in the methane/air was smallest, followed by the H2O vapor, EGR and N2. Moreover, the thermal eﬀect of the CO2 in the methane/air was strongest due to its highest speciﬁc heat capacity, followed by the H2O vapor, EGR and N2. The laminar ﬂame speed and adiabatic combustion temperature of the methane/hydrogen/air increased with increasing the hydrogen. Furthermore, the lean-burn limitation of the methane/air was extended with the increase of the hydrogen. The radical pool, such as H, O, OH, accelerated the chain branching reactions and the chain propagation reactions, and thereby increasing the eﬀect of the chemical ampliﬁer during the combustion of the premixed methane/air mixture.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"281","issue":"","pages":"118794","date":"12/2020","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118794","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236120317907","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:38:09Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:38:09Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:38:09Z"}}


key: LSIJ8G7E
data:
  {"key":"LSIJ8G7E","version":118,"data":{"key":"LSIJ8G7E","version":118,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Laminar Burning Speed and Flame Instability of Methane/Air and Propane/Air Mixtures: A Literature Review","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziyu","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sai C.","lastName":"Yelishala"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guangying","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hameed","lastName":"Metghalchi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiannis A.","lastName":"Levendis"}],"abstractNote":"This article reviews the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) on laminar burning speed and stability of the flame for methane (CH4) and propane (C3H8) combustion with air. Mixtures of CH4 and CO2, also known as biogas, are considered as low-cost alternative fuels. Biogas is widely used in various industrial and residential applications. Mixtures of C3H8 and CO2 are considered as alternative refrigerants with low global warming potential and low flammability. Laminar burning speeds were reported using different experimental methods. Laminar burning speeds have also been numerically calculated by one-dimensional steady code using three chemical kinetic mechanisms. Results depict a decrease in equilibrium flame temperature and laminar burning speed of both CH4/air and C3H8/air mixtures with the existence of CO2 in those mixtures. The maximum laminar burning speeds of neat CH4 and C3H8 are observed to be in the vicinity of an equivalence ratio of 1.1; however, as the percentage of CO2 increases the maximum laminar burning speeds shift toward stoichiometric mixtures. Carbon dioxide also increases flame thickness and suppresses flame instability by the combination of thermal-diffusive and hydrodynamic effects.","publicationTitle":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"33","issue":"10","pages":"9403-9418","date":"2019-10-17","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Fuels","language":"en","DOI":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02346","ISSN":"0887-0624, 1520-5029","shortTitle":"Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Laminar Burning Speed and Flame Instability of Methane/Air and Propane/Air Mixtures","url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02346","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:38:03Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:38:03Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:38:04Z"}}


key: WTTSY73F
data:
  {"key":"WTTSY73F","version":118,"data":{"key":"WTTSY73F","version":118,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The chemical effect of CO <sub>2</sub> on the methane laminar flame speed in O <sub>2</sub> /CO <sub>2</sub> atmosphere","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wang","lastName":"Feng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Liu","lastName":"Shibo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"He","lastName":"Yizhuo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jia","lastName":"Huiqiao"}],"abstractNote":"This paper studied in detail the chemical effects of CO2 on methane laminar flame speed in O2/CO2 atmosphere both experimentally and numerically. Experimentally, flames were established in the counterflow configuration at atmosphere pressure with inlet temperature (Tu) of 293K and the methane laminar flame speed (S ) in O2/CO2 atmosphere was measured with the help of PIV technique. Numerically, A comprehensive comparison between the flame speeds in O2/CO2 atmosphere and O2/N2 atmosphere with an identical mole fraction of O2 is established by introducing the artificial materials U, V, W, X, Y, Z to gradually isolate the effects of chemical properties and specific heat, mass diffusivity, radiation, thermal conductivity and density. A detailed sensitivity analysis is conducted for C1-C3 so that a overall effect of the elementary reactions is given. Then combined with the path analysis especially for the target elementary reactions, the ways of how they influence the methane flame speed can be obtained. The results showed that the reasons of the decline in speed in O2/CO2 atmosphere were mainly chemical properties and specific heat of CO2. The chemical effects of CO2 on the methane laminar flame speed led to a tremendous reduction in the reaction rate of CO+OH<=>CO2+H in O2/CO2 atmospheres as compared to those in O2/N2 atmospheres. Among the 3 reactions including CO+OH<=>CO2+H that are both significant in methane flame speed sensitivity and path analysis, high concentration in CO2 reduced the pathways of the positive ones and increased those of the negative ones.","publicationTitle":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"186","issue":"","pages":"012050","date":"2018-10-11","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.","language":"en","DOI":"10.1088/1755-1315/186/2/012050","ISSN":"1755-1315","shortTitle":"","url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/186/2/012050","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:59Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:59Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:38:00Z"}}


key: BG9AD3TQ
data:
  {"key":"BG9AD3TQ","version":118,"data":{"key":"BG9AD3TQ","version":118,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical analysis and model development for laminar flame speed of stratified methane/air mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xian","lastName":"Shi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jyh-Yuan","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"184","issue":"","pages":"233-245","date":"10/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Combustion and Flame","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.06.010","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218017302250","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:56Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:56Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:37:56Z"}}


key: LA9CCRA8
data:
  {"key":"LA9CCRA8","version":118,"data":{"key":"LA9CCRA8","version":118,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane/Air Mixtures and Flame Propagation Speed Close to the Chamber Wall","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Loreto","lastName":"Pizzuti"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cristiane A.","lastName":"Martins"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Leila R.","lastName":"dos Santos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Danielle R.S.","lastName":"Guerra"}],"abstractNote":"AbstarINac+t Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Experimental studiesbVoenolitahReelcahmericnhaer&bIunnrnovinatgionv,e2l9o1ciAtvyen(uLeBDVre)yfaonusdDtahneiefl,la7m85e20pLriompaayg, Fartiaonncespeed close to the wall of prEexmpiexreimdcDeménpetaatrhlteasmntueend-taieSiryssftoèlnmametsheÉesnleaartgméatiinqpaurreessbesuturErnneivniorgofnv1nelmboaecnrittay-nI(dMLTaBmAVtbl)aineatninqtduetet,hm4erpufeelraAamltfureerdep,Kroafopstralegrp,ao4toi4o3rn0a0snNpdaenertidecsh,cFlmorasinexcteuorethse, hwaavlel obfeepnrecmonixdeudctmedetahnadnea-naairlyfzleadm. eTshaet ma eptrheasnseu-raeiromf 1ixtbuarre aLnBdVamanbdiefnltamteemppreorpataugraet,iofnorspeoeodr arnedsrtiucdhiemd iixntuarecso,nhstaavnet bveoelunmceoncdoumcbteudstaionnd cahnamlyzbedr .wTithhe amcreythliacnwe-ianidromwisxtuusriengLBthVe sahnaddfolwamgreaphrotpeacghantiqounesapnededaahrieghst-usdpieeeddicnaamceoran.sTtahnet vrraeeAogcclabouoisrnmrtddrseeatddccltioitimemraabgtguueesrstseioaadnrreaectaahn.naaamTllyhybzzeeeerdrdweusuiustshilitnnsaggcaraaryelMMicinaawttllqaaiunbbidtssoeccwrrgiisppottoudsaainnnaddggbrbtehooeetthmhshetthhnaeetdoswswyyisstgthtereammapvhaannitleddacbhttlhhneeeiqlMMiuteeaartatallntaaudbbreaccoohfddoiegrehhLh-aasBvpvVeeebbdteheceaeanntmsvvheaaorllaiwidd. saaTttheietddes adduDggeserciaciensrirentegernasaihcatsstoiidlnnuhiisgtgefeefarwewtgairnaitietutsghnhretenpmpesrrdetieewstasss-tosisuaourup.knrr.sseeTTfahiirhnrnoeeeccmrrcreeoetaahsmssuseueemllbt..tsousFFniaolsoldhryrrieonttahgwhidneedsterfhfqecllastauostmmiertt.deeheTeipgphnrfroeolosotahpepdmeaasggyealiasagtpttetreiirreomooaenntpsumasrsregepepnqaeeautteesiiddorwoenllniiihtestthittpglloeehafevlliditinahttveiedelreraeasambctttmurluoeerrseaeetnlsithehestfeasafwrsesaachblbttimuiecevreheoeennsastrfffoeoololiruurunetnneLitoudadBnrrnsflfVoyeofdrroetvrthxvhaacdrleltoeiipudcdsrtgaahehttcoaiilosowtohinnnssegebbhiuuttteohstatet uthssaeinlewgs.aalDlduwieffheteroreenthsteosmecthe-aunopgs.ceTdilhlcaeltiirmoenasutselatscreosnhpdorietwisoentnhsta,atdntudhebtfuolialadminceogpmrreobnpionavagataitoitoinonnopfsopmliecueiedltsi,dpelhecerapethadesneemsomaanlemdnoainsst utlhcinehefaurstluycroeemxccpoerupeldst scidloeoncsreaeantsode, thhpeeraotwlionanglglionwfghtthehereeuinsnovbemusrtemnoeesdnctmirleliatxuttriuonrnpese, raiorcedo.pmrebsinenat,iodnueoftoraadicaotimvebihneaatitolnososftomtuhletipwlaellp,hfelanmome ecnuarvsautcuhreaasncdomflapmreessitorentcahn.d hTeahteinmgaionfstchoepeunobf uthrinsepdapmeirxitsutroe,asasecsosmthbeinfeaatsioibniloitfy roafduisaitnivgethheehaetaltodssemtoanthde–wouatldl,ooflratmemepceurravtuarteurfuenacntidonflfaomr heesattrdetecmha.nd ©P©P©Pfbreeeoeuee22e2nrrri00r0elo---11dc1rrrveee77ai7anvvvstTTgTtiiii.eeeoshhhwwwnTeeethhAAuusAuaecnnnuutuedddttdtnvhheeheiaaorrorsorrtrrrrrriyrsseeosei...sscssiPpPptPpnwouououonnbbnbbefssollslriiiiiietsAsbbsbhhhhiiildlleleveciiieddttdatovyyylnbbebaooosyyldyoftfferEEpEttut,hhhellclssleesdetoeeeiooovcvv(rranisriigegegehterraarapadnnLnlLeLliiirtotzztizidddnwoiii.n.n.nd,ggLgiaiccncsnoootbdemmmornmtmmmyepiii(tttdPottteeieolaoeeertgteoouoy,fffg.dIaIINTNNel)ehFF,FprUUUew).eBBBaTs--w-11o1eu111ase..teshdtiemraasstceaentchaaersioeesrrs(otluro,dwyo,.bmtTahienedeidudmihst,eraihctitgdhies)macanondndstivhstareeldueeodsifswt6rei6rc5et Kceoymwopradrse:dexwpietrhimreensutalltslafmroinmarabudrynninagmvieclohceiatyt;dfleammaenpdrompaogdaetilo,nprspeveeioducslolysedteovwealollp; emdetahnadnev/aailridmaitxetdurbesy. the authors.","publicationTitle":"Energy Procedia","volume":"120","issue":"","pages":"126-133","date":"08/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Energy Procedia","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.145","ISSN":"18766102","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S187661021732711X","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:51Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:52Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:37:52Z"}}


key: R3KAZ6HF
data:
  {"key":"R3KAZ6HF","version":117,"data":{"key":"R3KAZ6HF","version":117,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar flame speed correlations for methane, ethane, propane and their mixtures, and natural gas and gasoline for spark-ignition engine simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Riccardo","lastName":"Amirante"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Elia","lastName":"Distaso"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Paolo","lastName":"Tamburrano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"The laminar flame speed plays an important role in spark-ignition engines, as well as in many other combustion applications, such as in designing burners and predicting explosions. For this reason, it has been object of extensive research. Analytical correlations that allow it to be calculated have been developed and are used in engine simulations. They are usually preferred to detailed chemical kinetic models for saving computational time. Therefore, an accurate as possible formulation for such expressions is needed for successful simulations. However, many previous empirical correlations have been based on a limited set of experimental measurements, which have been often carried out over a limited range of operating conditions. Thus, it can result in low accuracy and usability. In this study, measurements of laminar flame speeds obtained by several workers are collected, compared and critically analyzed with the aim to develop more accurate empirical correlations for laminar flame speeds as a function of equivalence ratio and unburned mixture temperature and pressure over a wide range of operating conditions, namely f = 0:6À1:7, pu = 1À50 atm and Tu = 298À800 K. The purpose is to provide simple and workable expressions for modeling the laminar flame speed of practical fuels used in spark-ignition engines. Pure compounds, such as methane and propane and binary mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane, as well as more complex fuels including natural gas and gasoline, are considered. A comparison with available empirical correlations in the literature is also provided.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"18","issue":"9","pages":"951-970","date":"11/2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Engine Research","language":"en","DOI":"10.1177/1468087417720018","ISSN":"1468-0874, 2041-3149","shortTitle":"","url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468087417720018","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:47Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:47Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:37:48Z"}}


key: G333IMW7
data:
  {"key":"G333IMW7","version":117,"data":{"key":"G333IMW7","version":117,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of pressure and preheating temperature on the laminar flame speed of methane/air and acetone/air mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yi","lastName":"Wu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vincent","lastName":"Modica"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bjorn","lastName":"Rossow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frédéric","lastName":"Grisch"}],"abstractNote":"Laminar ﬂame speeds of acetone/air mixtures have been investigated at elevated temperature and high pressure conditions in regards to the importance of this intermediate oxygenated molecule in hydrocarbon oxidation. Experiments were performed in an elevated pressure combustion vessel speciﬁcally designed around a concept of a premixed Bunsen ﬂame. In a ﬁrst step, measurements of the laminar ﬂame speed of gaseous CH4/air mixtures were performed with OHÅ chemiluminescence and OH-PLIF methodologies and compared with literature data in order to validate the experimental setup. The effects of the preheating temperature (373–523 K), pressure (0.1–1.0 MPa) and equivalence ratio (0.6–1.3) on the laminar ﬂame speed of acetone/air mixtures were then examined. The experiments were ﬁnally complemented and compared with numerical simulations conducted with Cosilab commercial software package using published detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for proposing a correlation relationship of the acetone/air laminar ﬂame speed with pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"185","issue":"","pages":"577-588","date":"12/2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Fuel","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.110","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001623611630713X","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:43Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:43Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:37:44Z"}}


key: AWXR4XPB
data:
  {"key":"AWXR4XPB","version":117,"data":{"key":"AWXR4XPB","version":117,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Comparative study on the laminar flame speed enhancement of methane with ethane and ethylene addition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Ravi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T.G.","lastName":"Sikes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Morones"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.L.","lastName":"Keesee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.L.","lastName":"Petersen"}],"abstractNote":"A systematic analysis of the ﬂame speed enhancement eﬀects of ethane and ethylene addition to methane was performed. Flame speeds of outwardly propagating spherical ﬂames were measured in a high-pressure, cylindrical ﬂame speed vessel using schlieren photography. It was ensured that the measured data were outside the ignition- and chamber-conﬁnement-aﬀected radii. The unstretched, unburnt ﬂame speeds were obtained using nonlinear extrapolation methods from the experimentally determined stretched ﬂame speeds. The AramcoMech 1.3 kinetics mechanism was validated against ﬂame speeds of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene over a wide range of pressures and equivalence ratios. Good agreement between the measured data and those reported in the literature was seen. The model agreed closely with the measurements at fuel-lean conditions, but a slight over prediction was observed for the fuel-rich cases. Flame speeds of 80/20 and 60/40 (by volume) CH4/C2Hx mixtures in air and in air with excess nitrogen were measured over a wide range of fuel concentrations. In all cases, the addition of ethylene increased the ﬂame speed more than did an equivalent addition of ethane. The Arrhenius eﬀect (predominantly kinetic eﬀect) was the principal driver for ﬂame speed enhancement of methane with ethane/ethylene addition. Sensitivity analysis revealed that thermal and diﬀusive pathways were equally contributing to the ﬂame speed enhancement of CH4/C2H6 mixtures, but the latter played a comparatively minor role in the C2H4-based blends.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"35","issue":"1","pages":"679-686","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.130","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1540748914001333","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:38Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:38Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:37:39Z"}}


key: EL9TUQ6J
data:
  {"key":"EL9TUQ6J","version":117,"data":{"key":"EL9TUQ6J","version":117,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study of the effect of CF3I addition on the ignition delay time and laminar flame speed of methane, ethylene, and propane","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"O.","lastName":"Mathieu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Goulier"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F.","lastName":"Gourmel"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.S.","lastName":"Mannan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N.","lastName":"Chaumeix"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.L.","lastName":"Petersen"}],"abstractNote":"Since no suitable replacement has been found for Halon 1301 (CF3Br), the approach for the next generation of ﬁre suppressants has been to identify diverse agents or blends of agents for speciﬁc applications. Halon 13001 (CF3I) is a possible candidate for unoccupied areas. However, there are very few fundamental data to help in validating its detailed kinetics mechanism. In this study, ignition delay time and laminar ﬂame speed measurements of the eﬀects of CF3I on CH4, C2H4, and C3H8 have been investigated for the ﬁrst time. The ignition delay times were obtained in a shock tube with mixtures of fuel/O2/CF3I highly diluted in 98% argon (vol.), and the ﬂame speeds were measured using an expanding, spherical ﬂame. Results from the new experiments show a signiﬁcant decrease in the laminar ﬂame speed for small additions of suppressant. The eﬀects on the ignition delay time are strongly dependent on the hydrocarbon: the ignition delay time of CH4 is signiﬁcantly decreased by CF3I addition, while a signiﬁcant increase in the ignition delay time was observed for the lowest temperatures investigated with C2H4. Ignition delay times for C3H8 were mostly unchanged, except for the lowest temperatures (below 1400 K) where a small decrease in the reactivity was observed. Compared to recent results obtained with CF3Br, CF3I showed a smaller suppressant eﬀect under the conditions investigated. A detailed kinetics mechanism assembled from a C1–C3 mechanism from NUI Galway and a CF3I sub-mechanism from NIST predicts well the results obtained in the shock tube with CH4 and C3H8. The C2H4 data with CF3I are however poorly predicted, pointing at some deﬁciencies in the model for C2H4/CF3I interactions.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"35","issue":"3","pages":"2731-2739","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","language":"en","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.096","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1540748914000996","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:34Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:34Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:37:34Z"}}


key: WIN7QXYQ
data:
  {"key":"WIN7QXYQ","version":117,"data":{"key":"WIN7QXYQ","version":117,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar flame speed of methane- air mixtures at atmospheric conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alaeldeen Altag","lastName":"Yousif"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shaharin A","lastName":"Sulaiman"}],"abstractNote":"An experimental study on spherically expanding flames propagation of methane- air mixtures was conducted at constant pressure to measure unstretched laminar flame speeds, laminar burning velocity and flame stretch. The mixtures were ignited at equivalence ratios of 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0, under ambient pressure and temperature. It was found that the unstretched laminar burning velocity increased with the equivalence ratio. The flame propagation speed showed different trends at different equivalence ratio for tested mixtures.","publicationTitle":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"16","issue":"","pages":"012074","date":"2013-06-17","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.","language":"en","DOI":"10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012074","ISSN":"1755-1315","shortTitle":"","url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012074","accessDate":"2021-03-19T03:37:29Z","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"DOI.org (Crossref)","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["FTZ9CSR9"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-03-19T03:37:29Z","dateModified":"2021-03-19T03:37:29Z"}}


key: X8RN5RDY
data:
  {"key":"X8RN5RDY","version":421,"data":{"key":"X8RN5RDY","version":421,"itemType":"book","title":"Assessment of turbulence-chemistry interaction models in MILD combustion regime","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ashoke","lastName":"De"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Akshay","lastName":"Dongre"}],"abstractNote":"The present paper reports on the assessment of different turbulence-chemistry interaction closures for modeling turbulent combustion in the Moderate and Intense Low oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion regime. 2D RANS simulations have been carried out to model flames issuing from two burners i.e. Delft-Jet-in-Hot-Coflow (DJHC) burner and Adelaide JHC burner which imitate the MILD combustion. In order to model these flames, two different approaches of turbulence-chemistry interaction models, i.e. Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) and PDF based models, are considered; while in the PDF based modeling, two different variants are invoked to understand the applicability of the PDF based models in the MILD regime: one is based on presumed shape PDF (i.e. steady flamelet (SF) model) approach and the other one is transported PDF approach. For transported PDF method, two different solution approaches namely, Lagrangian solution method (LPDF) and Multi-Environment Eulerian PDF (MEPDF) model are considered. A comprehensive study has been carried out by comparing the results obtained from these different models. For the DJHC burner, the computations are carried out for a jet speed corresponding to Reynolds numbers of Re = 4100, whereas the Adelaide JHC burner computations are performed for a jet speed corresponding to Reynolds number of Re = 10000. The effects of molecular diffusion on the flame characteristics are also studied by using different micro-mixing models. In the case of DJHC burner, it has been observed that the mean axial velocity and the turbulent kinetic energy profiles are in good agreement with the measurements. However, the temperature profiles are over-predicted in the downstream region by both EDC and the PDF based models. In the context of Adelaide JHC burner, the profiles of the temperature and the mass fraction of major species (CH4, H2, O2, H2O, CO2) obtained using LPDF approach are in better agreement with the measurements compared to those obtained using EDC model; although, both the solution approaches fail to capture CO and OH radical profiles.","series":"","seriesNumber":"2","volume":"94","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"","date":"2015","numPages":"439–478","language":"","ISBN":"1049401495878","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISSN: 15731987\nPublication Title: Flow, Turbulence and Combustion\nDOI: 10.1007/s10494-014-9587-8","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion modeling"},{"tag":"MILD combustion"},{"tag":"PDF transport modeling"},{"tag":"Turbulence-chemistry interaction"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: 6XC6IUBS
data:
  {"key":"6XC6IUBS","version":421,"data":{"key":"6XC6IUBS","version":421,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Analysis of Pollutant Formation in Direct- Injection Spark-Ignition Engines by Incorporating the G- Equation with a Flamelet Library","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Joohan","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gyujin","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hoon","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kyoungdoug","lastName":"Min"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1145.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: ULYES8AG
data:
  {"key":"ULYES8AG","version":421,"data":{"key":"ULYES8AG","version":421,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An investigation of diesel–ignited propane dual fuel combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew C.","lastName":"Polk"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chad D.","lastName":"Carpenter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kalyan Kumar","lastName":"Srinivasan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sundar Rajan","lastName":"Krishnan"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"132","issue":"","pages":"135–148","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.069","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236114004049","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"dual fuel combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: KHDP3SSC
data:
  {"key":"KHDP3SSC","version":421,"data":{"key":"KHDP3SSC","version":421,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar flame speeds of H 2 / CO with CO 2 dilution at normal and elevated pressures and temperatures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Minchao","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuhua","lastName":"Ai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenjun","lastName":"Kong"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"148","issue":"","pages":"32–38","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.083","ISSN":"0016-2361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.083","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"lean hydrogen"},{"tag":"overall reaction"},{"tag":"propagating spherical flame"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: XZSJ9ZHU
data:
  {"key":"XZSJ9ZHU","version":421,"data":{"key":"XZSJ9ZHU","version":421,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A VOF Method to Phase Change Modeling","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Conference","lastName":"Paper"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"September","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"boiling"},{"tag":"evaporation"},{"tag":"phase change"},{"tag":"vof"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: Q6MGBCTI
data:
  {"key":"Q6MGBCTI","version":421,"data":{"key":"Q6MGBCTI","version":421,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Study on Evaporation Characteristics of Single Urea-Water Solution ( UWS ) Droplet and Variation of Evaporation and Wall-Interaction Characteristics of UWS Spray with Cell Density in SCR Mixing Chamber","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sadashiva Prabhu","lastName":"S"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0962.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: KFULDD9K
data:
  {"key":"KFULDD9K","version":421,"data":{"key":"KFULDD9K","version":421,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Air-to-Fuel and Dual-Fuel Ratio Control of an Internal Combustion Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stephen","lastName":"Pace"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guoming G","lastName":"Zhu"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2749","volume":"2","issue":"2","pages":"245–253","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: 4HKLKXKR
data:
  {"key":"4HKLKXKR","version":421,"data":{"key":"4HKLKXKR","version":421,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Correlations of Laminar Combustion Data for Alternative S.I. Engine Fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Omer L","lastName":"Gulder"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"1984","proceedingsTitle":"SAE Technical Paper Series","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"SAE","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISSN: 0148-7191","tags":[{"tag":"Laminar Flame Speed"},{"tag":"iso-octane"},{"tag":"methane"},{"tag":"methanol"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: QBGY2QTC
data:
  {"key":"QBGY2QTC","version":421,"data":{"key":"QBGY2QTC","version":421,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the particle loading effect on gas flow features for low pressure cold spray applications","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F.","lastName":"Caruso"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M. C.","lastName":"Meyer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Lupoi"}],"abstractNote":"This paper reports numerical investigations to develop a high quality simulation model for the Cold Spray (CS) process as part of the project, Supersonic Spray Advanced Modelling (SSAM). Cold spray is a process in which unmelted solid particles are accelerated through a De Laval nozzle toward a target surface and deposited, which avoids or minimises the detrimental effects that arise from melting. The gas flow injected allows the particles to achieve velocities up to 1000 m/s until they impact onto a substrate, bonding with plastic deformation. Analytical and numerical tools were used in the recent years to study the most important parameters of the fluid dynamic of the process. These parameters are often overestimated or non-validated, as many authors tend to neglect inter-phase couplings. The interactions between the gas flow features and particulate phase are important for the present multiphase flows, and many of the connected phenomena lack physical comprehension. For this purpose, a detailed 3D model for RANS simulations has been realised and the gas and particle dynamics in the nozzle and jet were analysed. Advancements for future computational methods are derived from this study, in order to build a comprehensive and coherent numerical model for cold spray applications.","publicationTitle":"Surface and Coatings Technology","volume":"339","issue":"October 2017","pages":"181–190","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.02.016","ISSN":"02578972","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.02.016","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Cold Spray"},{"tag":"Low pressure nozzle"},{"tag":"Numerical simulations"},{"tag":"Particle loading"},{"tag":"Phase coupling"},{"tag":"Three-dimensional model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:37Z"}}


key: IR3P8I5D
data:
  {"key":"IR3P8I5D","version":420,"data":{"key":"IR3P8I5D","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multi-Dimensional Modeling of Direct-Injection Diesel Spray Liquid Length and Flame Lift-off Length using CFD and Parallel Detailed Chemistry","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. K.","lastName":"Senecal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Pomraning"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. J.","lastName":"Richards"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T. E.","lastName":"Briggs"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. Y.","lastName":"Choi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. M.","lastName":"Mcdavid"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M. a.","lastName":"Patterson"}],"abstractNote":"Recent measurements by Siebers et al. have shown that the flame of a high pressure Diesel spray stabilizes under quiescent conditions at a location downstream of the fuel injector. The effects of various ambient and injection parameters on the flame “lift-off” length have been investigated under typical Diesel conditions in a constant-volume combustion vessel. In the present study, the experiments of Siebers et al. have been modeled using a modified version of the KIVA-3V engine simulation code. Fuel injection and spray breakup are modeled using the KH-RT model that accounts for liquid surface instabilities due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor mechanisms. Combustion is simulated using Convergent Thinking's recently developed detailed transient chemistry solver (SAGE) that allows for any number of chemical species and reactions to be modeled. While detailed chemistry is believed to be an accurate methodology for modeling Diesel combustion, in the past the extensive run times rendered it impractical. To expedite the calculations, SAGE has been implemented into KIVA using the Message-Passing Interface (MPI). This implementation allows for the chemical reactions to be simulated in parallel on multiple CPUs. An n-heptane mechanism was used to model Diesel fuel ignition and combustion. The improved KIVA-3V code was used to simulate the spray-bomb cases over a wide range of injection pressures, nozzle hole sizes, ambient temperatures, and ambient densities. In general, excellent agreement was obtained between the measurements and simulation results for liquid length and flame lift-off length.To further validate the chemical kinetics model, simulations of a heavy-duty direct injection Diesel engine were conducted. The results indicate that the detailed chemistry model is able to accurately predict ignition delay and cylinder-averaged pressure for a range of start of injection timings.","publicationTitle":"SAE Paper","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"2003–01–1043","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2003-01-1043","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 2003-01-1043","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: 7U469ZGI
data:
  {"key":"7U469ZGI","version":420,"data":{"key":"7U469ZGI","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A decoupled approach for NOx-N2O 3-D CFD modeling in CFB plants","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Nikolopoulos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"I.","lastName":"Malgarinos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N.","lastName":"Nikolopoulos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Grammelis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Karrelas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Kakaras"}],"abstractNote":"In this study, a 3D CFD model for the formation of NOx and N2O in a lignite fired 1.2 MWth CFB pilot plant is developed. The decoupled approach (decoupled from combustion simulation) is tested for the minimization of computational cost. As combustion simulation is prerequired, this was achieved through a simplified 3-D CFD combustion model. The developed model is then applied to the pilot-scale 1.2 MWth CFB plant and validated against experimental data. As concerns the NO x-N2O model, an extensive literature review is also carried out for the incorporation of the appropriate reactions network and respective reaction rates expressions. Results show that homogenous reactions are favoured on the lower section of the bed, due to the abundance of fuel devolatilization products. On the other hand, on the upper section, heterogeneous reactions govern nitric oxide formation/reduction. It is found that for the lignite examined in this work, HCN is released in negligible amounts during char combustion. The proposed and validated CFD model for NO x and N2O, is capable of examining the effect of different operational parameters and coal properties on the overall nitric oxides emissions from a CFB combustor, with low computational cost and without the additional expenses for pilot-scale experiments. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"115","issue":"x","pages":"401–415","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.036","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"CFB"},{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"N2O"},{"tag":"NOx"},{"tag":"Simulation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: V7IVCAMZ
data:
  {"key":"V7IVCAMZ","version":420,"data":{"key":"V7IVCAMZ","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Study about the link between injection strategy and knock onset in an optically accessible multi-cylinder GDI engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G.","lastName":"Marseglia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Costa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F.","lastName":"Catapano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Sementa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B. M.","lastName":"Vaglieco"}],"abstractNote":"The effects of different injection strategies on the mixture formation and combustion processes in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine are investigated. A synergic experimental and numerical analysis is realized on an optically accessible multi-cylinder engine under single and double injections, these last delivering the same amount of gasoline in two equal parts, the first during intake, the second during compression. In-cylinder pressure cycles and high temporal and spatial resolution combustion images are collected to highlight the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena. AVL FIRE simulations are realized to characterize into detail the turbulent reacting flow and to evaluate the influence of mixture formation on flame propagation and the possible formation of zones in the end-gas region with conditions leading to self-ignition. Pollutants formation is also analysed. The flame propagation characteristics are indeed found different for the various injection strategies: for single injection, a faster spread occurs in the opposite side with respect to the injector position and towards the exhaust valves, while under split injection the flame front preferentially moves towards the intake valves. Computational fluid dynamics results give the relevant support to understand these peculiarities as related to in-cylinder equivalence ratio distribution and turbulent kinetic energy. In-chamber knock visualization is related to the numerical results of a simple self-ignition chemical model active in the end-gas zone, not yet reached by the main flame front. Split injection is shown to lead to advantages in terms of reduction of cyclic variability and tendency to knock, hence in increasing energy efficiency and in determining an overall reduction of undesired products of incomplete combustion.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"134","issue":"","pages":"1–19","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.012","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.012","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Abnormal combustion"},{"tag":"Flame propagation"},{"tag":"Gasoline direct injection"},{"tag":"Knock"},{"tag":"Optical engine"},{"tag":"Split injection"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: J7S3R2J2
data:
  {"key":"J7S3R2J2","version":420,"data":{"key":"J7S3R2J2","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Gas – Diesel ( dual-fuel ) modeling in diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cheikh","lastName":"Mansour"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelhamid","lastName":"Bounif"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelkader","lastName":"Aris"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Françoise","lastName":"Gaillard"}],"abstractNote":"The aim of this paper is to investigate the emission and performance characteristics of a commercial diesel engine (Deutz FL8 413F) being operated on natural gas with pilot diesel ignition. A computer program has been developed to model the experimental data usinga chemical kinetic reaction mechanism of the Gas–Diesel (dual-fuel) combustion. A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms of natural gas and NOx were used to predict the main combustion characteristics (temperature, pressure and species concentrations) under the conditions of this study. The followingsections include a description of the experimental facilities, discussion of numerical simulation and engine test results. The performance in terms of accuracy of the networks is assessed by comparison with the experiments. A reasonably good prediction of performance and emission was obtained by computation covering the whole range of the engine operating conditions. It can be summarized that the results of this study are satisfactory. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS dual-fuel","publicationTitle":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","volume":"0729","issue":"40","pages":"409–424","date":"2001","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Nomenclature"},{"tag":"dual-fuel / natural gas / diesel engine / combusti"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: WKMRQ4S9
data:
  {"key":"WKMRQ4S9","version":420,"data":{"key":"WKMRQ4S9","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical study of the impact on high-pressure and evaporating spray behavior of nozzle cavitation at typical diesel engine conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiang","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhiqiang","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wanhua","lastName":"Su"}],"abstractNote":"In order to more accurately reproduce diesel sprays a strategy including measurement of nozzle inlet pressure at the realistic diesel injection condition, modeling of nozzle cavitating flow and detailed coupling of nozzle exit flow and spray was presented, moreover, the validity of this strategy was firstly verified against the quantitative spray data obtained by planar laser induced exciplex fluorescence (PLIEF) technique. Based on the above strategy, the effect of cavitation phenomenon on spray formation at the typical diesel engine condition was further evaluated. The final numerical results mainly clarified that the contribution of cavitation phenomena to primary breakup is quite appreciable, and subsequently the evolution of the high-pressure and evaporating diesel spray structure greatly changes as cavitation occurs inside fuel injection nozzles. Moreover, evaluating the effects of cavitation phenomena on realistic diesel spray cannot be only confined to primary breakup or near-nozzle field.","publicationTitle":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"81","issue":"","pages":"175–182","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.12.020","ISSN":"07351933","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.12.020","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Cavitation"},{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Liquid phase penetration"},{"tag":"Sauter mean diameter"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: KEIBZRTU
data:
  {"key":"KEIBZRTU","version":420,"data":{"key":"KEIBZRTU","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study on microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of diesel spray with split injection","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Changzhao","lastName":"Jiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Miroslaw L.Wyszynski","lastName":"Wyszynski"}],"abstractNote":"The microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of diesel spray with split injection strategy were systematically investigated by employing ultra-high speed imaging in the near-field, high speed imaging and Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) techniques. It was found that for single injection there were four stages for the development of spray penetration, largely depending on injection pressure and ambient pressure. With split injection strategy, the \"wake driving force\" caused by higher speed of the wake of the first injection than that of periphery gas tended to distort the second split injection, whereas the 'air driving force' caused by the first split injection tended to make the second plume symmetric. Furthermore, the second split injection showed lower macroscopic penetration and spray area during the initial stage but higher macroscopic penetration and spray area at the later stage than the first injection. In addition, higher injection pressure lead to better dispersion and smaller droplets. The strong collision (both primary collision and secondary collision) caused larger droplets for split injection than for single injection. Lower effective injection pressure due to lower injector opening for split injection strategy was believed to be partly responsible for the larger droplet sizes.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"174","issue":"","pages":"140–152","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.083","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.083","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Primary breakup"},{"tag":"Split injection"},{"tag":"Spray characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: 53A3VEPC
data:
  {"key":"53A3VEPC","version":420,"data":{"key":"53A3VEPC","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Measurements of the auto-ignition of n -heptane / toluene mixtures using a rapid compression machine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R Di","lastName":"Sante"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"159","issue":"1","pages":"55–63","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.05.020","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.05.020","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"rapid compression machine"},{"tag":"rcm"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: 4A57ZK7Z
data:
  {"key":"4A57ZK7Z","version":420,"data":{"key":"4A57ZK7Z","version":420,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Annals of Nuclear Energy Evaluation of mechanistic wall condensation models for horizontal heat exchanger in PAFS ( Passive Auxiliary Feedwater System )","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Byoung-uhn","lastName":"Bae"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Seok","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu-sun","lastName":"Park"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kyoung-ho","lastName":"Kang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tae-hwan","lastName":"Ahn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Byong-jo","lastName":"Yun"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Annals of Nuclear Energy","volume":"107","issue":"","pages":"53–61","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.anucene.2017.04.018","ISSN":"0306-4549","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2017.04.018","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"pafs"},{"tag":"passive auxiliary feedwater system"},{"tag":"passive condensation heat"},{"tag":"pchx"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: 874AM2RL
data:
  {"key":"874AM2RL","version":419,"data":{"key":"874AM2RL","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"CFD Modeling of Spark Ignited Gasoline Engines- Part 2 : Modeling the Engine in Direct Injection Mode along with Spray Validation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ishan","lastName":"Verma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric","lastName":"Bish"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Martin","lastName":"Kuntz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ellen","lastName":"Meeks"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karthik","lastName":"Puduppakkam"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0579.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:36Z"}}


key: 85UYXZQW
data:
  {"key":"85UYXZQW","version":419,"data":{"key":"85UYXZQW","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"CFD simulations of diesel spray tip penetration with multiple injections and with engine compression ratios up to 100:1","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Choong Hoon","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D.","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"A diesel spray tip penetration was simulated with CFD by varying the compression ratio from the conventional compression ratio of a diesel engine, 18:1, to an ultra-high compression ratio of 100:1. The gas densities of the spray chambers for the compression ratios of 18:1 and 100:1 were 17.97 and 74.8 kg/m3, respectively. The spray tip penetration was CFD simulated by adopting both the 'Gas jet spray model', and 'Normal gas jet profile model with breakup length formula' (NGJBL model) into the KIVA-3V code. The spray tip penetration was CFD simulated for various spray patterns, such as single injection, pilot injection and split injection. The CFD simulation of the spray tip penetration with an 18:1 compression ratio was compared with a previous study with identical experimental conditions and showed that the 'Gas jet spray model' over predicted. The CFD simulation results with the 'KIVA-3V Standard spray model' and the NGJBL model were generally in good agreement with the experimental data. The spray tip penetration was CFD simulated with the NGJBL model with step-by-step increased compression ratio. The spray tip penetration rapidly decreased for the range of compression ratio of 18:1-45:1 as the compression ratio increases and the spray tip penetration did not change much with increasing the compression ratios in the range of 60:1-100:1. The CFD simulation results of the spray tip penetration, with respect to varying compression ratios, were generally in agreement with previous experimental studies. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"111","issue":"","pages":"289–297","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.058","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.058","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 00162361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engines"},{"tag":"Gas density"},{"tag":"High compression ratio"},{"tag":"Multiple injection"},{"tag":"Spray tip penetration"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: B4VY3CWJ
data:
  {"key":"B4VY3CWJ","version":419,"data":{"key":"B4VY3CWJ","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition and kinetic modeling of methane and ethane fuel blends with oxygen : A design of experiments approach","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christopher J","lastName":"Aul"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wayne K","lastName":"Metcalfe"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sinéad M","lastName":"Burke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J","lastName":"Curran"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric L","lastName":"Petersen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"160","issue":"7","pages":"1153–1167","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.01.019","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.01.019","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"Chemical kinetics"},{"tag":"High pressure"},{"tag":"Ignition delay times"},{"tag":"Natural gas"},{"tag":"Shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: L99TQ3PT
data:
  {"key":"L99TQ3PT","version":419,"data":{"key":"L99TQ3PT","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Simultaneous imaging of fuel, OH, and three component velocity fields in high pressure, liquid fueled, swirl stabilized flames at 5kHz","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ianko","lastName":"Chterev"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nicholas","lastName":"Rock"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hanna","lastName":"Ek"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Emerson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jerry","lastName":"Seitzman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Naibo","lastName":"Jiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sukesh","lastName":"Roy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tonghun","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"James","lastName":"Gord"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tim","lastName":"Lieuwen"}],"abstractNote":"journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/combustflame Simultaneous imaging of fuel, OH, and three component velocity fields in high pressure, liquid fueled, swirl stabilized flames at 5 kHz R a b s t r a c t This paper describes implementation of simultaneous, high speed (5 kHz) stereo PIV, OH and fuel-PLIF in a pressurized, liquid fueled, swirl stabilized flame. The experiments were performed to characterize the flow field, qualitative heat release and fuel spray distributions, and flame dynamics. Acquiring high speed OH-PLIF in pressurized, liquid fuel systems is difficult due to the strong overlap of the fuel's absorption and emission spectra with the OH fluorescence spectrum. To overcome difficulties associated with the overlap, the OH and fuel fluorescence signals were partially separated by using two cameras with differing spectral filters and data acquisition timing. Upon data reduction, regions containing fuel, OH and a mixture of fuel and OH are identified. Instantaneous and time-averaged results are discussed showing the flow field, flame position and dynamics, and spray distribution from the fuel signal for two multi-component liquid fuels, at two inlet temperatures and three pressures. These results are used to infer several important observations on coupled flow and flame physics. Specifically, the flame is \"M-shaped\" at higher preheat temperature and higher fuel/air ratio, as opposed to no visible reaction on the inside of the annular fuel/air jet at low temperature and fuel/air ratio conditions. While such fundamentally different flame topologies in gaseous, premixed flames are well known, these results show that there are also different families of flame shapes and heat release distributions in spray flames. In addition, the flame position with respect to the flow is different for the liquid-fueled flame than for gaseous, premixed flames-in premixed flames with this geometry, the flame lies in the low velocity shear layer separating the reactants and the recirculating products. In contrast, the flame location is controlled by the spray location in this spray flame, as opposed to the shear layer. For example, reactions are observed near the nozzle outlet in the core of the high velocity annular jet, something which would not be observed in the premixed flame configuration. Also of interest is the near invariance of the key flow features-such as jet core trajectory or shear layer locations-to the operating condition changes for this study, even as the spray penetration and distribution, and flame position change appreciably.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"186","issue":"","pages":"150–165","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.07.021","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: 8VFG36B8
data:
  {"key":"8VFG36B8","version":419,"data":{"key":"8VFG36B8","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Determination of flow regimes and heat transfer coefficient for condensation in horizontal tubes","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ilchung","lastName":"Park"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hyoungsoon","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Issam","lastName":"Mudawar"}],"abstractNote":"This study explores condensation of FC-72 in horizontal tubes. Using high-speed video motion analysis, dominant condensation flow regimes are identified for different combination of mass velocities of FC-72 and cooling water. Additionally, detailed heat transfer measurements are used to explore both axial and circumferential variations of the condensation heat transfer coefficient. Four different regimes are identified: stratified, stratified-wavy, wavy-annular with gravity influence, and wavy-annular without gravity influence. In the latter regime, which is achieved at high FC-72 mass velocities, annular film transport is dominated by vapor shear with negligible gravity effects. Using different types of regime maps, prior relations for transitions between regimes are assessed, and new, more accurate transition relations developed. The heat transfer coefficient is shown to be highest near the inlet, where quality is near unity and the film thinnest, and decreases gradually along the condensation length because of axial thickening of the liquid film. This study also explores the predictive capabilities of prior heat transfer correlations and a control-volume-based annular flow model. The experimental data of both the local and average condensation heat transfer coefficients show fair to good agreement with predictions of prior and popular correlations. But superior predictions in both trend and magnitude are achieved with the annular flow model.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"80","issue":"","pages":"698–716","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.09.035","ISSN":"00179310","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.09.035","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0017-9310\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Annular flow"},{"tag":"Condensation"},{"tag":"Horizontal flow"},{"tag":"Regime maps"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: U7W7793Q
data:
  {"key":"U7W7793Q","version":419,"data":{"key":"U7W7793Q","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"M ETHODS OF THERMAL CALCULATIONS FOR A CONDENSING WASTE - HEAT EXCHANGER","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazimierz","lastName":"Wójs"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"35","issue":"4","pages":"447–461","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.2478/cpe-2014-0034","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"and mass transfer"},{"tag":"calculation of the heat"},{"tag":"condensation heat recovery"},{"tag":"heat exchanger"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: YF2H2TII
data:
  {"key":"YF2H2TII","version":419,"data":{"key":"YF2H2TII","version":419,"itemType":"book","title":"Convection Heat Transfer","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Adrian","lastName":"Bejan"}],"abstractNote":"A new edition of the bestseller on convection heat transfer A revised edition of the industry classic, \"Convection Heat Transfer, Fourth Edition, \" chronicles how the field of heat transfer has grown and prospered over the last two decades. This new edition is more accessible, while not sacrificing its thorough treatment of the most up-to-date information on current research and applications in the field. One of the foremost leaders in the field, Adrian Bejan has pioneered and taught many of the methods and practices commonly used in the industry today. He continues this book's long-standing role as an inspiring, optimal study tool by providing: Coverage of how convection affects performance, and how convective flows can be configured so that performance is enhanced How convective configurations have been evolving, from the flat plates, smooth pipes, and single-dimension fins of the earlier editions to new populations of configurations: tapered ducts, plates with multiscale features, dendritic fins, duct and plate assemblies (packages) for heat transfer density and compactness, etc. New, updated, and enhanced examples and problems that reflect the author's research and advances in the field since the last edition A solutions manual Complete with hundreds of informative and original illustrations, \"Convection Heat Transfer, Fourth Edition\" is the most comprehensive and approachable text for students in schools of mechanical engineering.","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"","date":"2013","numPages":"696","language":"","ISBN":"978-1-118-67162-7","shortTitle":"","url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9yC91-gpU8sC{\\&}pgis=1{\\%}5Cnhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118671627","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118671627","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: I2ZGCKJ6
data:
  {"key":"I2ZGCKJ6","version":419,"data":{"key":"I2ZGCKJ6","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Study on cycle-by-cycle variations of combustion in a natural-gas direct-injection engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z-H","lastName":"Huang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L-X","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D-M","lastName":"Jiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y","lastName":"Ren"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Q","lastName":"Wang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":"222","issue":"9","pages":"1657–1667","date":"2008-09","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1243/09544070JAUTO99","ISSN":"0954-4070","shortTitle":"","url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1243/09544070JAUTO99","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: 5B6S474Z
data:
  {"key":"5B6S474Z","version":419,"data":{"key":"5B6S474Z","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spray flow structure from twin-hole diesel injector nozzles","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Nguyen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Duke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Kastengren"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Matusik"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Swantek"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. F.","lastName":"Powell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Honnery"}],"abstractNote":"Two techniques were used to study non-evaporating diesel sprays from common rail injectors which were equipped with twin-hole and single-hole nozzles for comparison. To characterise the sprays, high speed optical imaging and X-ray radiography were used. The former was performed at the Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC) at Monash University, while the latter was performed at the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory. The optical imaging made use of high temporal, high spatial resolution spray recordings on a digital camera from which peripheral parameters in the initial injection phase were investigated based on edge detection. The X-ray radiography was used to explore quantitative mass distributions, which were measured on a point-wise basis at roughly similar sampling rate. Three twin-hole nozzles of different subtended angles and a single-hole nozzle were investigated at injection pressure of 1000 bar in environments of 20 bar back pressure. Evidence of strong cavitation was found for all nozzles examined with their CDranging from 0.62 to 0.69. Penetration of the twin-hole nozzles was found to lag the single-hole nozzle, before the sprays merged. Switching in hole dominance was observed from one twin-hole nozzle, and this was accompanied by greater instability in mass flow during the transient opening phase of the injectors.","publicationTitle":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"86","issue":"","pages":"235–247","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.04.020","ISSN":"08941777","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.04.020","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0894-1777\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel"},{"tag":"Penetration"},{"tag":"Spray"},{"tag":"Spray merge"},{"tag":"Twin-hole nozzle"},{"tag":"X-ray radiography"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: STACH2DJ
data:
  {"key":"STACH2DJ","version":419,"data":{"key":"STACH2DJ","version":419,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Detection of common carotid artery stenosis using duplex ultrasonography: A validation study with computed tomographic angiography","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David P.","lastName":"Slovut"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Javier M.","lastName":"Romero"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kathleen M.","lastName":"Hannon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"James","lastName":"Dick"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael R.","lastName":"Jaff"}],"abstractNote":"Background: Severe stenosis of the common carotid artery (CCA), while uncommon, is associated with increased risk of transient ischemic attack and stroke. To date, no validated duplex ultrasound criteria have been established for grading the severity of CCA stenosis. The goal of this study was to use receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis with computed tomographic angiography as the reference standard to establish duplex ultrasound criteria for diagnosing ???50% CCA stenosis. Methods: The study cohort included 64 patients (42 men, 22 women) with a mean age of 65 ?? 12 years (range, 16-89 years) who had CCA peak systolic velocity (PSV) ???150 cm/sec and underwent computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the cervical and intracerebral vessels within 1 month of the duplex examination. One study was excluded because the CTA was technically inadequate, whereas another was excluded because the patient underwent bilateral CCA stenting. The CCA ipsilateral to any of the following was excluded from the analysis: innominate artery occlusion (n = 1), previous stenting of the ICA or CCA (n = 7), carotid endarterectomy (n = 1), or carotid-to-carotid bypass (n = 1). Thus, the data set included 62 patients and 115 vessels. Bland-Altman analysis was used to examine the agreement between two measures of luminal reduction measured by CTA: percent diameter stenosis and percent area stenosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine optimal PSV and EDV thresholds for diagnosing ???50% CCA stenosis. Results: Severity of CCA stenosis was \\textless50% in 76 vessels, 50%-59% in eight, 60%-69% in eight, 70%-79% in nine, 80%-89% in three, 90%-99% in five, and occluded in six. Duplex ultrasonography identified six of six (100%) patients with 100% CCA occlusion by CTA. Bland-Altman analysis showed poor agreement between percent stenosis determined by vessel diameter compared with percent stenosis determined by reduction in lumen area. Therefore, subsequent analysis was performed using percent stenosis by area. ROC analysis of different PSV thresholds for detecting stenosis ???50% showed that \\textgreater182 cm/sec was the most accurate with a sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 88% (P \\textless .0001). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of carotid duplex were higher when the stenosis was located in the mid or distal aspects of the CCA (sensitivity 76%, specificity 89%, area under curve 0.84, P \\textless .001) than in the intrathoracic and proximal segment of the artery (P = NS). ROC analysis of different EDV thresholds for detecting CCA stenosis ???50% showed that \\textgreater30 cm/sec was the most accurate with a sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 74% (P \\textless .0239). Conclusions: Duplex ultrasonography is highly sensitive, specific, and accurate for detecting CCA lesions in the mid and distal CCA. Use of peak systolic velocity may lead to improved detection of CCA disease and initiation of appropriate therapy to reduce the risk of stroke. ?? 2010 Society for Vascular Surgery.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Vascular Surgery","volume":"51","issue":"1","pages":"65–70","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.002","ISSN":"07415214","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.002","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1097-6809\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.\nPMID: 19879097","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:35Z"}}


key: C4ZEP5Q6
data:
  {"key":"C4ZEP5Q6","version":418,"data":{"key":"C4ZEP5Q6","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling Ignition and Combustion in Spark- Ignition Engines Using a Level Set Method","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhichao","lastName":"Tan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Paper","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2003-01-0722","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: 4L7X42FL
data:
  {"key":"4L7X42FL","version":418,"data":{"key":"4L7X42FL","version":418,"itemType":"thesis","title":"Multicomponent drop vaporization modeling of petroleum and biofuel mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Song-charng","lastName":"Kong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xinwei","lastName":"Wang"}],"abstractNote":"","thesisType":"PhD Thesis","university":"Iowa State University","place":"","date":"2011","numPages":"","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: WMHALKQD
data:
  {"key":"WMHALKQD","version":418,"data":{"key":"WMHALKQD","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Detailed assessment of diesel spray atomization models using visible and X-ray extinction measurements","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G. M.","lastName":"Magnotti"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. L.","lastName":"Genzale"}],"abstractNote":"The physical mechanisms characterizing the breakup of a diesel spray into droplets are still unknown. This gap in knowledge has largely been due to the challenges of directly imaging this process or quantitatively measuring the outcomes of spray breakup, such as droplet size. Recent x-ray measurements by Argonne National Laboratory, utilized in this work, provide needed information about the spatial evolution of droplet sizes in selected regions of the spray under a range of injection pressures (50–150 MPa) and ambient densities (7.6–22.8 kg/m3) relevant for diesel operating conditions. Ultra-small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements performed at the Advanced Photon Source are presented, which quantify Sauter mean diameters (SMD) within optically thick regions of the spray that are inaccessible by conventional droplet sizing measurement techniques, namely in the near-nozzle region, along the spray centerline, and within the core of the spray. To quantify droplet sizes along the periphery of the spray, a complementary technique is proposed and introduced, which leverages the ratio of path-integrated x-ray and visible laser extinction (SAMR) measurements to quantify SMD. The SAMR and USAXS measurements are then utilized to evaluate current spray models used for engine computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. We explore the ability of a carefully calibrated spray model, premised on aerodynamic wave growth theory, to capture the experimentally observed trends of SMD throughout the spray. The spray structure is best predicted with an aerodynamic primary and secondary breakup process that is represented with a slower time constant and larger formed droplet size than conventionally recommended for diesel spray models. Additionally, spray model predictions suggest that droplet collisions may not influence the resultant droplet size distribution along the spray centerline in downstream regions of the spray.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"97","issue":"","pages":"33–45","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2017.08.002","ISSN":"03019322","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Droplet sizing measurements"},{"tag":"Engine Combustion Network (ECN)"},{"tag":"Spray breakup modeling"},{"tag":"USAXS"},{"tag":"Visible laser extinction"},{"tag":"X-ray radiography"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: PE2AD8R9
data:
  {"key":"PE2AD8R9","version":418,"data":{"key":"PE2AD8R9","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical modelling of diesel spray using the Eulerian multiphase approach","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Milan","lastName":"Vujanović"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zvonimir","lastName":"Petranović"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wilfried","lastName":"Edelbauer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jakov","lastName":"Baleta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Neven","lastName":"Duić"}],"abstractNote":"This research investigates high pressure diesel fuel injection into the combustion chamber by performing computational simulations using the Euler-Eulerian multiphase approach. Six diesel-like conditions were simulated for which the liquid fuel jet was injected into a pressurised inert environment (100% N2) through a 205 μm nozzle hole. The analysis was focused on the liquid jet and vapour penetration, describing spatial and temporal spray evolution. For this purpose, an Eulerian multiphase model was implemented, variations of the sub-model coefficients were performed, and their impact on the spray formation was investigated. The final set of sub-model coefficients was applied to all operating points. Several simulations of high pressure diesel injections (50, 80, and 120 MPa) combined with different chamber pressures (5.4 and 7.2 MPa) were carried out and results were compared to the experimental data. The predicted results share a similar spray cloud shape for all conditions with the different vapour and liquid penetration length. The liquid penetration is shortened with the increase in chamber pressure, whilst the vapour penetration is more pronounced by elevating the injection pressure. Finally, the results showed good agreement when compared to the measured data, and yielded the correct trends for both the liquid and vapour penetrations under different operating conditions.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"104","issue":"","pages":"160–169","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2015.03.040","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 01968904","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engine"},{"tag":"Eulerian framework"},{"tag":"Numerical modelling"},{"tag":"Spray process"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: K5L8A83W
data:
  {"key":"K5L8A83W","version":418,"data":{"key":"K5L8A83W","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ultra-high speed imaging study of the diesel spray close to the injector tip at the initial opening stage with single injection","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haichun","lastName":"Ding"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiao","lastName":"Ma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Miroslaw L.","lastName":"Wyszynski"}],"abstractNote":"This study focused on the primary breakup of spray at the initial injector opening stage at injection to atmospheric conditions. A real-time mass flow rate instrument was first used to study the injection characteristics at the injector opening stage. A long distance microscope together with an ultrahigh speed CCD camera was then employed to study the primary breakup of diesel spray by photography technique with the help of backlighting. The mechanism of the formation of the mushroom shaped spray head was discussed and the laminar flow regime was expected to be the main reason for the resultant shape. During the initial spray stage, the mushroom spray head penetrated almost linearly with respect to time. The quantification of the fuel mass/spray area ratio suggested that the dispersion of the spray is greatly improved within a very short time, which is assumed to be caused by the further opening of injector.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"165","issue":"","pages":"335–344","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.046","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.155","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 03062619\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Dispersion quality"},{"tag":"Primary breakup"},{"tag":"Spray characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: VRYK9P7A
data:
  {"key":"VRYK9P7A","version":418,"data":{"key":"VRYK9P7A","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Detailed Modeling and Simulation of High-Pressure Fuel Injection Processes in Diesel Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Joseph","lastName":"Oefelein"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rainer","lastName":"Dahms"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guilhem","lastName":"Lacaze"}],"abstractNote":"This paper provides an analysis of high-pressure phenomena and its potential effects on the fundamental physics of fuel injection in Diesel engines. In particular, we focus on conditions when cylinder pressures exceed the thermodynamic critical pressure of the injected fuel and describe the major differences that occur in the jet dynamics compared to that described by classical spray theory. To facilitate the analysis, we present a detailed model framework based on the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique that is designed to account for key high-pressure phenomena. This framework is then used to perform a thermodynamic analysis of the flow. We focus on the experiments being conducted in the high-pressure combustion vessel at Sandia National Laboratories using n-heptane as a reference fuel. The calculations are performed by rigorously treating the experimental geometry and operating conditions, with detailed treatment of relevant thermophysical mixture properties. Results demonstrate that n-heptane enters the chamber as a compressed liquid, not a spray, and is heated at supercritical pressure. Further analysis suggests the classical view of spray atomization as an appropriate model at these particular conditions is questionable. Instead, nonideal real-fluid behavior must be taken into account using a multicomponent formulation that applies to arbitrary hydrocarbon mixtures at high-pressure supercritical conditions. Copyright © 2012 SAE International.","publicationTitle":"SAE Int. J. Engines","volume":"5","issue":"3","pages":"1411–1419","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2012-01-1258","ISSN":"1946-3944","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2012-01-1258","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: BS5E93AD
data:
  {"key":"BS5E93AD","version":418,"data":{"key":"BS5E93AD","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Al / RDX / NC Nanostructered Microparticles","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gregory","lastName":"Young"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Daniel P","lastName":"Wilson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeffery B","lastName":"Delisio"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael R","lastName":"Zachariah"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"laser ignition"},{"tag":"mesoparticle"},{"tag":"nanocomposite"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: NJWGYVRK
data:
  {"key":"NJWGYVRK","version":418,"data":{"key":"NJWGYVRK","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Strategies for reduced NO x emissions in pilot-ignited natural gas engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S. R.","lastName":"Krishnan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. K.","lastName":"Srinivasan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Singh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S. R.","lastName":"Bell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. C.","lastName":"Midkiff"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W.","lastName":"Gong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S. B.","lastName":"Fiveland"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Willi"}],"abstractNote":"The performance and emissions of a single-cylinder natural gas fueled engine using a pilot ignition strategy have been investigated. Small diesel pilots (2-3% on an energy basis), when used to ignite homogeneous natural gas-air mixtures, are shown to possess the potential for reduced NO x emissions while maintaining good engine performance. The effects of pilot injection timing, intake charge pressure, and charge temperature on engine performance and emissions with natural gas fueling were studied. With appropriate control of the above variables, it was shown that full-load engine-out brake specific NO x emissions could be reduced to the range of 0.07-0.10 g/kWh from the baseline diesel (with mechanical fuel injection) value of 10.5 g/kWh. For this NO x reduction, the decrease in fuel conversion efficiency from the baseline diesel value was approximately one to two percentage points. Total unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were higher with natural gas operation. The nature of combustion under these conditions was analyzed using heat release schedules predicted from measured cylinder pressure data. The importance of pilot injection timing and inlet conditions on the stability of engine operation and knock are also discussed.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power","volume":"126","issue":"3","pages":"665–671","date":"2004","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.1760530","ISSN":"07424795","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: B89V9IDF
data:
  {"key":"B89V9IDF","version":418,"data":{"key":"B89V9IDF","version":418,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study on spray characteristics of long-chain alcohol-diesel fuels in a constant volume chamber","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fengyu","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bolun","lastName":"Yi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wei","lastName":"Fu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lanbo","lastName":"Song"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tao","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongwei","lastName":"Hu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Qizhao","lastName":"Lin"}],"abstractNote":"This study aims at study effects of blending long-chain alcohol (n-butanol or n-pentanol) with diesel on the spray characteristics and compare the differences of those spray characteristics between n-butanol-diesel blends and n-pentanol-diesel blends. Results showed that with the addition of long-chain alcohols, the spray tip penetration decreased, the spray cone angle increased and the spray area increased, while with the increasing proportions of long-chain alcohols in blended fuels, the spray area decreased whereas the peak tip velocity increased. Under the same blended ratios, n-butanol-diesel blends showed longer tip penetration, larger cone angle, larger spray area and lower peak tip velocity compared to n-pentanol-diesel blends in the same injection conditions. Furthermore, from the comparison between spray morphology of each tested fuel with each other, it can be inferred that n-butanol-diesel blends have largest spray areas and thinnest spray boundaries, followed by n-pentanol-diesel blends and then pure diesel fuel.","publicationTitle":"Journal of the Energy Institute","volume":"c","issue":"","pages":"1–14","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.joei.2017.11.002","ISSN":"17460220","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2017.11.002","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Blended fuel"},{"tag":"Diesel"},{"tag":"Macroscopic spray characteristics"},{"tag":"N-butanol"},{"tag":"N-pentanol"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: 3GHTHM6T
data:
  {"key":"3GHTHM6T","version":417,"data":{"key":"3GHTHM6T","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Investigation of Soot Emission in Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engines Using a Detailed Soot Model Framework","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Joohan","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Namho","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kyoungdoug","lastName":"Min"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0580.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: IBIN6WEH
data:
  {"key":"IBIN6WEH","version":417,"data":{"key":"IBIN6WEH","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"ScienceDirect Ignition delay time measurements behind reflected shock-waves for a representative coal-derived syngas with and without NH 3 and H 2 S impurities","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"O","lastName":"Mathieu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Hargis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Camou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Mulvihill"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E L","lastName":"Petersen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"35","issue":"3","pages":"3143–3150","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.062","ISSN":"1540-7489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.062","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"coal"},{"tag":"high pressure"},{"tag":"ignition delay time"},{"tag":"shock-tube"},{"tag":"syngas"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:34Z"}}


key: JASPKWIT
data:
  {"key":"JASPKWIT","version":417,"data":{"key":"JASPKWIT","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Self-similar solutions of the G-equation - analytic description of the flame surface","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"I F","lastName":"Barna"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"2","issue":"7","pages":"1–5","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9789038611181\n_eprint: arXiv:1010.5671v1","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: HNMB7CRG
data:
  {"key":"HNMB7CRG","version":417,"data":{"key":"HNMB7CRG","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Global and Local Response of Premixed Flames during Flame- Vortex Interactions under Distinct Configurations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Paulo L K","lastName":"Paes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"James G","lastName":"Brasseur"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuan","lastName":"Xuan"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"numerical simulations"},{"tag":"premixed flame"},{"tag":"vortex-flame interaction"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: R269UL3X
data:
  {"key":"R269UL3X","version":417,"data":{"key":"R269UL3X","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of Lewis number and ignition energy on the determination of laminar flame speed using propagating spherical flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael P.","lastName":"Burke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiguang","lastName":"Ju"}],"abstractNote":"The trajectories of outwardly propagating spherical flames initiated by an external energy deposition are studied theoretically, numerically, and experimentally by using hydrogen/air mixtures. Emphasis is placed on how to accurately determine the laminar flame speeds experimentally from the time history of the flame fronts for mixtures with different Lewis numbers and ignition energies. The results show that there is a critical flame radius only above which is the linear and non-linear extrapolation for flame speeds valid. It is found that the critical radius depends strongly on the Lewis number. At large Lewis numbers, the critical radius is larger than the minimum flame radius used in the experimental measurements, leading to invalid flame speed extrapolation. The results also show that there is a maximum Karlovitz number beyond which propagating spherical flame does not exist. The maximum Karlovitz number decreases dramatically with the increase of Lewis number. Furthermore, the results show that the ignition energy has a significant impact on the flame trajectories. It is found that the unsteady flame transition causes a flame speed reverse phenomenon near the maximum Karlovitz number with different ignition energies. The occurrence of flame speed reverse greatly narrows the experimental data range for flame speed extrapolation. The strong dependence of flame trajectory on ignition energy and the existence of the flame speed reverse phenomenon are also confirmed by experimental results.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"32 I","issue":"1","pages":"1253–1260","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.060","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.060","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1540-7489\nPublisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"Flame speed reverse"},{"tag":"Flame transition"},{"tag":"Ignition energy"},{"tag":"Laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"Spherical flame"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: EAVHK5MK
data:
  {"key":"EAVHK5MK","version":417,"data":{"key":"EAVHK5MK","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Development of an Improved NO x Reaction Mechanism for Low Temperature Diesel Combustion Modeling","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Takeshi","lastName":"Yoshikawa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"1","issue":"1","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: DAA4PVVJ
data:
  {"key":"DAA4PVVJ","version":417,"data":{"key":"DAA4PVVJ","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of Nozzle Diameter on Diesel Spray Flames: A numerical study using an Eulerian Stochastic Field Method","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kar Mun","lastName":"Pang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mehdi","lastName":"Jangi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xue Song","lastName":"Bai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jesper","lastName":"Schramm"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jens Honore","lastName":"Walther"}],"abstractNote":"The present numerical study aims to assess the performance of an Eulerian Stochastic Field (ESF) model in simulating spray flames produced by three fuel injectors with different nozzle diameters of 100 μm, 180 μm and 363 μm. A comparison to the measurements shows that although the simulated ignition delay times are consistently overestimated, the relative differences remain below 28%. Furthermore, the change of the averaged pressure rise with respect to the variation of nozzle diameter is captured by the model. The simulated flame lift-off lengths also agree with the measurements, with a maximum relative difference of 13%. The spray flame produced by a larger nozzle diameter has a fuel-richer premixed core region despite the longer lift-of length, indicating that the higher fueling rate used with the larger nozzle diameter is a more dominating factor than the lift-off length is in influencing the air entrainment into the upstream of the spray flames. In addition, the simulated normalised flame lengths are found to decrease when the nozzle diameters increase. These predictions are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental observation. This work proves that the ESF model can serve as an important tool for the simulation of spray flames in marine diesel engines, where fuel injectors with different nozzle diameters are applied for pilot and main injections.","publicationTitle":"Energy Procedia","volume":"142","issue":"","pages":"1028–1033","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.350","ISSN":"18766102","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.350","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier B.V.","tags":[{"tag":"Eulerian Stochastic Fields"},{"tag":"diesel spray flame"},{"tag":"flame length"},{"tag":"nozzle hole diameter"},{"tag":"turbulent combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: 5I7ZDAUS
data:
  {"key":"5I7ZDAUS","version":417,"data":{"key":"5I7ZDAUS","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Simplified fuel cracking process in reduced mechanism development: PRF – PAH kinetic models for combustion and soot prediction","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dezhi","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenming","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jing","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kun Lin","lastName":"Tay"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"182","issue":"","pages":"831–841","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.053","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236116305051","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: SDERPFX5
data:
  {"key":"SDERPFX5","version":417,"data":{"key":"SDERPFX5","version":417,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Influence of cavitation phenomenon on primary break-up and spray behavior at stationary conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. M.","lastName":"Desantes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Payri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F. J.","lastName":"Salvador"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"De La Morena"}],"abstractNote":"In this paper, a special technique for visualizing the first 1.5 mm of the spray has been applied to examine the link between cavitation phenomenon inside the nozzle and spray behavior in the near-nozzle field. For this purpose, a Diesel axi-symmetric nozzle has been analyzed. Firstly, the nozzle has been geometrically and hydraulically characterized. Mass flow measurements at stationary conditions have allowed the detection of the pressure conditions for mass flow choking, usually related with cavitation inception in the literature. Nevertheless, with the objective to get a deeper knowledge of cavitation phenomenon, near-nozzle field visualization technique has been used to detect cavitation bubbles injected in a chamber pressurized with liquid fuel. Using backlight illumination, the differences in terms of density and refractive index have allowed the distinction between vapour and liquid fuel phases. From these visualization results, two important conclusions can be established: on the one hand, cavitation bubbles have been detected at the nozzle exit for pressure drop conditions at which mass flow was not choked yet. On the other hand, it could be seen that the jet formed by cavitation bubbles spread as pressure drop conditions became stronger. Finally, spray visualization in a nitrogen pressurized chamber has been developed at stationary conditions. In order to analyze cavitation influence on spray characteristics, pressure drop has been modified near the values at which cavitation bubbles have been detected out of the nozzle. Two different test strategies have been used for this purpose: fixing injection pressure, which implied a change in chamber density for each test point, or fixing chamber pressure. Both kinds of measurements revealed a noticeable increment of spray cone angle and spray contour irregularities related with the presence of cavitation bubbles at the orifice outlet. This fact can be assumed as an indicator of atomization improvement induced by the collapse of cavitation bubbles at the nozzle exit. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"89","issue":"10","pages":"3033–3041","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.004","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.004","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Cavitation"},{"tag":"Diesel"},{"tag":"Injector"},{"tag":"Near nozzle"},{"tag":"Spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: JPYYMX3D
data:
  {"key":"JPYYMX3D","version":416,"data":{"key":"JPYYMX3D","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of the transient heat transfer during nucleate boiling of refrigerant HFE-7100 ´ rique du transfert de chaleur transitoire lors Simulation nume ´ bullition nucle ´ e ´ e du frigorige ` ne HFE-7100 de l ' e","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christian","lastName":"Kunkelmann"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter","lastName":"Stephan"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Refrigeration","volume":"33","issue":"7","pages":"1221–1228","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.07.013","ISSN":"0140-7007","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.07.013","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd and IIR","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: 425V7EBL
data:
  {"key":"425V7EBL","version":416,"data":{"key":"425V7EBL","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling and 3D-Simulation of the Kinetic Effects in the Post-Flame Region of Turbulent Premixed Flames Based on the G-Equation Approach","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E","lastName":"Schneider"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Sadiki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Janicka"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"75","issue":"","pages":"191–216","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"conditioned progress variable approach"},{"tag":"cpva"},{"tag":"g-equation"},{"tag":"premixed combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: 7SJ992R7
data:
  {"key":"7SJ992R7","version":416,"data":{"key":"7SJ992R7","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Investigation of pressure measurements in a high-pressure shock tube","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Miad","lastName":"Karimi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stewart","lastName":"Carpenter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Devesh","lastName":"Ranjan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"2–7","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"kinetics"},{"tag":"pressure measurement"},{"tag":"shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:33Z"}}


key: KLUKHN5B
data:
  {"key":"KLUKHN5B","version":416,"data":{"key":"KLUKHN5B","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Understanding low-temperature first-stage ignition delay: Propane","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shamel S","lastName":"Merchant"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C Franklin","lastName":"Goldsmith"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Aäron G","lastName":"Vandeputte"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael P","lastName":"Burke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stephen J","lastName":"Klippenstein"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William H","lastName":"Green"}],"abstractNote":"The low-temperature auto-ignition of fuels is a complex process, occurring in multiple stages with distinct chemical processes governing each stage. The conversion from alkyl radical to chain branching products, which occurs through successive O2 additions followed by thermal decomposition of the products, is at the core of the auto-ignition process. Our detailed understanding of this central process continues to evolve, with recent theoretical kinetics studies providing a particularly comprehensive description of the radical oxidation process for propane. In this study, we employ this improved description in a detailed numerical and analytical exploration of the first-stage ignition delay for low-temperature auto-ignition of propane, which may be considered as a prototype for larger alkane fuels. The traditional first-stage of ignition can be divided into two stages (stage-1A and stage-1B). During stage-1A, the concentration of radicals grows exponentially, and both OH and HO2 are important in the consumption of the fuel and generation of alkyl radicals. Stage-1A ends when the concentration of HO2 is sufficiently high that the chain-terminating bimolecular reaction HO2 + HO2 becomes competitive with other HO2 reactions including HO2 + fuel, thus slowing the HO2 concentration rise such that it is no longer a key contributor to fuel consumption. During stage-1B, increasing temperature and growing side reactions with secondary chemistry reduce the positive feedback and the concentrations of ketohydroperoxide species stop growing exponentially. The end of this stage is associated with the maximum in ketohydroperoxide, after which it is depleted. We present simple analytical approximations for the time it takes to complete these two sub-stages. These expressions clarify which rate constants control first-stage ignition, and they quantify how the ignition is influenced by mixture composition, temperature and pressure. The analysis is also extended to longer alkane fuels and is shown to provide fairly reliable predictions of the first-stage ignition delay.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"162","issue":"10","pages":"3658–3673","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.07.005","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218015002060","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"First-stage ignition delay"},{"tag":"Low temperature combustion"},{"tag":"Peroxy chemistry"},{"tag":"Propane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: 7T5DS3S6
data:
  {"key":"7T5DS3S6","version":416,"data":{"key":"7T5DS3S6","version":416,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Simulation of Dual-Fuel-CI and Single-Fuel-SI Engine Combustion Fueled with CNG","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Apoorv P","lastName":"Talekar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"}],"abstractNote":"With increasing interest to reduce the dependency on gasoline and diesel, alternative energy source like compressed natural gas (CNG) is a viable option for internal combustion engines. Spark-ignited (SI) CNG engine is the simplest way to utilize CNG in engines, but direct injection (DI) Diesel-CNG dual-fuel engine is known to offer improvement in combustion efficiency and reduction in exhaust gases. Dual-fuel engine has characteristics similar to both SI engine and diesel engine which makes the combustion process more complex. This paper reports the computational fluid dynamics simulation of both DI dual-fuel compression ignition (CI) and SI CNG engines. In diesel-CNG dual-fuel engine simulations and comparison to experiments, attention was on ignition delay, transition from auto-ignition to flame propagation and heat released from the combustion of diesel and gaseous fuel, as well as relevant pollutants emissions. Injection timing for diesel pilot was changed in a test matrix and the most efficient and least pollutant producing cases were selected and simulation results were correlated to the experimental data for those cases. The possible end-gas auto-ignition-like processes under certain test conditions like PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region (PREMIER) were also demonstrated. SI CNG lean burn engine tests and simulations were directed to check the ignitability, combustion stability, heat release rate for different spark energy values. The results show that a combined approach of using both chemical kinetics and G-equation formulations in RANS is capable of capturing most of the physical-chemical processes in both the dual-fuel CI and SI engine combustions","date":"2016","proceedingsTitle":"SAE world congress","conferenceName":"","place":"Detroit","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0789","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: EYMYH4F5
data:
  {"key":"EYMYH4F5","version":416,"data":{"key":"EYMYH4F5","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of engine parameters and gaseous fuel type on the cyclic variability of dual fuel engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohamed Y E","lastName":"Selim"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents an analysis of the cycle-to-cycle combustion variation as reflected in the combustion pressure data of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, four stroke, Ricardo E6 engine converted to run as dual fuel engine on diesel and gaseous fuel of LPG or methane. A measuring set-up consisting of a piezo-electric pressure transducer with charge amplifier and fast data acquisition card installed on an IBM microcomputer was used to gather the data of up to 1200 consecutive combustion cycles of the cylinder under various combination of engine operating and design parameters. These parameters included type of gaseous fuel, engine load, compression ratio, pilot fuel injection timing, pilot fuel mass, and engine speed. The data for each operating conditions were analyzed for the maximum pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise - representing the combustion noise, and indicated mean effective pressure. The cycle-to-cycle variation is expressed as the mean value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of these three parameters. It was found that the type of gaseous fuel and engine operating and design parameters affected the combustion noise and its cyclic variation and these effects have been presented. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"84","issue":"7-8","pages":"961–971","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.023","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion noise"},{"tag":"Cyclic variability"},{"tag":"Dual fuel engine"},{"tag":"LPG"},{"tag":"Methane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: QI52SVE2
data:
  {"key":"QI52SVE2","version":416,"data":{"key":"QI52SVE2","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multicomponent Liquid and Vapor Fuel Distribution Measurements in the Cylinder of a Port-Injected , Spark-Ignition Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. P.","lastName":"Styron"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. L.","lastName":"Kelly-Zion"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. F.","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. E.","lastName":"Peters"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. A.","lastName":"White"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. P.","lastName":"Lucht"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","volume":"","issue":"2000-01-0243","pages":"","date":"2000","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2000-01-0243","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: SV9H8KS2
data:
  {"key":"SV9H8KS2","version":416,"data":{"key":"SV9H8KS2","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Correlation of Air Fuel Ratio with Ionization Signal Metrics in a Multicylinder Spark Ignited Engine METHODS","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Geomy","lastName":"George"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeffrey D","lastName":"Naber"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: P2ZX62QZ
data:
  {"key":"P2ZX62QZ","version":416,"data":{"key":"P2ZX62QZ","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Intermittency in Turbulent Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Samuel","lastName":"Whitman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alexei Y","lastName":"Poludnenko"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter E","lastName":"Hamlington"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"intermittency"},{"tag":"premixed"},{"tag":"turbulence"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: CY2UBUCN
data:
  {"key":"CY2UBUCN","version":416,"data":{"key":"CY2UBUCN","version":416,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar Flame Speeds of Dilute Sarin Simulants in H 2 -CH 4 -Air Mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Travis","lastName":"Sikes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nicholas","lastName":"Niemiec"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Waruna","lastName":"Kulatilaka"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric","lastName":"Petersen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"hydrogen"},{"tag":"laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"methane"},{"tag":"organophosphorus"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: C98T9V39
data:
  {"key":"C98T9V39","version":415,"data":{"key":"C98T9V39","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P S Scott","lastName":"Goldsborough"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Simone","lastName":"Hochgreb"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guillaume","lastName":"Vanhove"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Margaret S","lastName":"Wooldridge"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J","lastName":"Curran"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chih-Jen","lastName":"Sung"}],"abstractNote":"Rapid compression machines (RCMs) are widely used to acquire experimental insights into fuel autoignition and pollutant formation chemistry, especially at conditions relevant to current and future combustion technologies. RCM studies emphasize important experimental regimes, characterized by low-to intermediate-temperatures (600À1200 K) and moderate to high pressures (5À80 bar). At these conditions, which are directly relevant to modern combustion schemes including low temperature combustion (LTC) for internal combustion engines and dry low emissions (DLE) for gas turbine engines, combustion chemistry exhibits complex and experimentally challenging behaviors such as the chemistry attributed to cool flame behavior and the negative temperature coefficient regime. Challenges for studying this regime include that experimental observations can be more sensitive to coupled physical-chemical processes leading to phenomena such as mixed deflagrative/autoignitive combustion. Experimental strategies which leverage the strengths of RCMs have been developed in recent years to make RCMs particularly well suited for elucidating LTC and DLE chemistry, as well as convolved physical-chemical processes. Specifically, this work presents a review of experimental and computational efforts applying RCMs to study autoignition phenomena, and the insights gained through these efforts. A brief history of RCM development is presented towards the steady improvement in design, characterization, instrumentation and data analysis. Novel experimental approaches and measurement techniques, coordinated with computational methods are described which have expanded the utility of RCMs beyond empirical studies of explosion limits to increasingly detailed understanding of autoignition chemistry and the role of physical-chemical interactions. Fundamental insight into the autoignition chemistry of specific fuels is described, demonstrating the extent of knowledge of low-temperature chemistry derived from RCM studies, from simple hydrocarbons to multi-component blends and full-boiling range fuels. Emerging needs and further opportunities are suggested, including investigations of under-explored fuels and the implementation of increasingly higher fidelity diagnostics.","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.pecs.2017.05.002","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"RCM"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: XYKRFWVL
data:
  {"key":"XYKRFWVL","version":415,"data":{"key":"XYKRFWVL","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Sooting tendencies of unsaturated esters in nonpremixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dhrubajyoti D.","lastName":"Das"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles S.","lastName":"McEnally"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lisa D.","lastName":"Pfefferle"}],"abstractNote":"Biodiesel fuels form an important constituent of the renewable energy resources landscape. These fuels are produced through transesterification of fatty acids with methanol or ethanol to yield long-chain methyl or ethyl esters of 16-18 carbon atoms, frequently with one or more CC double bonds. The CC double bonds are expected to play a major role in the combustion chemistry of these biodiesel fuels, especially in the area of soot emission. To better understand the effect of these double bonds on the sooting properties of esters, we have measured the sooting tendencies of twenty C4to C7unsaturated esters and report their Yield Sooting Indices (YSI). The CC double bond was found to have a significant effect on the sooting tendency. In most cases, the unsaturated ester was more sooting than its saturated counterpart, although the increase in sooting tendency was strongly influenced by other structural features of the compound. Esters with the CC double bond nearest the carbonyl group had lower increases in the sooting tendency from the parent saturated ester than compounds where the CC double bond was further along the carbon backbone. Unsaturated methyl esters had larger increases in YSI (compared to their parent saturated ester) than unsaturated ethyl or propyl esters. The strong dependence of the sooting tendencies of these esters on their chemical structure indicates the complexity of the chemical processes involved, and is an important area for further studies of these compounds.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"162","issue":"4","pages":"1489–1497","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.11.012","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.11.012","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"Biodiesel"},{"tag":"Group additivity"},{"tag":"LII"},{"tag":"Soot"},{"tag":"YSI"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: RGFJL766
data:
  {"key":"RGFJL766","version":415,"data":{"key":"RGFJL766","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Continuous Multicomponent Fuel Film Vaporization Model for Multidimensional Engine Modeling","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dongyao","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chia-fon F","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"2005","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2005-01-0209","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: VYTNTB9B
data:
  {"key":"VYTNTB9B","version":415,"data":{"key":"VYTNTB9B","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Mechanistic Study of Ignition Characteristics of Diesel / Methanol and Diesel / Methane Dual Fuel Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ruzhen","lastName":"Zang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chunde","lastName":"Yao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zenghui","lastName":"Yin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peilin","lastName":"Geng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiangtao","lastName":"Hu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Taoyang","lastName":"Wu"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00716","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:32Z"}}


key: 2F9JPLLS
data:
  {"key":"2F9JPLLS","version":415,"data":{"key":"2F9JPLLS","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental and Simulation Analysis of PFI-SI Engine for Fuel Economy Improvement","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Srinivasan","lastName":"Venugopalan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Feng","lastName":"Wu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frank M","lastName":"Washko"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Simulation","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"1–6","date":"2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2005-01-3691","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1424407559","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: U7KBTQWB
data:
  {"key":"U7KBTQWB","version":415,"data":{"key":"U7KBTQWB","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Large Eddy Simulation of Autoignition Transients in a Model Diesel Injector Configuration","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Layal","lastName":"Hakim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guilhem","lastName":"Lacaze"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Joseph","lastName":"Oefelein"}],"abstractNote":"AbstractDeveloping an improved understanding of transient mixing and combustion processes inherent in diesel injection is an important element in the design of advanced engines. This paper provides a detailed analysis of these processes using an idealized benchmark configuration designed to facilitate precise comparisons between different models and numerical methods. The computational domain is similar to the Engine Combustion Network (www.sandia.gov/ECN) Spray-A injector with n-dodecane as the fuel. Quantified idealizations are made in the treatment of boundary conditions to eliminate ambiguities and unknowns associated with the actual injector(s) used in the experiment. These ambiguities hinder comparisons aimed at understanding the accuracy of different models and the coupled effects of potential numerical errors. Prior to understanding the impact of injector imperfections on their performance, it is first necessary to understand how models perform in a well-controlled environment with well-defined boundary conditions. Here, we focus on the latter while accurately matching the operating conditions used in the experiments. Relevant high-pressure phenomena are treated with real-fluid thermodynamics and transport for multicomponent mixtures. A highly resolved calculation is performed to study both scalar-mixing and initiation of combustion. Results are assembled into a database that can facilitate one-to-one comparisons between codes. The combined set of results is analyzed to provide physical insights related to localized broadband transient mixing and combustion processes that are typically not available from experiments.","publicationTitle":"SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.","volume":"9","issue":"1","pages":"165–176","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0872","ISSN":"1946-3960","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0872","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: XILRWR95
data:
  {"key":"XILRWR95","version":415,"data":{"key":"XILRWR95","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Comparative study on chemical kinetic schemes for dual-fuel combustion of n -dodecane / methane blends","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M Ghaderi","lastName":"Masouleh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Wehrfritz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"O","lastName":"Kaario"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"Kahila"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V","lastName":"Vuorinen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"191","issue":"","pages":"62–76","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.114","ISSN":"0016-2361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.114","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"dual-fuel n -dodecane"},{"tag":"methane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: HMV4EWPL
data:
  {"key":"HMV4EWPL","version":415,"data":{"key":"HMV4EWPL","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modelling of Surrogate Fuels for Gasoline and Application to an HCCI Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C V","lastName":"Naik"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W J","lastName":"Pitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Sj�berg"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J E","lastName":"Dec"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Orme"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H J","lastName":"Curran"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J M","lastName":"Simmie"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C K","lastName":"Westbrook"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: M4JZZBC5
data:
  {"key":"M4JZZBC5","version":415,"data":{"key":"M4JZZBC5","version":415,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A directed relation graph method for mechanism reduction","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tianfeng","lastName":"Lu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chung K","lastName":"Law"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"30","issue":"1","pages":"1333–1341","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.145","ISSN":"0082-0784","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.145","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"Directed relation graph"},{"tag":"Reduced mechanism"},{"tag":"directed relation graph"},{"tag":"reduced mechanism"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: 4YA92AXH
data:
  {"key":"4YA92AXH","version":414,"data":{"key":"4YA92AXH","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"SCHR ODINGER MODELS FOR REALIZABLE BOSE – EINSTEIN CONDENSATION IN d + 1 DIMENSIONS ( d = 1 , 2 , 3 ) coupling constant c \\textgreater 0","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R K","lastName":"Bullough"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N M","lastName":"Bogolyubov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V S","lastName":"Kapitonov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Malyshev"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Timonen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A V","lastName":"Rybin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G G","lastName":"Varzugin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Lindberg"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"134","issue":"1","pages":"47–61","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"bose"},{"tag":"einstein condensation"},{"tag":"functional integral method"},{"tag":"quantum model of nonlinear"},{"tag":"schr"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: PVPBWHYE
data:
  {"key":"PVPBWHYE","version":414,"data":{"key":"PVPBWHYE","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"N-heptane micro pilot assisted methane combustion in a Rapid Compression Expansion Machine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stéphanie","lastName":"Schlatter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bruno","lastName":"Schneider"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuri M","lastName":"Wright"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantinos","lastName":"Boulouchos"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"179","issue":"x","pages":"339–352","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.03.006","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"dual fuel combustion"},{"tag":"rapid compression expansion machine"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: 4YEUULDQ
data:
  {"key":"4YEUULDQ","version":414,"data":{"key":"4YEUULDQ","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Modeling of the Metal Cutting Process in the Plasma Arc Cutting","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"I N","lastName":"Partial"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fulfillment","lastName":"Of"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T H E","lastName":"Requirements"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F O R","lastName":"The"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Degree","lastName":"Of"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Doctor O F","lastName":"Philosophy"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: WDIRWKA4
data:
  {"key":"WDIRWKA4","version":414,"data":{"key":"WDIRWKA4","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Analysis of Combustion Process in Dual Fuel Diesel Engines: Knock Phenomenon Approach","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M. H.","lastName":"Saidi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. Eisazadeh","lastName":"Far"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V.","lastName":"Pirouzpanah"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"2005","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2005-01-1132","ISSN":"0148-7191","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2005-01-1132/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: Y4UQKLU2
data:
  {"key":"Y4UQKLU2","version":414,"data":{"key":"Y4UQKLU2","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Droplet and particle dynamics during flame spray synthesis of nanoparticles","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Martin C.","lastName":"Heine"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sotiris E.","lastName":"Pratsinis"}],"abstractNote":"Particle formation by flame spray pyrolysis is investigated theoretically and compared with particle size distribution data of ZrO2 production at 100-300 g/h. Spray droplet size distributions as well as droplet and gas velocities are measured by phase Doppler anemometry along the axis and radius of the solid-cone-type spray. Multicomponent droplet combustion is simulated, accounting for droplet polydispersity, transport, and evaporation. The dynamics of the product particle size distributions are investigated, accounting for coagulation and sintering by population balance equations. The effect of the initial droplet size and liquid feed rate on the evolution of the product particle size and polydispersity is analyzed.","publicationTitle":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"44","issue":"16","pages":"6222–6232","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1021/ie0490278","ISSN":"08885885","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0888-5885","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:31Z"}}


key: 555JSSGX
data:
  {"key":"555JSSGX","version":414,"data":{"key":"555JSSGX","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An experimental and numerical study on diesel injection split of a natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at a low engine load","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Yousefi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongsheng","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Madjid","lastName":"Birouk"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas/diesel dual-fuel combustion is currently one of the most promising LTC strategies for the next generation of heavy-duty engines. While this concept is not new and it has been deliberated lengthily in the past two decades, several uncertainties still exist. A major shortcoming of this concept is associated with its low thermal efficiency and high level of unburned methane and CO emissions under low engine load conditions. The present paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the effect of different injection strategies (single and two pulses injection of pilot diesel fuel) on the combustion performance and emissions of a heavy duty natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at 25% engine load. The results of single diesel injection mode showed that advancing diesel injection timing from 10 to 30 °BTDC reduced unburned methane and CO emissions by 62% and 61% and increased thermal efficiency by 6%; however, NOxemissions increased by 74%. In order to achieve NOx– CH4and NOx– CO trade-off and increased thermal efficiency at low load conditions, the effect of split injection strategy was experimentally and numerically examined. The results of split injection mode revealed that split injection strategy considerably increases the in-cylinder peak pressure compared to that of single injection (10 °BTDC). The results showed also that the heat release produced by the first injection of diesel fuel considerably increased the in-cylinder charge temperature before the start of the second injection. The flame zone of the split injection mode is markedly higher than that of the single injection due to larger heat release produced during the first injection which promotes the combustion of the second one. When the first injection timing is close to the second injection timing, the MPRR of split injection mode is higher than that of single injection (10 °BTDC). However, further advancing of the first injection timing continuously decreased the MPRR. OH radical analysis showed that for advanced first injection timings (38–50 °BTDC), the overall growth rate of OH radical becomes slower and its distribution is narrower as indicated by the wider non-reactive blue zones compared with those observed at a late first injection timing in the initial stages of combustion. However, OH radicals gradually grow during last stages of combustion in the expansion stroke, indicating that a more premixed combustion takes place in these cases. For very advanced first injection timing of 55 °BTDC, the OH distribution is similar to that of the single injection mode with lower OH intensity at initial stages of combustion and they barely grow during the late expansion stroke. At this condition, the ignition of premixed mixture is mainly controlled by the second diesel fuel injection. The trade-off between NOx– CH4and NOx– CO is achieved when applying split injection. Compared to single injection (10 °BTDC), the first injection timing of 50 °BTDC decreased unburned methane and CO emissions by 60% and 63%, respectively, and increased the thermal efficiency by 8.9%. However, NOxemissions were maintained at the same level as single injection mode (10 °BTDC).","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"212","issue":"October 2017","pages":"332–346","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.053","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Conventional single diesel injection timing"},{"tag":"Dual-fuel combustion"},{"tag":"Split injection mode"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: V25J5W59
data:
  {"key":"V25J5W59","version":414,"data":{"key":"V25J5W59","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Computer tomography based structure characterization of expanded intumescent coatings for fire protection","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiyuan","lastName":"Kang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fumiaki","lastName":"Takahashi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S T","lastName":"James"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–9","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"computer tomography"},{"tag":"fire protection"},{"tag":"intumescent coating"},{"tag":"morphological structure"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: ASUBTTHP
data:
  {"key":"ASUBTTHP","version":414,"data":{"key":"ASUBTTHP","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Unsteady methods ( URANS and LES ) for simulation of combustion systems ✩","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Sadiki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Maltsev"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B","lastName":"Wegner"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F","lastName":"Flemming"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Kempf"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Janicka"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"45","issue":"","pages":"760–773","date":"2006","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2005.11.001","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"les"},{"tag":"turbulent combustion systems"},{"tag":"turbulent flows"},{"tag":"unsteady methods"},{"tag":"urans"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: 8XRLVF8I
data:
  {"key":"8XRLVF8I","version":414,"data":{"key":"8XRLVF8I","version":414,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical modelling of diesel spray using the Eulerian multiphase approach","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Milan","lastName":"Vujanović"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zvonimir","lastName":"Petranović"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wilfried","lastName":"Edelbauer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jakov","lastName":"Baleta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Neven","lastName":"Duić"}],"abstractNote":"This research investigates high pressure diesel fuel injection into the combustion chamber by performing computational simulations using the Euler-Eulerian multiphase approach. Six diesel-like conditions were simulated for which the liquid fuel jet was injected into a pressurised inert environment (100% N2) through a 205 μm nozzle hole. The analysis was focused on the liquid jet and vapour penetration, describing spatial and temporal spray evolution. For this purpose, an Eulerian multiphase model was implemented, variations of the sub-model coefficients were performed, and their impact on the spray formation was investigated. The final set of sub-model coefficients was applied to all operating points. Several simulations of high pressure diesel injections (50, 80, and 120 MPa) combined with different chamber pressures (5.4 and 7.2 MPa) were carried out and results were compared to the experimental data. The predicted results share a similar spray cloud shape for all conditions with the different vapour and liquid penetration length. The liquid penetration is shortened with the increase in chamber pressure, whilst the vapour penetration is more pronounced by elevating the injection pressure. Finally, the results showed good agreement when compared to the measured data, and yielded the correct trends for both the liquid and vapour penetrations under different operating conditions.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"104","issue":"","pages":"160–169","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2015.03.040","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 01968904","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engine"},{"tag":"Eulerian framework"},{"tag":"Numerical modelling"},{"tag":"Spray process"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: 7R5QQFV9
data:
  {"key":"7R5QQFV9","version":413,"data":{"key":"7R5QQFV9","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Gas – Diesel ( dual-fuel ) modeling in diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cheikh","lastName":"Mansour"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelhamid","lastName":"Bounif"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelkader","lastName":"Aris"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Françoise","lastName":"Gaillard"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"0729","issue":"","pages":"409–424","date":"2001","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: G38R5LAX
data:
  {"key":"G38R5LAX","version":413,"data":{"key":"G38R5LAX","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Systematic Computational Study on the Unimolecular Reactions of Alkylperoxy ( RO 2 ), Hydroperoxyalkyl ( QOOH ), and Hydroperoxyalkylperoxy ( O 2 QOOH ) Radicals","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Akira","lastName":"Miyoshi"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"3301–3325","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: 5HI5ITVI
data:
  {"key":"5HI5ITVI","version":413,"data":{"key":"5HI5ITVI","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modification and Extension of a Standard Volume of Fluid Solver For Simulating Boiling Heat Transfer","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christian","lastName":"Kunkelmann"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter","lastName":"Stephan"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics","volume":"","issue":"June","pages":"14–17","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"abstract"},{"tag":"boiling heat transfer"},{"tag":"bubble merger"},{"tag":"contact line"},{"tag":"evaporation"},{"tag":"in the openfoam cfd"},{"tag":"in the present paper"},{"tag":"level-set"},{"tag":"of boiling flows are"},{"tag":"of the volume-of-fluid solver"},{"tag":"package for the simulation"},{"tag":"phase change"},{"tag":"presented"},{"tag":"the main"},{"tag":"the modifications and extensions"},{"tag":"volume-of-fluid"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: IDMALQJA
data:
  {"key":"IDMALQJA","version":413,"data":{"key":"IDMALQJA","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Rapid #: -11064779","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cross R E F","lastName":"Id"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Main Library","lastName":"Eyw"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Main","lastName":"Library"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: 82FVVXK8
data:
  {"key":"82FVVXK8","version":413,"data":{"key":"82FVVXK8","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Optical Investigation of Ignition Timing and Equivalence Ratio in Dual-Fuel CNG/Diesel Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Erwan","lastName":"Salaun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Julien","lastName":"Apeloig"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frédéric","lastName":"Grisch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles-edouard","lastName":"Yvonnet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Baptiste","lastName":"Nicolas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frederic","lastName":"Dionnet"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0772","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2016-01-0772/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: HAPRKA4Y
data:
  {"key":"HAPRKA4Y","version":413,"data":{"key":"HAPRKA4Y","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Knock Prediction Using a Simple Model for Ignition Delay","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gautam","lastName":"Kalghatgi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kai","lastName":"Morganti"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ibrahim","lastName":"Algunaibet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mani","lastName":"Sarathy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Dibble"}],"abstractNote":"An earlier paper has shown the ability to predict the phasing of knock onset in a gasoline PFI engine using a simple ignition delay equation for an appropriate surrogate fuel made up of toluene and PRF (TPRF). The applicability of this approach is confirmed in this paper in a different engine using five different fuels of differing RON, sensitivity, and composition - including ethanol blends. An Arrhenius type equation with a pressure correction for ignition delay can be found from interpolation of previously published data for any gasoline if its RON and sensitivity are known. Then, if the pressure and temperature in the unburned gas can be estimated or measured, the Livengood-Wu integral can be estimated as a function of crank angle to predict the occurrence of knock. Experiments in a single cylinder DISI engine over a wide operating range confirm that this simple approach can predict knock very accurately. The data presented should enable engineers to study knock or other auto-ignition phenomena e.g. in premixed compression ignition (PCI) engines without explicit chemical kinetic calculations.","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper Series","volume":"","issue":"2016-01-0702","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0702","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0702","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: HCXXK385
data:
  {"key":"HCXXK385","version":413,"data":{"key":"HCXXK385","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Pt","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Wittner"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heike P","lastName":"Karbstein"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Volker","lastName":"Gaukel"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification","volume":"128","issue":"February","pages":"96–102","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.cep.2018.04.017","ISSN":"0255-2701","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2018.04.017","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"ACLR atomizer"},{"tag":"Effervescent atomizer"},{"tag":"High viscous feeds"},{"tag":"Highly concentrated feeds"},{"tag":"Pneumatic atomization"},{"tag":"Spray drying"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:30Z"}}


key: YUFZLZ56
data:
  {"key":"YUFZLZ56","version":413,"data":{"key":"YUFZLZ56","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A model for the laminar flame speed of binary fuel blends and its application to methane / hydrogen mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peng","lastName":"Dai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shiyi","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"37","issue":"13","pages":"10390–10396","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.015","ISSN":"0360-3199","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.015","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: 4GE5Z7W2
data:
  {"key":"4GE5Z7W2","version":413,"data":{"key":"4GE5Z7W2","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Fluid-structure interaction analysis of turbulent pulsatile flow within a layered aortic wall as related to aortic dissection","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Khalil","lastName":"Khanafer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ramon","lastName":"Berguer"}],"abstractNote":"Turbulent pulsatile flow and wall mechanics were studied numerically in an axisymmetric three-layered wall model of a descending aorta. The transport equations were solved using the finite element formulation based on the Galerkin method of weighted residuals. A fully-coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis was utilized in this investigation. We calculated Von Mises wall stress, streamlines and fluid pressure contours. The findings of this study show that peak wall stress and maximum shear stress are highest in the media layer. The difference in the elastic properties of contiguous layers of the wall of the aorta probably determines the occurrence of dissection in the media layer. Moreover, the presence of aortic intramural hematoma is found to have a significant effect on the peak wall stress acting on the inner layer. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Biomechanics","volume":"42","issue":"16","pages":"2642–2648","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.08.010","ISSN":"00219290","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.08.010","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0021-9290\nPublisher: Elsevier\nPMID: 19765711","tags":[{"tag":"Dissection"},{"tag":"Finite element"},{"tag":"Flexible wall"},{"tag":"Three-layered model"},{"tag":"Turbulent"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: 8SXKJ56E
data:
  {"key":"8SXKJ56E","version":413,"data":{"key":"8SXKJ56E","version":413,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of process dynamics during laser beam drilling with short pulses","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karl-Heinz","lastName":"Leitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Holger","lastName":"Koch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andreas","lastName":"Otto"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Schmidt"}],"abstractNote":"In the last years, laser beam drilling became in- creasingly important for many technical applications as it allows the contactless production of high quality drill holes. So far, mainly short laser pulses are of industrial relevance, as they offer a good compromise between precision and ef- ficiency and combine high ablation efficiency with low ther- mal damage of the workpiece. Laser beam drilling in this pulse length range is still a highly thermal process. There are two ablation mechanisms: evaporation and melt expulsion. In order to achieve high quality processing results, a basic process understanding is absolutely necessary. Yet, process observations in laser beam drilling suffer from both the short time scales and the restricted accessibility of the interaction zone. Numerical simulations offer the possibility to acquire additional knowledge of the process as they allow a direct look into the drill hole during the ablation process. In this contribution, a numerical finite volume multi-phase simu- lation model for laser beam drilling with short laser pulses shall be presented. The model is applied for a basic study of the ablation process with µs and ns laser pulses. The ob- tained results show good qualitative correspondence with experimental data.","publicationTitle":"Applied Physics A","volume":"106","issue":"4","pages":"885–891","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s00339-011-6702-8","ISSN":"0947-8396","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s00339-011-6702-8","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0947-8396$\\backslash$r1432-0630","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: NDY3XMT9
data:
  {"key":"NDY3XMT9","version":412,"data":{"key":"NDY3XMT9","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Role of Volatility in the Development of JP-8 Surrogates for Diesel Engine Application","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziliang","lastName":"Zheng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"PO-I","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amit","lastName":"Shrestha"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tamer","lastName":"Badawy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Naeim","lastName":"Henein"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric","lastName":"Sattler"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":"7","issue":"1","pages":"2014–01–1389","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1389","ISSN":"1946-3960","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2014-01-1389/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 2014011389","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: W9HSPWUB
data:
  {"key":"W9HSPWUB","version":412,"data":{"key":"W9HSPWUB","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Quadrature method of moments for modeling multi-component spray vaporization","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claire","lastName":"Laurent"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gerard","lastName":"Lavergne"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Philippe","lastName":"Villedieu"}],"abstractNote":"This article puts forward the quadrature method of moments (QMoM) for modeling droplet composition during the spray vaporization process. This method is implemented for solving the Continuous Thermodynamic Model (CTM) of multi-component droplet vaporization, an advantageous alternative to the classical Discrete Component Model (DCM) when the droplet is formed of a great number of components. The CTM approach consists in modeling the droplet's composition using a probability density function (PDF). This method was first tried out for vaporizing droplets by Hallett, who assumed a Gamma-function for the PDF. However, Harstadt et al. underlined some problems in the case of vapor condensation on the droplet surface, since the Gamma-PDF model presumes the PDF's mathematical form. The QMoM which does not require this hypothesis is studied in this article, according to Lage's research dealing with QMoM application to phase equilibria. The numerical features of QMoM are investigated in detail, and then the method is implemented for the difficult test case of vapor condensation. The results are analyzed to illustrate the application of QMoM to multi-component droplet vaporization modeling and to provide a better understanding of the QMoM main advantages and limitations. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"36","issue":"1","pages":"51–59","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2009.08.005","ISSN":"03019322","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2009.08.005","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 03019322\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Droplet"},{"tag":"Multi-component mixture"},{"tag":"Quadrature method of moments"},{"tag":"Vaporization"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: Z7LZULUN
data:
  {"key":"Z7LZULUN","version":412,"data":{"key":"Z7LZULUN","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The Development of an Electronic Control Unit for a High Pressure Common Rail Diesel / Natural Gas Dual- Fuel Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1168","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–11","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1168.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 2014011168","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: 8T5VQ9LM
data:
  {"key":"8T5VQ9LM","version":412,"data":{"key":"8T5VQ9LM","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of the performance and exhaust gas emissions of a biogas / n-heptane fueled HCCI engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Darko","lastName":"Kozarac"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ivan","lastName":"Taritas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Vuilleumier"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Samveg","lastName":"Saxena"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert W","lastName":"Dibble"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"115","issue":"","pages":"180–193","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.055","ISSN":"0360-5442","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.055","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: QG4IKCLD
data:
  {"key":"QG4IKCLD","version":412,"data":{"key":"QG4IKCLD","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study on the diesel and biodiesel spray characteristics emerging from equilateral triangular orifice under real diesel engine operation conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shenghao","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bifeng","lastName":"Yin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Weixin","lastName":"Deng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hekun","lastName":"Jia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ze","lastName":"Ye"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bin","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Huaping","lastName":"Xu"}],"abstractNote":"The triangular spray has a potential to accelerate air-fuel mixing rate and undergo axis-switching during the injection process, which both are beneficial for improving the atomization quality. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the macro-spray characteristics and the mechanism of axis-switching with diesel and biodiesel emerging from equilateral triangular orifice of diesel nozzle, by using shadowgraph technique, under various injection pressures (50 MPa, 70 MPa, 90 MPa) and backpressures (1 MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa). Two CCD cameras were set to capture the macro spray images at the minor and major view planes simultaneously. Macro spray characteristics values were processed from the spray images in different view planes by MATLAB. The results indicated that the spray width of biodiesel was larger than that of diesel at all conditions from all view planes. In addition, both diesel and biodiesel emerging from equilateral triangular orifice underwent axis-switching during the spray progress even under the typical diesel engine operation conditions. Moreover, the difference of equilateral triangular spray widths between minor plane and major plane decreases as the backpressure increases for both fuels, it is expected that the increasing of backpressure enhances the aerodynamic effects, resulting in inhibiting the spray axis-switching. Furthermore, the difference of diesel spray widths between the major plane and minor plane was much higher than that of biodiesel. Because the higher surface tension and viscosity of biodiesel can cause smaller surface-instabilities and also resist the spray deformation, which are conductive to suppress the biodiesel spray axis-switching, and thus ultimately lead to narrowing the difference of biodiesel spray widths between minor plane and major plane. Finally, the spray tip penetration of biodiesel was consistent longer than that of diesel, while the spray cone angle of biodiesel was smaller than that of diesel, and also there was an interaction between major and minor view planes for diesel spray cone angle values at the backpressure of 1 MPa, but it didn't happen for biodiesel during the whole injection process. The present results indicated that the diesel spray was much easier to undergo axis-switching. The higher probability of axis-switching, larger spray cone angle and spray width of diesel demonstrated better air-fuel mixing quality than biodiesel.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"224","issue":"March","pages":"357–365","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.099","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Axis-switching"},{"tag":"Biodiesel"},{"tag":"Diesel nozzle"},{"tag":"Equilateral triangular orifice"},{"tag":"Spray characteristic"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: DUUQQQPT
data:
  {"key":"DUUQQQPT","version":412,"data":{"key":"DUUQQQPT","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Algorithms for Ellipsoids","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"SB Stephen B","lastName":"Pope"}],"abstractNote":"We describe a number of algorithms to perform basic geometric operations on ellipsoids in n spatial dimensions, for n ¸ 1. These algorithms are im- plemented in ELL LIB, a library of Fortran subroutines. With E, E1 and E2 being given ellipsoids, and p a given point, the tasks considered include: determine the point in E which is closest to p or furthest from p; grow or shrink E so that its boundary intersects p; project E onto a given a±ne space; determine a separating hyperplane between E1 and E2; determine an ellipsoid (of small volume) which covers E1 and E2.","publicationTitle":"Cornell University Report No. FDA","volume":"","issue":"February","pages":"47","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://tcg.mae.cornell.edu/pubs/Pope{\\_}FDA{\\_}08.pdf","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: AG3BM9L9
data:
  {"key":"AG3BM9L9","version":412,"data":{"key":"AG3BM9L9","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multidimensional CFD simulation of syngas combustion in a micro-pilot-ignited dual-fuel engine using a constructed chemical kinetics mechanism","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ulugbek","lastName":"Azimov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Masahiro","lastName":"Okuno"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazuya","lastName":"Tsuboi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nobuyuki","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eiji","lastName":"Tomita"}],"abstractNote":"A multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a constructed syngas chemical kinetic mechanism was performed to evaluate the combustion of syngas in a supercharged dual-fuel engine for various syngas initial compositions under lean conditions. The modelled results were validated by comparing predictions against corresponding experimental data for a supercharged dual-fuel engine. The predicted and measured in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and rate of heat release (ROHR) data were in good agreement. The effect of the hydrogen peroxide chain-propagation reaction on the progress of combustion under supercharged conditions was examined for different types of syngas using various initial H2 concentrations. The effect of the main syngas kinetic mechanism reactions on the combustion progress was analysed in terms of their contribution to the total heat of the reaction. The best results compared with experimental data were obtained in the range of equivalence ratios below about 0.8 for all types of syngas considered in this paper. As the equivalence ratio increased above 0.8, the results deviated from the experiment data. The spatial distribution of the in-cylinder temperature and OH within this equivalence-ratio range showed the completeness of the combustion. The present CFD model captured the overall combustion process well and could be further developed into a useful tool for syngas-engine combustion simulations. ?? 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"36","issue":"21","pages":"13793–13807","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.07.140","ISSN":"03603199","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.07.140","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0360-3199\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"CFD simulation"},{"tag":"Chemical kinetics mechanism"},{"tag":"Dual-fuel engine"},{"tag":"Syngas combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:29Z"}}


key: 6U9N2YXX
data:
  {"key":"6U9N2YXX","version":412,"data":{"key":"6U9N2YXX","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"E ff ects of natural gas injection timing and split pilot fuel injection strategy on the combustion performance and emissions in a dual-fuel engine fueled with diesel and natural gas","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"168","issue":"February","pages":"162–169","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.091","ISSN":"0196-8904","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.091","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Dual-fuel"},{"tag":"Emissions"},{"tag":"Natural gas injection timing"},{"tag":"Performance"},{"tag":"Split pilot fuel injection"},{"tag":"natural gas injection timing"},{"tag":"split pilot fuel injection"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:28Z"}}


key: M6CIK58G
data:
  {"key":"M6CIK58G","version":412,"data":{"key":"M6CIK58G","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of turbulence–chemistry interactions on chemical pathways for turbulent hydrogen–air premixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Debolina","lastName":"Dasgupta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marc","lastName":"Day"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tim","lastName":"Lieuwen"}],"abstractNote":"This paper considers the kinetic pathways of hydrogen oxidation in turbulent, premixed H2–air flames. It assesses the relative roles of different reaction steps in H2 oxidation relative to laminar flames, and the degree to which turbulence–chemistry interactions alters the well understood oxidation pathway that exist in laminar flames. This is done by analyzing the turbulent, lean (ϕ = 0.4), H2–air flame DNS database from Aspden et al. [17]. The relative roles of dominant reaction steps in heat release and radical formation/consumption are analyzed at different Karlovitz numbers and compared with laminar stretched flame calculations from counterflow flames and perfectly stirred reactors. It is found that both the progress variable conditioned and spatially integrated contributions of the dominant reactions remain qualitatively similar between a highly turbulent and a laminar unstretched flame. Larger changes, up to a factor of about two, occur in the relative roles of reactions with secondary influences on heat release and radical production/consumption. These results suggest that the kinetic routes through which H2 is oxidized remain essentially constant between laminar, unstretched flames and high Karlovitz number flames.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"176","issue":"","pages":"191–201","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.029","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Premixed flames"},{"tag":"Turbulent combustion"},{"tag":"Turbulent–chemistry interactions"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:28Z"}}


key: PBZ327PB
data:
  {"key":"PBZ327PB","version":412,"data":{"key":"PBZ327PB","version":412,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The comparison of detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms: Application to the combustion of methane","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sébastien","lastName":"Rolland"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John M.","lastName":"Simmie"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Chemical Kinetics","volume":"36","issue":"9","pages":"467–471","date":"2004","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1002/kin.20019","ISSN":"05388066","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:28Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:28Z"}}


