# syncCache

key: WKBLC8N5
data:
  {"key":"WKBLC8N5","version":448,"data":{"key":"WKBLC8N5","version":448,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Development of an optimized chemical kinetic mechanism for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion of a fuel blend of n -heptane and natural gas using a genetic algorithm","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Rahimi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E","lastName":"Fatehifar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R Khoshbakhti","lastName":"Saray"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2010","proceedingsTitle":"IMechE Journal Automotive Engineering","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"224","pages":"1141–1159","series":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1243/09544070JAUTO1343","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"chanism"},{"tag":"chemical kinetic me-"},{"tag":"combustion"},{"tag":"genetic algorithm"},{"tag":"homogeneous charge compression ignition"},{"tag":"multi-zone combustion model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z"}}


key: 67WJEAKX
data:
  {"key":"67WJEAKX","version":448,"data":{"key":"67WJEAKX","version":448,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The ignition, combustion and flame structure of carbon monoxide/hydrogen mixtures. Note 1: Detailed kinetic modeling of syngas combustion also in presence of nitrogen compounds","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Frassoldati"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T.","lastName":"Faravelli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Ranzi"}],"abstractNote":"The kinetic characterization of the H2 / CO system is of interest right now due mainly to its role in sustainable combustion processes. The aim of this paper is to revise and validate a detailed kinetic model of hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture combustion with particular focus not only on NOx formation but also on interactions with nitrogen species. Model predictions and experimental measurements are discussed and compared across a wide range of operating conditions. This study moves from the detailed analysis of species profiles in syngas oxidation in flow reactor and laminar premixed flames to global combustion properties (ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds) by referring to a large set of literature data. According to recent literature, the validation of the kinetic scheme confirmed there was a need to slightly modify the kinetic parameters of two relevant CO2 formation reactions (CO + OH = CO2 + H and CO + O + M = CO2 + M) and of reaction HONO + OH = NO2 + H2 O. ?? 2007 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"32","issue":"15 SPEC. ISS.","pages":"3471–3485","date":"2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.01.011","ISSN":"03603199","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0360-3199","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion modeling"},{"tag":"Flame speed"},{"tag":"Ignition delay"},{"tag":"NOx formation"},{"tag":"Syngas flames"},{"tag":"Syngas kinetics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z"}}


key: VUUIJUUS
data:
  {"key":"VUUIJUUS","version":448,"data":{"key":"VUUIJUUS","version":448,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"High-Temperature Shock Tube Study of the Reactions CH3 + OH→Products and CH3OH + Ar→Products","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"DAVID M. GOLDEN","lastName":"VENKATESH VASUDEVAN, ROBERT D. COOK, RONALD K. HANSON, CRAIG T. BOWMAN"}],"abstractNote":"The reaction between methyl and hydroxyl radicals has been studied in reflected shock wave experiments using narrow-linewidth OH laser absorption. OH radicals were gen- erated by the rapid thermal decomposition of tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Two different species were used as CH3 radical precursors, azomethane and methyl iodide. The overall rate coeffi- cient of the CH3 + OH reaction was determined in the temperature range 1081–1426 K under conditions of chemical isolation. The experimental data are in good agreement with a recent theoretical study of the reaction. The decomposition of methanol to methyl and OH radicals was also investigated behind reflected shock waves. The current measurements are in good agreement with a recent experimental study and a master equation simulation. 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 488–495, 2008","publicationTitle":"International journal of chemical Kinetics","volume":"41","issue":"","pages":"488–495","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1002/kin.20334","ISSN":"05388066","shortTitle":"","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/kin.20715/full","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1097-4601\nPMID: 249456300004","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z"}}


key: ENWEK9V5
data:
  {"key":"ENWEK9V5","version":448,"data":{"key":"ENWEK9V5","version":448,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Continuous Multicomponent Fuel Flame Propagation and","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shiyou","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"132","issue":"July 2010","pages":"","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.4000267","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"continuous multicomponent fuel model"},{"tag":"de-"},{"tag":"flame propagation"},{"tag":"g-equation"},{"tag":"tailed chemical kinetics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z"}}


key: 5YJN74W6
data:
  {"key":"5YJN74W6","version":447,"data":{"key":"5YJN74W6","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical investigation of the evaporation of two-component droplets","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"George","lastName":"Strotos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manolis","lastName":"Gavaises"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andreas","lastName":"Theodorakakos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"George","lastName":"Bergeles"}],"abstractNote":"A numerical model for the complete thermo-fluid-dynamic and phase-change transport processes of two-component hydrocarbon liquid droplets consisting of n-heptane, n-decane and mixture of the two in various compositions is presented and validated against experimental data. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically together with the VOF methodology for tracking the droplet interface, using an adaptive local grid refinement technique. The energy and concentration equations inside the liquid and the gaseous phases for both liquid species and their vapor components are additionally solved, coupled together with a model predicting the local vaporization rate at the cells forming the interface between the liquid and the surrounding gas. The model is validated against experimental data available for droplets suspended on a small diameter pipe in a hot air environment under convective flow conditions; these refer to droplet's surface temperature and size regression with time. An extended investigation of the flow field is presented along with the temperature and concentration fields. The equilibrium position of droplets is estimated together with the deformation process of the droplet. Finally, extensive parametric studies are presented revealing the nature of multi-component droplet evaporation on the details of the flow, the temperature and concentration fields. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"90","issue":"4","pages":"1492–1507","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.017","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.017","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Droplet evaporation"},{"tag":"Multi-component evaporation"},{"tag":"Suspended droplet"},{"tag":"VOF"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z"}}


key: Z2CG3T2N
data:
  {"key":"Z2CG3T2N","version":447,"data":{"key":"Z2CG3T2N","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Statistical Analyses of CNG Constituents on Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chenaniah","lastName":"Langness"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christopher","lastName":"Depcik"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"Ci","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0802","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2016-01-0802/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:02Z"}}


key: FI6K97N6
data:
  {"key":"FI6K97N6","version":447,"data":{"key":"FI6K97N6","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"ScienceDirect Effects of hydrogen concentration on premixed laminar flames of hydrogen e methane e air","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ekenechukwu C","lastName":"Okafor"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Akihiro","lastName":"Hayakawa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yukihide","lastName":"Nagano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Toshiaki","lastName":"Kitagawa"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"39","issue":"5","pages":"2409–2417","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.11.128","ISSN":"0360-3199","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.11.128","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: KFWNTY7N
data:
  {"key":"KFWNTY7N","version":447,"data":{"key":"KFWNTY7N","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Characteristics of non-evaporating, evaporating and burning sprays of hydrous ethanol diesel emulsified fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tie","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiao Qing","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bin","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tao","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Qi","lastName":"Shi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming","lastName":"Zheng"}],"abstractNote":"Utilization of hydrous ethanol in diesel engines is beneficial not only for reducing the exhaust pollutant emissions but also for improving the lifecycle fuel efficiency including both in engines and refineries. However, so far detailed investigations on spray combustion characteristics of hydrous ethanol diesel emulsified fuels are rarely reported, though this information is crucial in combustion system design for better application of these fuels in diesel engines. In this paper, emulsions of the 20 wt% water-containing ethanol and commercial diesel fuel with volume fraction of the hydrous ethanol varied from 10 to 30% were firstly developed. Then, the physicochemical properties including the mixture stability, density, kinematic viscosity, surface tension, distillation temperature, latent heat of evaporation, etc. were investigated. Finally, the characteristics of non-evaporating, evaporating and burning sprays under the various injection and ambient conditions were clarified with the common-rail fuel injection system and the high-temperature, high-pressure, constant-volume combustion vessel. The results reveal that the difference of the spray cone angle and tip penetration length under either the non-evaporating or evaporating conditions for various fuels are relatively small, while the maximum liquid penetration length in the evaporating spray increases drastically with increased addition of the hydrous ethanol in the emulsions. In the case of burning spray, the natural luminosity of the flame decreases remarkably with the hydrous ethanol increasing, indicating the soot reduction in the flame. This effect becomes more pronounced with the ambient oxygen concentration decreasing. The mechanism of the above phenomena is discussed in depth.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"191","issue":"","pages":"251–265","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.070","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.070","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engines"},{"tag":"Emulsions"},{"tag":"Fuel property"},{"tag":"Hydrous ethanol"},{"tag":"Spray combustion characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: 5AZ99CSU
data:
  {"key":"5AZ99CSU","version":447,"data":{"key":"5AZ99CSU","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Evaluation of liquid fuel spray models for hybrid RANS/LES and DLES prediction of turbulent reactive flows","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ali","lastName":"Afshar"}],"abstractNote":"An evaluation of Lagrangian-based, discrete-phase models for multi-component liquid sprays encountered in the combustors of gas turbine engines is considered. In partic- ular, the spray modeling capabilities of the commercial software, ANSYS Fluent, was evaluated. Spray modeling was performed for various cold flow validation cases. These validation cases include a liquid jet in a cross-flow, an airblast atomizer, and a high shear fuel nozzle. Droplet properties including velocity and diameter were investigated and compared with previous experimental and numerical results. Different primary and secondary breakup models were evaluated in this thesis. The secondary breakup mod- els investigated include the Taylor analogy breakup (TAB) model, the wave model, the Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor model (KHRT), and the Stochastic secondary droplet (SSD) approach. The modeling of fuel sprays requires a proper treatment for the tur- bulence. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), large eddy simulation (LES), hybrid RANS/LES, and dynamic LES (DLES) were also considered for the turbulent flows in- volving sprays. The spray and turbulence models were evaluated using the available benchmark experimental data.","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: MR3ZH7NI
data:
  {"key":"MR3ZH7NI","version":447,"data":{"key":"MR3ZH7NI","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The Development and Validation of a Chemical Kinetic Model for Anisole , a Compound to Represent Biomass Pyrolysis Fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Scott W","lastName":"Wagnon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sébastien","lastName":"Thion"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Elna J K","lastName":"Nilsson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Mehl"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kuiwen","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Phillippe","lastName":"Dagaut"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alexander A","lastName":"Konnov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William J","lastName":"Pitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"biomass"},{"tag":"burning velocity"},{"tag":"lignin"},{"tag":"methoxybenzene"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: 2WA5KKXF
data:
  {"key":"2WA5KKXF","version":447,"data":{"key":"2WA5KKXF","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of injection pressure on diesel sprays in constant injection mass condition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wei","lastName":"Du"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Juejue","lastName":"Lou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Yan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenhua","lastName":"Bao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fushui","lastName":"Liu"}],"abstractNote":"As known, the constant injection mass is a criterion for measuring the thermal efficiency of diesel engine. In this study, the effects of injection pressure on diesel free-spray characteristics have been investigated in the condition of constant injection mass. The experiment has been performed in a constant volume combustion chamber. A high pressure common-rail injector with a single-hole nozzle is used. High speed camera and Schlieren visualization set-up are used to capture the behaviors of liquid phase spray and vapor phase spray respectively. For liquid phase spray, the spray penetration length increases as injection time elapsed until the saturated liquid phase spray penetration length is reached. Higher injection pressure causes higher liquid phase spray penetration rate, but the effect of injection pressure on saturated liquid phase spray penetration length is negligible. In addition, the influence of injection pressure on liquid phase spray cone angle can be neglected. For vapor phase spray, the variation of vapor phase spray penetration length can be divided into nonlinear increase period and linear increase period. Higher injection pressure causes higher mean vapor phase spray penetration rate. And higher injection pressure causes higher value of maximum vapor phase spray cone angle. The pure vapor phase spray cone angles at the time of injection stop increase linearly as the injection pressures increase.","publicationTitle":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"121","issue":"","pages":"234–241","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.075","ISSN":"13594311","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.075","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1359-4311\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Constant injection mass"},{"tag":"Liquid phase"},{"tag":"Spray cone angle"},{"tag":"Spray penetration length"},{"tag":"Vapor phase"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: 29ER2QBD
data:
  {"key":"29ER2QBD","version":447,"data":{"key":"29ER2QBD","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Impact of pilot diesel ignition mode on combustion and emissions characteristics of a diesel / natural gas dual fuel heavy-duty engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongshu","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongxiang","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dan","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manzhi","lastName":"Tan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongqiang","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhongchang","lastName":"Liu"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"167","issue":"","pages":"248–256","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.077","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"diesel"},{"tag":"engine"},{"tag":"natural gas dual fuel"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: 9GJUZJC4
data:
  {"key":"9GJUZJC4","version":447,"data":{"key":"9GJUZJC4","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"SAE TECHNICAL A Reduced Reaction Mechanism for Predicting Knock in Dual-Fuel Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S C","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F A","lastName":"Williams"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Sae Technical Paper Series","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2000","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2000-01-0957","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: H7V5BNY7
data:
  {"key":"H7V5BNY7","version":447,"data":{"key":"H7V5BNY7","version":447,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Development of HCCI natural gas engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazunobu","lastName":"Kobayashi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Takahiro","lastName":"Sako"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yoshimi","lastName":"Sakaguchi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Satoshi","lastName":"Morimoto"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sumihiro","lastName":"Kanematsu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kiyoshi","lastName":"Suzuki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tohru","lastName":"Nakazono"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hiroyuki","lastName":"Ohtsubo"}],"abstractNote":"The possibility of turbocharging into a natural gas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is experimentally investigated. Experiments are performed using a naturally aspirated engine fitted with an external supercharger and a butterfly valve for back pressure control to simulate a turbocharger. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency can be improved by raising the engine compression ratio and lowering the boost pressure. At an engine compression ratio of 21 and turbocharging pressure of 0.19 MPa, the brake thermal efficiency reaches 43%, with NOx emissions of only 10 ppm or less. Finally, the performance of the engine fitted with a newly developed turbocharger is demonstrated. As a result, 43.3% brake thermal efficiency, 0.98 MPa brake mean effective pressure, and 13.8 ppm NOx emission have been realized. This value shows the possibility that a power generating efficiency of 40% at a power output of 50 kW could be achieved when applied to combined heat and power (CHP), even allowing for energy losses in the generator and the power inverter. For practical use, the ignition timing control, operation control, including how to start or load input and ensuring durability, remain to be investigated. To clarify these issues, we have initiated the endurance test for a newly developed 25 kW HCCI package, although the engine is not supercharged.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"3","issue":"5","pages":"651–656","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.jngse.2011.07.002","ISSN":"18755100","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: MV782MKF
data:
  {"key":"MV782MKF","version":446,"data":{"key":"MV782MKF","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Approximations for Burning Velocities and Markstein Numbers for Lean Hydrocarbon and Methanol Flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"U C","lastName":"Muller"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Bollig"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N","lastName":"Peters"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"2180","issue":"","pages":"349–356","date":"1997","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: 74M9JDV6
data:
  {"key":"74M9JDV6","version":446,"data":{"key":"74M9JDV6","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"1928) 1889)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F A","lastName":"Williams"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"4462","issue":"","pages":"","date":"1971","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:01Z"}}


key: YMLI6KNR
data:
  {"key":"YMLI6KNR","version":446,"data":{"key":"YMLI6KNR","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Near-nozzle microscopic characterization of diesel spray under cold start conditions with split injection strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yanfei","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chongming","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Miroslaw L.","lastName":"Wyszynski"}],"abstractNote":"Near-nozzle microscopic characteristics of diesel spray under room temperature (25 °C) and low temperature (-2 °C) were investigated by microscopic imaging technique. The primary breakup of winter diesel (WD) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) sprays were investigated with single and split injection strategies. It was shown that increased viscosity and surface tension under low temperature lead to much poorer dispersion. Under low injection pressure with split injection strategy, the first split injection was unexpectedly severely affected by both temperature and dwell, with significant breakup characteristic differences when dwell varied. By contrast, the second split under low injection pressure tended to be affected only by temperature rather by dwell. High injection pressure considerably alleviated the breakup characteristic difference of the first split injection caused by temperature and dwell although the effects of fuel properties were still seen, leading to better fuel dispersion and more predictable spray characteristics. In addition, RME with higher viscosity and surface tension consistently presented much poorer dispersion quality compared with WD even under high injection pressure where the influence of fuel properties may be insignificant.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"181","issue":"","pages":"366–375","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.103","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.103","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Low temperature"},{"tag":"Split injection strategy"},{"tag":"Spray microscopic characterization"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: 2HY48LQT
data:
  {"key":"2HY48LQT","version":446,"data":{"key":"2HY48LQT","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spark Ignited Direct Injection Natural Gas Combustion in a Heavy Duty Single Cylinder Test Engine - AFR and EGR Dilution Effects","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Philip","lastName":"Zoldak"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeffrey","lastName":"Naber"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2015-01-2808.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: 8Z6XAMWK
data:
  {"key":"8Z6XAMWK","version":446,"data":{"key":"8Z6XAMWK","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Towards improvement of natural gas-diesel dual fuel mode : An experimental investigation on performance and exhaust emissions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohand","lastName":"Said"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Khaled","lastName":"Loubar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lyes","lastName":"Tarabet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mourad","lastName":"Balistrou"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"64","issue":"","pages":"200–211","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.091","ISSN":"0360-5442","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.091","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: ZQQNYPY4
data:
  {"key":"ZQQNYPY4","version":446,"data":{"key":"ZQQNYPY4","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Linear response of stretch-affected premixed flames to flow oscillations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H Y","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C K","lastName":"Law"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T","lastName":"Lieuwen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"156","issue":"4","pages":"889–895","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.012","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.012","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"acoustic-flame interaction"},{"tag":"combustion instabilities"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: DVG94MQM
data:
  {"key":"DVG94MQM","version":446,"data":{"key":"DVG94MQM","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multi-environment PDF modeling for n-dodecane spray combustion processes using tabulated chemistry","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Namsu","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kiyoung","lastName":"Jung"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongmo","lastName":"Kim"}],"abstractNote":"The multi-environment probability density function approach together with a tabulated chemistry model has been developed to numerically simulate spray combustion processes under Diesel-like combustion conditions. In this study, the joint composition PDF is approximated using the multi-environment PDF, consisting of a combination of weights and weighted scalars in both chemical composition space and physical space. To account for the auto-ignition process and subsequent flame propagation, a flamelet generated manifold is generated by utilizing steady and unsteady flamelet solutions. The spray dynamics are represented by the state-of-art physical models in context with the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. The RANS-based computations are made for the n-dodecane non-reacting and reacting spray jets. In terms of spray and vapor penetration, the mean and rms mixture fraction, ignition delay, and lift-off height, the numerical results are in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental data of the Engine Combustion Network. Based on the numerical results, detailed discussions are made for the effects of the ambient conditions on the structures and characteristics of high-pressure Diesel-fueled spray jet flames.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"192","issue":"","pages":"205–220","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.02.004","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.02.004","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Autoignition"},{"tag":"Diesel spray combustion"},{"tag":"Flame liftoff"},{"tag":"Flamelet generated manifolds"},{"tag":"Multi-environment probability density function"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: E9SV9MKL
data:
  {"key":"E9SV9MKL","version":446,"data":{"key":"E9SV9MKL","version":446,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Homogeneous ignition of CH 4 / air and H 2 O and CO 2 -diluted CH 4 / O 2 mixtures over Pt ; an experimental and numerical investigation at pressures up to 16 bar","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Reinke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John","lastName":"Mantzaras"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf","lastName":"Schaeren"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf","lastName":"Bombach"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andreas","lastName":"Inauen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sabine","lastName":"Schenker"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"30","issue":"","pages":"2519–2527","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.054","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"air over pt"},{"tag":"ch 4"},{"tag":"effect of h 2"},{"tag":"high-pressure homogeneous ignition of"},{"tag":"lif and raman"},{"tag":"o and co 2"},{"tag":"on ignition"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: N3UC97HA
data:
  {"key":"N3UC97HA","version":446,"data":{"key":"N3UC97HA","version":446,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Modeling Premixed and Direct Injection SI Engine Combustion Using the G-Equation Model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhichao","lastName":"Tan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Song-charng","lastName":"Kong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2003","proceedingsTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: LWH8EKHF
data:
  {"key":"LWH8EKHF","version":445,"data":{"key":"LWH8EKHF","version":445,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spark ignition engine combustion modeling using a level set method with detailed chemistry","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rd","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Paper 2006-01-0243","volume":"2006","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2006","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2006-01-0243/ http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=intitle:2006-01-0243+Spark+Ignition+Engine+Combustion+Modeling+Using+a+Level+Set+Method+with+Detailed+Chemistry{\\#}0","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: E2MDWQ5V
data:
  {"key":"E2MDWQ5V","version":445,"data":{"key":"E2MDWQ5V","version":445,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Investigation of two-stage split-injection strategies for a Dieseline fuelled PPCI engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Soheil Zeraati","lastName":"Rezaei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fan","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Akbar","lastName":"Ghafourian"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jose Martin","lastName":"Herreros"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shijin","lastName":"Shuai"}],"abstractNote":"Two-stage split-injection strategies for partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) combustion mode were investigated in a light duty 2.2 L four cylinder compression ignition engine fuelled with G50-Dieseline (50% ULG95 gasoline in EN590 diesel by volume). The investigation of two-stage split-injection has been focused on injection quantity-ratios and timings and it aims to achieve improved charge premixing and consequently reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions simultaneously. Other parameters affecting combustion process (e.g. compression ratio) were fixed to identify the individual effects of parameters under study on the combustion and emission characteristics by the Taguchi-DOE (design of experiment) analysis. The investigation was conducted for two load groups of 1.37 and 2.97 bar BMEP selected from the new European driving cycle (NEDC) at an engine speed of 1800 RPM. Optimum operating values of injection parameters for generating the minimum and maximum combustion and emission characteristics were identified. Furthermore, very early first injection-timings were investigated for 2.97 bar BMEP with the combustion phase of 50% accumulative heat release (AHR-50) fixed. Compared with the single-injection strategy, BSNOxwas reduced by approximately 39% to 59% through applying the two-stage split-injection. Accumulation particulate concentration as well as smoke number were reduced by approximately 90%. It is believed that with very early first-injection timings, fuel wall-impingement and over mixing may have resulted in lower combustion efficiency and thus BMEP drop. Consequently, the premixing process can reach a limit where the effect of required higher injected fuel quantity dominates combustion and emission characteristics. The two-stage split-injection developed in this study appears to be effective in improving the premixing process for PPCI combustion. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"107","issue":"x","pages":"299–308","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.048","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.048","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361","tags":[{"tag":"Dieseline"},{"tag":"Optimisation"},{"tag":"PPCI"},{"tag":"Split-injection"},{"tag":"Taguchi-DOE"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: B4MAUMPL
data:
  {"key":"B4MAUMPL","version":445,"data":{"key":"B4MAUMPL","version":445,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Grid-Convergent Spray Models for Internal Combustion Engine Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. K.","lastName":"Senecal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Pomraning"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K. J.","lastName":"Richards"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Som"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology","volume":"136","issue":"1","pages":"012204","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.4024861","ISSN":"0195-0738","shortTitle":"","url":"http://energyresources.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1115/1.4024861","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 978-0-7918-5509-6","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: QU7QGCYZ
data:
  {"key":"QU7QGCYZ","version":445,"data":{"key":"QU7QGCYZ","version":445,"itemType":"document","title":"GRI-Mechanism 3.0","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"","lastName":"Smith G., Golden D., Frenklach M., Moriarty N., Eiteneer B., Goldenberg M., Bowman T., Hanson R., Song S., Gardiner W., Lissianski V. Jr."},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Qin","lastName":"Z"}],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"","date":"","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://combustion.berkeley.edu/gri-mech/version30/text30.html","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:00Z"}}


key: 4B5WT8Z4
data:
  {"key":"4B5WT8Z4","version":445,"data":{"key":"4B5WT8Z4","version":445,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A numerical investigation on methane combustion and emissions from a natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine using CFD model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hailin","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongsheng","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yongzhi","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mingfa","lastName":"Yao"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas (NG)-diesel dual fuel engines have been criticized for their high emissions of unburned methane. The past research on methane emissions from dual fuel engines has focused on the measurement of methane concentration in exhaust gases. The development of approaches capable of minimizing methane emissions requests the detailed spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder during the combustion and post combustion processes. However, it is difficult to experimentally measure the spatial distribution of methane in-cylinder. This research presents a numerical study on the combustion process of a NG-diesel dual fuel engine using the computational fluids dynamics (CFD) model CONVERGE coupled with a reduced primary reference fuel (PRF) mechanism. The model was validated against the heat release process and the emissions of nitrogen oxide, methane and carbon monoxide measured in a single cylinder dual fuel engine. The validated CFD model was applied to investigate the combustion of methane and n-heptane and the spatial distribution of methane in the dual fuel engine. This is most likely the first attempt to visualize the spatial distribution of methane in dual fuel engines using CFD. The objective of this study is to numerically simulate the methane combustion process, especially the methane present outside the pilot spray, quantify the methane combustion in each combustion stage, and visualize the spatial methane distribution in cylinder. The results showed that the momentum produced by the pilot fuel injection and combustion pushed the combustion products of pilot fuel and methane within the pilot spray plume toward the unburned methane-air mixture. Such a movement enhanced the mixing of the hot combustion products and the relatively cold unburned methane-air mixture during the main combustion process and dominated the combustion of methane presented outside the pilot fuel spray plume. Based on the simulation results at a low load condition (4.05bar), the main combustion process consumed 43–53% of the methane fumigated into the intake mixture. The post-combustion oxidation process consumed 17–29% of the intake methane, which was 36.2–51.8% methane that survived the main combustion process. In comparison, 27–35% methane emitted the engine without participating the combustion process. The unburned methane at exhaust valve opening was mainly observed at the center of the cylinder. In comparison, the contribution of the crevice and boundary layer around the cylinder liner to methane emissions was relatively small. The slip of methane through the dual fuel engines was due to the fact that the premixed mixture was too lean to support the propagation of the turbulent flame initiated by the pilot fuel and the lack of pilot fuel vapor reaching the center of the combustion chamber because of the geometric limitations of the fuel injection system and the reduced mass of pilot fuel injected into the cylinder. The approaches aiming to enhance the combustion of methane and minimize methane emissions from dual fuel engines should focus on those capable of increasing the volume of pilot fuel vapor formed after injected into the cylinder.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"205","issue":"","pages":"153–162","date":"2017-11","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/J.APENERGY.2017.07.071","ISSN":"0306-2619","shortTitle":"","url":"https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/science/article/pii/S0306261917309431","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: XMIAFN7E
data:
  {"key":"XMIAFN7E","version":445,"data":{"key":"XMIAFN7E","version":445,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Multicomponent Blend as a Diesel Fuel Surrogate for Compression Ignition Engine Applications","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuanjiang","lastName":"Pei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Mehl"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wei","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tianfeng","lastName":"Lu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William J.","lastName":"Pitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sibendu","lastName":"Som"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power","volume":"137","issue":"11","pages":"111502","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.4030416","ISSN":"0742-4795","shortTitle":"","url":"http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1115/1.4030416","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9780791846179","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: N3DEQK8P
data:
  {"key":"N3DEQK8P","version":445,"data":{"key":"N3DEQK8P","version":445,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Comparative study on the laminar flame speed enhancement of methane with ethane and ethylene addition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Ravi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"T. G.","lastName":"Sikes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Morones"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. L.","lastName":"Keesee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E. L.","lastName":"Petersen"}],"abstractNote":"A systematic analysis of the flame speed enhancement effects of ethane and ethylene addition to methane was performed. Flame speeds of outwardly propagating spherical flames were measured in a high-pressure, cylindrical flame speed vessel using schlieren photography. It was ensured that the measured data were outside the ignition- and chamber-confinement-affected radii. The unstretched, unburnt flame speeds were obtained using nonlinear extrapolation methods from the experimentally determined stretched flame speeds. The AramcoMech 1.3 kinetics mechanism was validated against flame speeds of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene over a wide range of pressures and equivalence ratios. Good agreement between the measured data and those reported in the literature was seen. The model agreed closely with the measurements at fuel-lean conditions, but a slight over prediction was observed for the fuel-rich cases. Flame speeds of 80/20 and 60/40 (by volume) CH4/C2Hx mixtures in air and in air with excess nitrogen were measured over a wide range of fuel concentrations. In all cases, the addition of ethylene increased the flame speed more than did an equivalent addition of ethane. The Arrhenius effect (predominantly kinetic effect) was the principal driver for flame speed enhancement of methane with ethane/ethylene addition. Sensitivity analysis revealed that thermal and diffusive pathways were equally contributing to the flame speed enhancement of CH4/C2H6 mixtures, but the latter played a comparatively minor role in the C2H4-based blends.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"35","issue":"1","pages":"679–686","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.130","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.130","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"Acetylene"},{"tag":"Ethane"},{"tag":"Ethylene"},{"tag":"Fuel blends"},{"tag":"Laminar flame speeds"},{"tag":"acetylene"},{"tag":"ethane"},{"tag":"ethylene"},{"tag":"laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"methane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: HG64QEXA
data:
  {"key":"HG64QEXA","version":444,"data":{"key":"HG64QEXA","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of H 2 enrichment on laminar methane – air flame thickness","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y","lastName":"Lafay"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B","lastName":"Renou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G","lastName":"Cabot"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Boukhalfa"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"153","issue":"","pages":"540–561","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.10.002","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"hydrogen"},{"tag":"kinetics"},{"tag":"laminar flame thickness"},{"tag":"rayleigh scattering"},{"tag":"thermal structure"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: 6Z3NV9QC
data:
  {"key":"6Z3NV9QC","version":444,"data":{"key":"6Z3NV9QC","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Probability Density Function Modeling of Turbulence/Chemistry Interactions in Methane Flame Enrichment by Hydrogen","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","name":"Fethi Bouras"},{"creatorType":"author","name":"Fouad Khaldi"}],"abstractNote":"Abstract: The present investigation illustrates a computational study of the turbulent diffusion flame in a cylindrical burner that is confined by two coaxial jets (methane/hydrogen and air). This is to improve the reactive mixture, the reactants combustion and to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide as pollutant chemical species. The coupled models LES/PDF are, hereby, used to surmount the turbulence/chemistry interaction in the transport equations of chemical species. The predicted mixture fraction, the progress variable, and the carbon monoxide mass fraction are selected to validate the coupled models with respect to the experimental references data. Furthermore, the same scalar parameters which are considered in the previous numerical validation are evaluated from different fuel compositions of the hydrogen and the methane percentage to supply the combustion chamber. The computed results are carried out by FLUENT-CFD; where, they prove that hydrogen addition reduces the carbon monoxide concentration in the combustion products and improves the reactants combustion caused by the rich mixture.","publicationTitle":"Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering","volume":"52","issue":"6","pages":"1019–1028","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1134/S0040579518060040","ISSN":"00405795","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"computational fluid dynamics (CFD)"},{"tag":"diffusion flame"},{"tag":"hydrogen fuel"},{"tag":"large eddy simulation (LES)"},{"tag":"non-premixed combustion"},{"tag":"probability density function (PDF)"},{"tag":"turbulence"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: QIGQXSKP
data:
  {"key":"QIGQXSKP","version":444,"data":{"key":"QIGQXSKP","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Impact of Cetane Number on Combustion of a Gasoline-Diesel Dual-Fuel Heavy-Duty Multi-Cylinder Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Ickes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Thomas","lastName":"Wallner"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William","lastName":"De Ojeda"}],"abstractNote":"Dual-fuel combustion using liquid fuels with differing reactivity has been shown to achieve low-temperature combustion with moderate peak pressure rise rates, low soot and NOx emissions, and high indicated efficiency. Varying fractions of gasoline-type and diesel-type fuels enable operation across a range of low- and mid-load operating conditions. Expanding the operating range to cover the full operating range of a heavy-duty diesel engine, while maintaining the efficiency and emissions benefits, is a key objective. With dissimilar properties of the two utilized fuels lying at the heart of the dual-fuel concept, a tool for enabling this load range expansion is altering the properties of the two test fuels - this study focuses on altering the reactivity of the diesel fuel component. Tests were conducted on a 13L six-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine modified to run dual-fuel combustion with port gasoline injection to supplement the direct diesel injection. A single diesel injection strategy was used across a range of operating points. Diesel fuels with varying cetane number were tested, including a ULSD certification fuel; a low cetane, low aromatics, high volatility fuel from the Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines matrix (FACE #1); and a high cetane Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel. Decreasing diesel fuel cetane number reduces overall mixture reactivity and extends the mixing time prior to onset of combustion, reducing soot emissions and shifting the overall operating window to a higher load range. Stable operation with high gasoline fractions across a wider load range is enabled by the high cetane fuel.","publicationTitle":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":"7","issue":"2","pages":"860–872","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1309","ISSN":"1946-3944","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: DP2CVCCJ
data:
  {"key":"DP2CVCCJ","version":444,"data":{"key":"DP2CVCCJ","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Zonal Turbulence Modeling Approach for ICE Flow Simulation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vesselin Krassimirov","lastName":"Krastev"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gino","lastName":"Bella"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0584","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 2016010584","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: FHQBVWPK
data:
  {"key":"FHQBVWPK","version":444,"data":{"key":"FHQBVWPK","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Extinction Analysis of a Methane-Oxygen Counterflow Flame at High Pressure","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Albert","lastName":"Jordà Juanós"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William A.","lastName":"Sirignano"}],"abstractNote":"© 2017 Taylor & Francis. A numerical study on a high-pressure laminar counterflow diffusion flame is presented. Extinction limits are studied at pressures up to 100 atm for two cases: one with pure methane and the other for a diluted mixture of methane with 40% water vapor mass fraction. The fuel stream flows against pure oxygen on both cases. Solutions for the 1D ideal-gas model and for a real-gas model are provided with both detailed and reduced chemical kinetics, and are compared against real-gas results from the literature. Previous studies increased the strain rate by rising the inflowing velocities of the opposing streams, yielding very high speeds near extinction. Here, strain rate is increased mainly by moving the nozzles closer to each other and also by small increases in the inflow velocities until extinction occurs. When no water is present, there is good agreement in the extinction strain rate between all the cases. However, substantial differences appear in extinction temperature, which features a local minimum between 70 atm and 90 atm, which was not previously reported in the literature. Furthermore, when water vapor is mixed with the fuel, both extinction strain rate and extinction temperature behave differently with increasing pressure. Extinction strain rate increases with pressure and reaches an asymptotic value at about 50 atm, while extinction flame temperature increases from 1 atm to 20 atm, and then decreases almost linearly.","publicationTitle":"Combustion Science and Technology","volume":"189","issue":"12","pages":"2180–2194","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1080/00102202.2017.1367293","ISSN":"1563521X","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Counterflow"},{"tag":"Extinction"},{"tag":"High pressure"},{"tag":"Methane"},{"tag":"Reduced kinetics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: 4X2MESVQ
data:
  {"key":"4X2MESVQ","version":444,"data":{"key":"4X2MESVQ","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling of Multicomponent Fuels Using Continuous Distributions with Application to Droplet Evaporation and Sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andreas M","lastName":"Lippert"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper Series","volume":"","issue":"972882","pages":"","date":"1997","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/972882","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1473000920","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: HYUWRITQ
data:
  {"key":"HYUWRITQ","version":444,"data":{"key":"HYUWRITQ","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Diesel fuel jet lift-off stabilization in the presence of laser-induced plasma ignition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lyle M.","lastName":"Pickett"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sanghoon","lastName":"Kook"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Helena","lastName":"Persson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Öivind","lastName":"Andersson"}],"abstractNote":"The mechanisms affecting lift-off stabilization at diesel conditions were investigated by laser-igniting a diesel fuel jet upstream of its natural lift-off position. Single-nozzle fuel sprays penetrating into an optically accessible constant-volume chamber were ignited using laser-induced plasma formation both prior to natural autoignition or after a quasi-steady lift-off length was established. Fuel sprays ignited readily, with reaction kernels growing in connected regions. After laser-ignition, the lift-off persists upstream of the natural lift-off position for a substantial period of time indicating that upstream ignition has a strong influence on lift-off stabilization. While not discounting the role of flame propagation downstream of the ignition event, these results show that upstream ignition sites can start a chain of events that effectively controls lift-off. Lift-off eventually returns to its natural position, but only after injection times that are too long for practical engines. The time of return to the natural position depends upon the relative distance of the laser-ignition site to the natural lift-off length. A theory for fuel jet lift-off stabilization based on flame propagation into pure fuel-ambient reactant streams fails to predict the long upstream stabilization away from the natural lift-off length because turbulent velocities are higher in upstream regions of the fuel jet. Likewise, upstream lift-off stabilization by autoignition of pure reactants (no mixing with combustion products) fails because of cooler temperatures and shorter residence times. A potential mechanism explaining the transient lift-off response to laser-ignition is offered based on turbulent mixing with high-temperature combustion products found at the jet edges.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"32 II","issue":"","pages":"2793–2800","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.082","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1540-7489","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel combustion"},{"tag":"Lifted flames"},{"tag":"Plasma ignition"},{"tag":"Soot"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:59Z"}}


key: GZBYN9KR
data:
  {"key":"GZBYN9KR","version":444,"data":{"key":"GZBYN9KR","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of split fuel injection on heat release and pollutant emissions in partially premixed combustion of PRF70/air/EGR mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F.","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"X. S.","lastName":"Bai"}],"abstractNote":"Two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations are performed to study the combustion process of PRF70/air/exhaust gas mixtures under partially premixed combustion (PPC) conditions relevant to modern low temperature internal combustion engines. The aim is to gain improved understanding of the underlining physics in PPC engines. A skeletal PRF chemical kinetic mechanism is used together with full transport properties. The 2D and 3D numerical simulations are performed on respectively a 0.614×0.614mm2domain and a 0.614×0.614×0.614mm3domain with a 1.2μm cell size. The results reveal the effects of the split of the fuel mass in different injections on the combustion and emission process in PPC engines. Increasing the amount of second fuel injection results in a retarded heat release and decreased NO emission, however, increased CO emission. While this CO/NOx tradeoff has been observed in previous PPC engine experiments the fundamental reason for this is clarified here. PPC is shown to consist of a two-stage combustion process: in the first stage the stratified fuel/air mixture auto-ignites, which results in partial oxidation of the fuel in the fuel-rich region and a mixture of radicals and hot products in the fuel-lean region. In the second stage the partially oxidized fuel/air mixture is oxidized in a thin diffusion flame where the diffusion and chemical reaction both play an important role. The split of fuel mass in different injections essentially affect the amount of fuel/air in the fuel-lean region and the fuel-rich region, thereby the relative importance of the diffusion flame. This in turn affects the emissions of NO and CO. The effects of turbulence on the heat release rate, pressure-rise-rate and emissions are a manifestation of the change of the reaction zone structures. At high turbulence intensities and large integral lengths a more homogeneous mixture is achieved, which promotes the volumetric ignition stage, speeds up the heat release rate, increases the pressure-rise-rate, and increases the NO formation and CO oxidation rates. The existence of both volumetric ignition and diffusion flame in PPC poses a great challenge for numerical simulations of PPC engines.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"149","issue":"","pages":"283–296","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.058","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Direct numerical simulation"},{"tag":"IC engines"},{"tag":"Partially premixed combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: 6AQ5Q5MF
data:
  {"key":"6AQ5Q5MF","version":444,"data":{"key":"6AQ5Q5MF","version":444,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The Development of an Electronic Control Unit for a High Pressure Common Rail Diesel / Natural Gas Dual- Fuel Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1168","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–11","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1168.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 2014011168","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: CRMGEN5W
data:
  {"key":"CRMGEN5W","version":443,"data":{"key":"CRMGEN5W","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental research on the effect of shock wave on the evolution of high-pressure diesel spray","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Enzhe","lastName":"Song"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yue","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Quan","lastName":"Dong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Liyun","lastName":"Fan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chong","lastName":"Yao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Liping","lastName":"Yang"}],"abstractNote":"With the increase in the diesel injection pressure in modern diesel engines, the velocity of the diesel spray increases accordingly, and shock waves are induced when the spray is supersonic. To better understand the effect of shock waves on the spray development, the evolution of the high-pressure diesel spray and shock wave under different diesel injection pressures and ambient pressure has been investigated using the Schlieren imaging method. The results show that the shock wave affects the development of the spray and the mixing effect between the spray and surrounding air. The shock wave promotes development of the spray tip penetration and enhances the gas entrainment effect. However, the shock wave has an inhibitory effect on the spray development in the radial direction. In addition, the shock wave angle determines the range of influence on the ambient air, which affects atomization of the spray. The shock wave angle increases with the decrease in the spray front Mach number. An empirical correlation of the shock wave angle and spray front Mach number was proposed in this paper. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, a diagram of the shock wave generation and classification in a diesel engine is proposed.","publicationTitle":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"93","issue":"August 2017","pages":"235–241","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.01.004","ISSN":"08941777","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.01.004","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Empirical correlation"},{"tag":"Mach number"},{"tag":"Schlieren imaging"},{"tag":"Shock wave"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: C8I7HCPZ
data:
  {"key":"C8I7HCPZ","version":443,"data":{"key":"C8I7HCPZ","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Emission characteristics of high speed, dual fuel, compression ignition engine operating in a wide range of natural gas/diesel fuel proportions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. G.","lastName":"Papagiannakis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. D.","lastName":"Rakopoulos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. T.","lastName":"Hountalas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. C.","lastName":"Rakopoulos"}],"abstractNote":"In the effort to reduce pollutant emissions from diesel engines various solutions have been proposed, one of which is the use of natural gas as supplement to liquid diesel fuel, with these engines referred to as fumigated, dual fuel, compression ignition engines. One of the main purposes of using natural gas in dual fuel (liquid and gaseous one) combustion systems is to reduce particulate emissions and nitrogen oxides. Natural gas is a clean burning fuel; it possesses a relatively high auto-ignition temperature, which is a serious advantage over other gaseous fuels since then the compression ratio of most conventional direct injection (DI) diesel engines can be maintained high. In the present work, an experimental investigation has been conducted to examine the effects of the total air-fuel ratio on the efficiency and pollutant emissions of a high speed, compression ignition engine located at the authors' laboratory, where liquid diesel fuel is partially substituted by natural gas in various proportions, with the natural gas fumigated into the intake air. The experimental results disclose the effect of these parameters on brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and soot emissions, with the beneficial effect of the presence of natural gas being revealed. Given that the experimental measurements cover a wide range of liquid diesel supplementary ratios without any appearance of knocking phenomena, the belief is strengthened that the findings of the present work can be very valuable if opted to apply this technology on existing DI diesel engines. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"89","issue":"7","pages":"1397–1406","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.001","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.001","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Compression ignition engine"},{"tag":"Diesel fuel"},{"tag":"Dual fuel"},{"tag":"Emissions"},{"tag":"Natural gas"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: HDC9S6H8
data:
  {"key":"HDC9S6H8","version":443,"data":{"key":"HDC9S6H8","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An equivalent dissipation rate model for capturing history effects in non-premixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Prithwish","lastName":"Kundu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tarek","lastName":"Echekki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuanjiang","lastName":"Pei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sibendu","lastName":"Som"}],"abstractNote":"The effects of strain rate history on turbulent flames have been studied in the past decades with 1D counter flow diffusion flame (CFDF) configurations subjected to oscillating strain rates. In this work, these unsteady effects are studied for complex hydrocarbon fuel surrogates at engine relevant conditions with unsteady strain rates experienced by flamelets in a typical spray flame. Tabulated combustion models are based on a steady scalar dissipation rate (SDR) assumption and hence cannot capture these unsteady strain effects; even though they can capture the unsteady chemistry. In this work, 1D CFDF with varying strain rates are simulated using two different modeling approaches: steady SDR assumption and unsteady flamelet model. Comparative studies show that the history effects due to unsteady SDR are directly proportional to the temporal gradient of the SDR. A new equivalent SDR model based on the history of a flamelet is proposed. An averaging procedure is constructed such that the most recent histories are given higher weights. This equivalent SDR is then used with the steady SDR assumption in 1D flamelets. Results show a good agreement between tabulated flamelet solution and the unsteady flamelet results. This equivalent SDR concept is further implemented and compared against 3D spray flames (Engine Combustion Network Spray A). Tabulated models based on steady SDR assumption under-predict autoignition and flame lift-off when compared with an unsteady Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF) model. However, equivalent SDR model coupled with the tabulated model predicted autoignition and flame lift-off very close to those reported by the RIF model. This model is further validated for a range of injection pressures for Spray A flames. The new modeling framework now enables tabulated models with significantly lower computational cost to account for unsteady history effects.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"176","issue":"","pages":"202–212","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.10.001","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Engine combustion network"},{"tag":"Flamelet history"},{"tag":"Tabulation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: QLZALFZE
data:
  {"key":"QLZALFZE","version":443,"data":{"key":"QLZALFZE","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Prediction of autoignition in a lifted methane/air flame using an unsteady flamelet/progress variable model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matthias","lastName":"Ihme"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yee Chee","lastName":"See"}],"abstractNote":"An unsteady flamelet/progress variable (UFPV) model has been developed for the prediction of autoignition in turbulent lifted flames. The model is a consistent extension to the steady flamelet/progress variable (SFPV) approach, and employs an unsteady flamelet formulation to describe the transient evolution of all thermochemical quantities during the flame ignition process. In this UFPV model, all thermochemical quantities are parameterized by mixture fraction, reaction progress parameter, and stoichiometric scalar dissipation rate, eliminating the explicit dependence on a flamelet time scale. An a priori study is performed to analyze critical modeling assumptions that are associated with the population of the flamelet state space.For application to LES, the UFPV model is combined with a presumed PDF closure to account for subgrid contributions of mixture fraction and reaction progress variable. The model was applied in LES of a lifted methane/air flame. Additional calculations were performed to quantify the interaction between turbulence and chemistry a posteriori. Simulation results obtained from these calculations are compared with experimental data. Compared to the SFPV results, the unsteady flamelet/progress variable model captures the autoignition process, and good agreement with measurements is obtained for mixture fraction, temperature, and species mass fractions. From the analysis of scatter data and mixture fraction-conditional results it is shown that the turbulence/chemistry interaction delays the ignition process towards lower values of scalar dissipation rate, and a significantly larger region in the flamelet state space is occupied during the ignition process. © 2010 The Combustion Institute.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"157","issue":"10","pages":"1850–1862","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.015","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.015","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"Autoignition"},{"tag":"Large-eddy simulation"},{"tag":"Lifted flames"},{"tag":"Non-premixed combustion"},{"tag":"Turbulent combustion"},{"tag":"Unsteady flamelet modeling"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: E895F4KJ
data:
  {"key":"E895F4KJ","version":443,"data":{"key":"E895F4KJ","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An updated comprehensive chemical kinetic model of C8-C20 n-alkanes","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Goutham","lastName":"Kukkadapu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Scott W","lastName":"Wagnon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Mehl"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kuiwen","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles K.","lastName":"Westbrook"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William J","lastName":"Pitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M J","lastName":"Mcnenly"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S M","lastName":"Sarathy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Anne","lastName":"Rodriguez"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Olivier","lastName":"Herbinet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frédérique","lastName":"Battin-Leclerc"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chih-Jen","lastName":"Sung"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th U.S. National Combustion Meeting","volume":"20","issue":"","pages":"1–10","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"alkanes"},{"tag":"detailed chemical kinetic model"},{"tag":"diesel surrogates"},{"tag":"ignition"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: W9VG665Y
data:
  {"key":"W9VG665Y","version":443,"data":{"key":"W9VG665Y","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Study on viscosity and surface tension properties of biodiesel-diesel blends and their effects on spray parameters for CI engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mithun","lastName":"Das"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mouktik","lastName":"Sarkar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amitava","lastName":"Datta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Apurba Kumar","lastName":"Santra"}],"abstractNote":"Biodiesels, prepared from different vegetable oils, have the potential to substitute the petro-diesel fuel in engines for global sustainability. In this work, the biodiesels of castor oil, neem oil and sunflower oil, have been produced in the laboratory by transesterification process and the properties of the prepared fuels are measured and compared against those of diesel. We have focused on the fuel properties that influence the spray formation in the engine cylinder following injection, viz. viscosity and surface tension, at various temperatures. The viscosity and surface tension properties are also measured for blends of diesel and biodiesels at different temperatures and blend ratios. Different correlation functions, both from the literature and newly developed, are used to evaluate the viscosity and surface tension of pure fuels and blends. The properties of the blends predicted from the correlations are compared against the measured values. The deviations in the predicted and measured values are statistically obtained to identify the most suitable correlation for the fuels under consideration. The effects of the variation in the properties of the pure and blended fuels on the spray characteristics, like mean drop diameter and spray cone angle, for compression ignition engines are studied using suitable correlations. The results are used to determine the preheating required in the biodiesel and blended fuels to achieve the identical spray parameters in the engine cylinder as with diesel fuel following injection.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"220","issue":"November 2017","pages":"769–779","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.021","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.021","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Biodiesel"},{"tag":"Sauter mean diameter"},{"tag":"Spray cone angle"},{"tag":"Surface tension"},{"tag":"Viscosity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: 9NLPSQU4
data:
  {"key":"9NLPSQU4","version":443,"data":{"key":"9NLPSQU4","version":443,"itemType":"thesis","title":"A Path Flux Analysis Method for the Reduction of Detailed Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms A Path Flux Analysis Method for the Reduction of Detailed Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiaolong","lastName":"Gou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiguang","lastName":"Ju"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiaolong","lastName":"Gou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiguang","lastName":"Ju"}],"abstractNote":"","thesisType":"PhD Thesis","university":"","place":"","date":"","numPages":"1–40","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"a path flux analysis"},{"tag":"chemical kinetic mechanism"},{"tag":"detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms"},{"tag":"method for the reduction"},{"tag":"n-decane"},{"tag":"n-heptane"},{"tag":"of"},{"tag":"pfa"},{"tag":"reduced chemistry"},{"tag":"wenting sun 1"},{"tag":"xiaolong gou 3"},{"tag":"yiguang ju 1"},{"tag":"zheng chen 2"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:58Z"}}


key: IC4Q96ZV
data:
  {"key":"IC4Q96ZV","version":443,"data":{"key":"IC4Q96ZV","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"ScienceDirect Shock tube and kinetic study of C 2 H 6 / H 2 / O 2 / Ar mixtures at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lun","lastName":"Pan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yingjia","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiaxiang","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zemin","lastName":"Tian"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zuohua","lastName":"Huang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"39","issue":"11","pages":"6024–6033","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.157","ISSN":"0360-3199","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.157","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: X7LJRF4F
data:
  {"key":"X7LJRF4F","version":443,"data":{"key":"X7LJRF4F","version":443,"itemType":"document","title":"Numerical Investigation of Soot Emission in Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engines Using a Detailed Soot Model Framework","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Joohan","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Namho","lastName":"Kim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kyoungdoug","lastName":"Min"}],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"","date":"2016","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2016-01-0580/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISSN: 01487191\nDOI: 10.4271/2016-01-0580","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: 7U8TRQW4
data:
  {"key":"7U8TRQW4","version":443,"data":{"key":"7U8TRQW4","version":443,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Fuel injection and combustion study by the combination of mass flow rate and heat release rate with single and multiple injection strategies","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Miroslaw L.","lastName":"Wyszynski"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nik Rosli","lastName":"Abdullah"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jakub","lastName":"Piaszyk"}],"abstractNote":"The injection and combustion characteristics are complicated when split injection strategy is used due to strong interaction between splits. Various injection tests were carried out with long tube real-time fuel flow measuring instrument by employing both single and split injection strategies. Many engine tests with selected operation points (various pilot injection quantities, various injection dwells and various numbers of split injections) were also carried out with split injection strategy, enabling the combination of mass flow rate (MFR) and heat release rate (HRR) information to study combustion features. The results showed that raised injection pressure shortened the injection delay and increased the MFR. The actual injection duration was much longer than the TTL duration. More importantly, for multiple injections, the interaction between splits was dominated by the duration of the first split and injection intervals. The number of splits also exerted profound influence on the interaction. In addition, higher MFR for pilot injection near the piston TDC adversely affected the HRR and normalized combustion efficiency. Increased split injections with low MFR can effectively lower the peak HRR thus reducing the maximum temperature and NOxemissions.","publicationTitle":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"132","issue":"","pages":"118–132","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.11.024","ISSN":"03783820","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.11.024","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier B.V.","tags":[{"tag":"Heat release rate"},{"tag":"Long tube measuring system"},{"tag":"Mass flow rate"},{"tag":"Split injection"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: NBPSM867
data:
  {"key":"NBPSM867","version":442,"data":{"key":"NBPSM867","version":442,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"In situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) for combustion chemistry in a network of perfectly stirred reactors (PSRs) for the investigation of soot formation and growth","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sudip","lastName":"Adhikari"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alan","lastName":"Sayre"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abhilash J.","lastName":"Chandy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shuonan","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Anderson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark","lastName":"Hoffman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Prucka"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zoran","lastName":"Filipi"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents an efficient computational implementation of the in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) approach (Pope, 1997) for combustion chemistry in a network of perfectly stirred reactors (PSRs) for the investigation of soot formation and growth. This study, for the first time, extends the thermochemical composition vector to contain the soot moments, using the method of moments with interpolative closure (MOMIC) as a soot model with six concentration moments. A series of PSR calculations is carried out using the direct integration (DI) and ISAT approaches. Assessment of the accuracy of ISAT approach is conducted through direct comparisons with DI calculations. Moreover, complimentary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), sensitivity of ISAT calculations with respect to the absolute error tolerance values and speedup are analyzed for two different test cases of ethylene–air using two different chemical kinetic mechanisms. A maximum speedup of 50 × was achieved for an error tolerance of 10−4.","publicationTitle":"Computers and Chemical Engineering","volume":"113","issue":"1","pages":"196–208","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.03.007","ISSN":"00981354","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2016.11.023","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0954407016\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Complimentary cumulative distribution function"},{"tag":"Direct integration"},{"tag":"Dual fuel"},{"tag":"ISAT"},{"tag":"Perfectly stirred reactor"},{"tag":"Reaction mapping gradient"},{"tag":"combustion"},{"tag":"diesel"},{"tag":"natural gas"},{"tag":"triple-Wiebe function"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: NJK7H28Q
data:
  {"key":"NJK7H28Q","version":442,"data":{"key":"NJK7H28Q","version":442,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A New Droplet Collision Algorithm","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David P.","lastName":"Schmidt"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.J.","lastName":"Rutland"}],"abstractNote":"The droplet collision algorithm of O'Rourke is currently the standard approach to calculating collisions in Lagrangian spray simulations. This algorithm has a cost proportional to the square of the number of computational particles, or “parcels”. To more efficiently calculate droplet collisions, a technique applied to gas dynamics simulations is extended for use in sprays. For this technique to work efficiently, it must be able to handle the general case where the number of droplets in each parcel varies. The present work shows how the no-time-counter (NTC) method can be extended for the general case of varying numbers of droplets per parcel. The basis of this improvement is analytically derived. The new algorithm is compared to closed-form solutions and to the algorithm of O'Rourke. The NTC method is several orders of magnitude faster and slightly more accurate than O'Rourke's method for several test cases. The second part of the paper concerns implementation of the collision algorithm into a multidimensional code that also models the gas phase behavior and spray breakup. The collision computations are performed on a special collision mesh that is optimized for both sample size and spatial resolution. The mesh is different every time step to further suppress the artifacts that are common in the method of O'Rourke. The parcels are then sorted into cells, so that a list of all the parcels in a given cell are readily available. Next, each cell is individually checked to see if it is so dense that a direct collision calculation is cheaper than the NTC method. The cheaper method is applied to that cell. The final result is a method of calculating spray droplet collisions that is both faster and more accurate than the current standard method of O'Rourke.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Computational Physics","volume":"164","issue":"1","pages":"62–80","date":"2000","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1006/jcph.2000.6568","ISSN":"00219991","shortTitle":"","url":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021999100965689","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0021-9991","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: L49QBGGL
data:
  {"key":"L49QBGGL","version":442,"data":{"key":"L49QBGGL","version":442,"itemType":"document","title":"Cantera: An Object-oriented Software Toolkit for Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Transport Processes","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David G","lastName":"Goodwin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Harry K","lastName":"Moffat"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Raymond L","lastName":"Speth"}],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"","date":"2017","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.170284\nPublished: $\\backslash$url{http://www.cantera.org}","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: JHB4UEIN
data:
  {"key":"JHB4UEIN","version":442,"data":{"key":"JHB4UEIN","version":442,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of spray/wall interaction in diesel selective catalytic reduction systems","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yujun","lastName":"Liao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Roman","lastName":"Furrer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Panayotis","lastName":"Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantinos","lastName":"Boulouchos"}],"abstractNote":"This study presents an experimental investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of the spray/wall interaction in diesel selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. The work was performed with a commercial 3-Hole pressure-driven injector dosing into a flow channel under typical diesel exhaust flow conditions. Infrared thermography captured the surface temperature of the wall around the impingement area with high temporal and spatial resolution. The resulting temperatures have been used for assessing the heat extracted from the wall. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) was applied to measure the droplet sizes and velocities prior to the wall impingement, providing information on the kinetic properties of the impinging droplets. Based on these, the influence of the gas flow conditions on the heat transfer characteristics is deduced. The spray impingement leads to a substantial and rapid temperature drop on the wall, resulting in a maximum heat flux of several MW/m2during the injection duration. The spray cooling effect decreases with increasing exhaust gas flow rate due to the increased entrainment of spray droplets in the flow prior to impingement. Increase in gas flow temperature affects the heat transfer by increasing the wall temperature. At lower wall temperatures, the principal spray/wall interaction regime is deposition. With increasing wall temperature, there is a shift to rebound and thermal breakup. The shorter contact times in the rebound and thermal breakup regimes result in decreased spray/wall heat transfer.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"190","issue":"","pages":"163–173","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.035","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.035","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel deNOx"},{"tag":"Heat transfer"},{"tag":"Infrared thermography"},{"tag":"Phase Doppler anemometry"},{"tag":"Spray/wall interaction"},{"tag":"Urea-SCR"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: PF2BJ5RW
data:
  {"key":"PF2BJ5RW","version":442,"data":{"key":"PF2BJ5RW","version":442,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of spray/wall interaction in diesel selective catalytic reduction systems","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yujun","lastName":"Liao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Roman","lastName":"Furrer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Panayotis","lastName":"Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantinos","lastName":"Boulouchos"}],"abstractNote":"This study presents an experimental investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of the spray/wall interaction in diesel selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. The work was performed with a commercial 3-Hole pressure-driven injector dosing into a flow channel under typical diesel exhaust flow conditions. Infrared thermography captured the surface temperature of the wall around the impingement area with high temporal and spatial resolution. The resulting temperatures have been used for assessing the heat extracted from the wall. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) was applied to measure the droplet sizes and velocities prior to the wall impingement, providing information on the kinetic properties of the impinging droplets. Based on these, the influence of the gas flow conditions on the heat transfer characteristics is deduced. The spray impingement leads to a substantial and rapid temperature drop on the wall, resulting in a maximum heat flux of several MW/m2during the injection duration. The spray cooling effect decreases with increasing exhaust gas flow rate due to the increased entrainment of spray droplets in the flow prior to impingement. Increase in gas flow temperature affects the heat transfer by increasing the wall temperature. At lower wall temperatures, the principal spray/wall interaction regime is deposition. With increasing wall temperature, there is a shift to rebound and thermal breakup. The shorter contact times in the rebound and thermal breakup regimes result in decreased spray/wall heat transfer.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"190","issue":"","pages":"163–173","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.035","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.035","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel deNOx"},{"tag":"Heat transfer"},{"tag":"Infrared thermography"},{"tag":"Phase Doppler anemometry"},{"tag":"Spray/wall interaction"},{"tag":"Urea-SCR"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:40:57Z"}}


key: 2E8PL8LW
data:
  {"key":"2E8PL8LW","version":463,"data":{"key":"2E8PL8LW","version":463,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Enhanced Flame Ion Production Through External Electric Fields","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jesse","lastName":"Tinajero"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guillame","lastName":"Bernard"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Louise","lastName":"Autef"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Derek","lastName":"Dunn-rankin"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"chemi-ions"},{"tag":"electric fields"},{"tag":"i-v curves"},{"tag":"ion current"},{"tag":"ion wind"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z"}}


key: 4TSDZZ6X
data:
  {"key":"4TSDZZ6X","version":463,"data":{"key":"4TSDZZ6X","version":463,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Shock-tube study of the ignition of methane / ethane / hydrogen mixtures with hydrogen contents from 0 % to 100 % at different pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Herzler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Naumann"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"32","issue":"1","pages":"213–220","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2008.07.034","ISSN":"1540-7489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.07.034","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"ethane"},{"tag":"hydrogen"},{"tag":"ignition"},{"tag":"methane"},{"tag":"shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z"}}


key: ZDEMMC7L
data:
  {"key":"ZDEMMC7L","version":463,"data":{"key":"ZDEMMC7L","version":463,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Condensation / evaporation coe  cient and velocity distributions at liquid ± vapor interface 1","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Takaharu","lastName":"Tsuruta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hiroyuki","lastName":"Tanaka"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Takashi","lastName":"Masuoka"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"42","issue":"","pages":"4107–4116","date":"1999","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z"}}


key: 2LS4HE4W
data:
  {"key":"2LS4HE4W","version":462,"data":{"key":"2LS4HE4W","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics of fatty acid esters on a common rail injection system","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dong","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiaqi","lastName":"Zhai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yaozong","lastName":"Duan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dehao","lastName":"Ju"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"He","lastName":"Lin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhen","lastName":"Huang"}],"abstractNote":"The composition of biodiesel is significantly influenced by the feedstock sources. This variation in biodiesel composition may cause changes in fuel physiochemical properties and further affect the engine operation processes such as the fuel injection and spray processes. In this study, the macroscopic and microscopic spray parameters of diesel fuel and three biodiesel components (methyl laurate, methyl oleate and ethyl oleate) on a diesel common rail injection system are investigated at conditions of different injection pressures and ambient pressures. The macroscopic spray parameters, including the tip penetration distance, projected spray area, spray front velocity, spray cone angle, and the maximum spray width, of different fatty acid esters are characterized and compared to those of diesel fuel. Further, the images of fuel spray development obtained by the high speed camera are converted to grayscale ones, and the grayscale values within the spray contours are extracted to evaluate the light intensity level and distribution characteristics for different fuels. Finally, the microscopic spray characteristics of test fuels measured using a split laser particle size analyzer indicated that fuel properties also play an important role in the droplet sizes, and the droplets of methyl laurate and diesel have smaller SMD than methyl oleate and ethyl oleate.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"203","issue":"","pages":"370–379","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.098","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.098","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Biodiesel"},{"tag":"Common rail injection system"},{"tag":"Droplet"},{"tag":"Fatty acid esters"},{"tag":"Spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z"}}


key: 9S4J6IJA
data:
  {"key":"9S4J6IJA","version":462,"data":{"key":"9S4J6IJA","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Characterization of Internal flow and Spray of Multihole DI Gasoline Spray using X-ray Imaging and CFD","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yi","lastName":"Zheng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark","lastName":"Shost"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xingbin","lastName":"Xie"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Atsushi","lastName":"Matsumoto"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jin","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zusheng","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Seoksu","lastName":"Moon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gao","lastName":"Jian"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kamel","lastName":"Fezzaa"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lars","lastName":"Zigan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ingo","lastName":"Schmitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Wensing"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alfred","lastName":"Leipertz"}],"abstractNote":"Multi-hole DI injectors are being adopted in the advanced downsized DISI ICE powertrain in the automotive industry worldwide because of their robustness and cost-performance. Although their injector design and spray resembles those of DI diesel injectors, there are many basic but distinct differences due to different injection pressure and fuel properties, the sac design, lower L/D aspect ratios in the nozzle hole, closer spray-to-spray angle and hense interactions. This paper used Phase-Contrast X ray techniques to visualize the spray near a 3-hole DI gasoline research model injector exit and compared to the visible light visualization and the internal flow predictions using with multi-dimensional multi-phase CFD simulations. The results show that strong interactions of the vortex strings, cavitation, and turbulence in and near the nozzles make the multi-phase turbulent flow very complicated and dominate the near nozzle breakup mechanisms quite unlike those of diesel injections. © Copyright 2011 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. and SAE International.","publicationTitle":"SAE Paper","volume":"","issue":"2011-01-1881","pages":"","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2011-01-1881","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:16Z"}}


key: ZUAKBXMW
data:
  {"key":"ZUAKBXMW","version":462,"data":{"key":"ZUAKBXMW","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling and Simulation of a Dual Fuel ( Diesel / Natural Gas ) Engine With Multidimensional CFD","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Youtong","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Song-charng","lastName":"Kong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0755","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"1–14","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: 7L85XVSZ
data:
  {"key":"7L85XVSZ","version":462,"data":{"key":"7L85XVSZ","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A level set formulation for premixed combustion LES considering the turbulent flame structure","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V","lastName":"Moureau"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B","lastName":"Fiorina"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"Pitsch"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"156","issue":"4","pages":"801–812","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.019","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.019","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"large-eddy simulation"},{"tag":"premixed turbulent combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: 5WH5EDJL
data:
  {"key":"5WH5EDJL","version":462,"data":{"key":"5WH5EDJL","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of ambient fuel vapour concentration on the vapour penetration of evaporating n-hexane sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Manas Kumar","lastName":"Pal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shamit","lastName":"Bakshi"}],"abstractNote":"Ambient gas properties like pressure, temperature, density etc. play an important role in spray evaporation and hence influence the spray properties like penetration, cone angle and liquid length. The concentration of fuel vapour in the ambient gas was seen to influence the liquid length in an earlier work by the present authors. A method was also reported to study spray parameters at constant pressure, temperature and density but at different fuel vapour concentration in the ambient. In the present paper, the vapour penetration of evaporating n-hexane sprays have been studied by means of a shadowgraph technique at different mass fraction of fuel vapour in the surrounding ambient gas. The results revealed that the ambient vapour concentration has an effect on vapour penetration and cone angle at low ambient densities. But, at higher densities, this effect is absent, although the liquid length is influenced even at higher densities.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"223","issue":"March","pages":"179–187","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.193","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.193","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Cone angle"},{"tag":"Vapour penetration"},{"tag":"n-hexane spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: YS5AE3CJ
data:
  {"key":"YS5AE3CJ","version":462,"data":{"key":"YS5AE3CJ","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar burning velocities at high pressure for primary reference fuels and gasoline: Experimental and numerical investigation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Jerzembeck"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N.","lastName":"Peters"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Pepiot-Desjardins"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H.","lastName":"Pitsch"}],"abstractNote":"Spherical flames of n-heptane, iso-octane, PRF 87 and gasoline/air mixtures are experimentally investigated to determine laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths under engine-relevant conditions by using the constant volume bomb method. Data are obtained for an initial temperature of 373 K, equivalence ratios varying from ϕ{symbol} = 0.7 to ϕ{symbol} = 1.2, and initial pressures from 10 to 25 bar. To track the flame front in the vessel a dark field He-Ne laser Schlieren measurement technique and digital image processing were used. The propagating speed with respect to the burned gases and the stretch rate are determined from the rate of change of the flame radius. The laminar burning velocities are obtained through a linear extrapolation to zero stretch. The experimentally determined Markstein numbers are compared to theoretical predictions. A reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for n-heptane and iso-octane was derived from the Lawrence Livermore comprehensive mechanisms. This mechanism was validated for ignition delay times and flame propagation at low and high pressures. In summary an overall good agreement with the various experimental data sets used in the validation was obtained. © 2008 The Combustion Institute.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"156","issue":"2","pages":"292–301","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.11.009","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.11.009","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0010-2180\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Gasoline"},{"tag":"Laminar burning velocities"},{"tag":"Primary reference fuels"},{"tag":"Reduced kinetic mechanisms"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: 6GVBI4QT
data:
  {"key":"6GVBI4QT","version":462,"data":{"key":"6GVBI4QT","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Evaluation of Effect of Higher Hydrocarbons on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Stability of Natural gas blends","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Progress","lastName":"Report"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"February","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"laminar burning velocity"},{"tag":"markstein length"},{"tag":"natural gas blend"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: YLUXG6PK
data:
  {"key":"YLUXG6PK","version":462,"data":{"key":"YLUXG6PK","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of shock wave and contact surface propagation in micro shock tubes","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guang","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heuy Dong","lastName":"Kim"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology","volume":"29","issue":"4","pages":"1689–1696","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s12206-015-0341-5","ISSN":"1738-494X","shortTitle":"","url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12206-015-0341-5","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"cfd"},{"tag":"contact surface propagation"},{"tag":"shock wave attenuation"},{"tag":"shock wave motion"},{"tag":"unsteady flow"},{"tag":"————————————————–"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: T3T75UFH
data:
  {"key":"T3T75UFH","version":462,"data":{"key":"T3T75UFH","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Physicochemical effects of varying fuel composition on knock characteristics of natural gas mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sander","lastName":"Gersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Martijn","lastName":"van Essen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gerco","lastName":"van Dijk"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Howard","lastName":"Levinsky"}],"abstractNote":"The physicochemical origins of how changes in fuel composition affect autoignition of the end gas, leading to engine knock, are analyzed for a natural gas engine. Experiments in a lean-burn, high-speed medium-BMEP gas engine are performed using a reference natural gas with systematically varied fractions of admixed ethane, propane and hydrogen. Thermodynamic analysis of the measured non-knocking pressure histories shows that, in addition to the expected changes arising from changes in the heat capacity of the mixture, changes in the combustion duration relative to the compression cycle (the combustion \"phasing\") caused by variations in burning velocity dominate the effects of fuel composition on the temperature (and pressure) of the end gas. Thus, despite the increase in the heat capacity of the fuel-air mixture with addition of ethane and propane, the change in combustion phasing is actually seen to increase the maximum end-gas temperature slightly for these fuel components. By the same token, the substantial change in combustion duration upon hydrogen addition strongly increases the end-gas temperature, beyond that caused by the decrease in mixture heat capacity. The impact of these variations in in-cylinder conditions on the knock tendency of the fuel have been assessed using autoignition delay times computed using SENKIN and a detailed chemical mechanism for the end gas under the conditions extant in the engine. The results show that the ignition-promoting effect of hydrogen is mainly the result of the increase in end-gas temperature and pressure, while addition of ethane and propane promotes ignition primarily by changing the chemical autoignition behavior of the fuel itself. Comparison of the computed end-gas autoignition delay time, based on the complete measured pressure history of each gas, with the measured Knock-Limited Spark Timing shows that the computed delay time accurately reflects the measured knock tendency of the fuels. © 2014 The Combustion Institute.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"161","issue":"10","pages":"2729–2737","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.03.019","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.03.019","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"Autoignition delay times"},{"tag":"Engine knock"},{"tag":"Hydrogen"},{"tag":"Natural gas"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: KGQ3BW9N
data:
  {"key":"KGQ3BW9N","version":462,"data":{"key":"KGQ3BW9N","version":462,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multidimensional modeling of fuel composition effects on combustion and cold-starting in diesel engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N S","lastName":"Ayoub"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"","issue":"412","pages":"","date":"1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/952425","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84859302328{\\&}partnerID=40{\\&}md5=e11abe5f0a34d2a3e3e18cdf84256b16","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: CXCEHCJQ
data:
  {"key":"CXCEHCJQ","version":461,"data":{"key":"CXCEHCJQ","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Macroscopic spray characteristics of wide distillation fuel (WDF)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenbin","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenming","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Balaji","lastName":"Mohan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kun Lin","lastName":"Tay"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Feiyang","lastName":"Zhao"}],"abstractNote":"In this study, the performance of piezoelectric and solenoid injectors were compared. With a piezoelectric injector, the spray characteristics of kerosene and G50 (gasoline/diesel blend fuel), which are kinds of WDF, were investigated and compared to diesel. The characteristics such as spray penetration, spray velocity, spray angle and air entrainment were used to understand the spray behaviour of the test fuels. The results indicate that the piezoelectric injector shows significant improvement over the conventional solenoid injector in injection response and needle opening speed, which enables precise and rapid control of injection. The trade-off effects of charge density and injection pressure on spray penetration and spray velocity are quite clear, while spray angle is almost insensitive to injection pressure. Kerosene and G50 give smaller but similar spray penetration and velocity compared to diesel. The spray angle of kerosene and G50 are larger compared to diesel. The spray volume and mass of entrained air for kerosene and G50 are higher compared to diesel, which indicates kerosene and G50 can form better fuel–air mixing, which is very important for the performance of engine when fuelled by WDF.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"185","issue":"","pages":"1372–1382","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.051","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.051","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0306-2619\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Constant volume spray chamber"},{"tag":"Gasoline/diesel blend fuel"},{"tag":"Kerosene"},{"tag":"Piezoelectric"},{"tag":"Spray characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: M2Y2VW92
data:
  {"key":"M2Y2VW92","version":461,"data":{"key":"M2Y2VW92","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Subgrid Mixing and Evaporation Modeling in Large Eddy Simulation of Two-Phase Reacting Flows","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Panchal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R","lastName":"Ranjan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S","lastName":"Menon"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"subgrid evaporation"},{"tag":"subgrid mixing"},{"tag":"two-phase combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: 8A9QRQKT
data:
  {"key":"8A9QRQKT","version":461,"data":{"key":"8A9QRQKT","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Evaluation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium evaporationnext term models for many-droplet gas-liquid flow simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R S","lastName":"Miller"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K","lastName":"Harstad"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Bellan"}],"abstractNote":"A variety of liquid droplet previous termevaporationnext term models,$\\backslash$nincluding both classical previous termequilibrium and non-equilibriumnext$\\backslash$nterm Langmuir–Knudsen formulations, are evaluated through comparisons$\\backslash$nwith experiments with particular emphasis on computationally efficient$\\backslash$nprocedures for gas–liquid flow simulations. The models considered$\\backslash$nare those used in droplet laden flow calculations such as direct$\\backslash$nnumerical simulations for which large numbers of individual (isolated)$\\backslash$ndroplet solutions are obtained. Diameter and temperature evolution$\\backslash$npredictions are made for single-component droplets of benzene, decane,$\\backslash$nheptane, hexane and water with relatively large initial sizes not,$\\backslash$nvert, similar1 mm vaporizing in convective air flows. All of the$\\backslash$nmodels perform nearly identically for low previous termevaporationnext$\\backslash$nterm rates at gas temperatures significantly lower than the boiling$\\backslash$ntemperature. For gas temperatures at and above the boiling point,$\\backslash$nlarge deviations are found between the various model predictions.$\\backslash$nThe simulated results reveal that previous termnon-equilibriumnext$\\backslash$nterm effects become significant when the initial droplet diameter$\\backslash$nis \\textless50 μm and that these effects are enhanced with increasing slip$\\backslash$nvelocity. It is additionally observed that constant properties can$\\backslash$nbe used throughout each simulation if both the gas and vapor values$\\backslash$nare calculated at either the wet-bulb or boiling temperature. The$\\backslash$nmodels based on the Langmuir–Knudsen law and a corrected (for previous$\\backslash$ntermevaporationnext term effects) analytical heat transfer expression$\\backslash$nderived from the quasi-steady gas phase assumption are shown to agree$\\backslash$nmost favorably with a wide variety of experimental results. Since$\\backslash$nthe experimental droplet sizes are all much larger than the limit$\\backslash$nfor previous termnon-equilibriumnext term effects to be important,$\\backslash$nfor these conditions the most crucial aspect of the current Langmuir–Knudsen$\\backslash$nmodels is the corrected analytical form for the heat transfer expression$\\backslash$nas compared to empirical relations used in the remaining models.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"24","issue":"6","pages":"1025–1055","date":"1998","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?{\\_}ob=ArticleURL{\\&}{\\_}udi=B6V45-3VGM0PD-H{\\&}{\\_}user=143915{\\&}{\\_}coverDate=09{\\%}2F30{\\%}2F1998{\\&}{\\_}alid=587976149{\\&}{\\_}rdoc=1{\\&}{\\_}fmt=full{\\&}{\\_}orig=search{\\&}{\\_}cdi=5749{\\&}{\\_}sort=d{\\&}{\\_}docanchor={\\&}view=c{\\&}{\\_}ct=1{\\&}{\\_}acct=C000011799{\\&}{\\_}version=1{\\&}{\\_}urlVersion=0{\\&}{\\_}userid=143","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"condensation"},{"tag":"droplet"},{"tag":"nonnext term-euilibrium"},{"tag":"previous termevaporation"},{"tag":"spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:15Z"}}


key: RBC5XWYL
data:
  {"key":"RBC5XWYL","version":461,"data":{"key":"RBC5XWYL","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of turbulence – chemistry interactions on chemical pathways for turbulent hydrogen – air premixed flames R","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Debolina","lastName":"Dasgupta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marc","lastName":"Day"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tim","lastName":"Lieuwen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"176","issue":"","pages":"191–201","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.029","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.029","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Premixed flames"},{"tag":"Turbulent combustion"},{"tag":"Turbulent–che"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: 5C9PLDPC
data:
  {"key":"5C9PLDPC","version":461,"data":{"key":"5C9PLDPC","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Determination , correlation , and mechanistic interpretation of effects of hydrogen addition on laminar flame speeds of hydrocarbon – air mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C L","lastName":"Tang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z H","lastName":"Huang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C K","lastName":"Law"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"33","issue":"1","pages":"921–928","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.039","ISSN":"1540-7489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.039","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"hydrogen addition"},{"tag":"laminar flame speed"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: K8XLDLD2
data:
  {"key":"K8XLDLD2","version":461,"data":{"key":"K8XLDLD2","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of Hydrogen Concentration on Engine Performance , Exhaust Emissions and Operation Range of PREMIER Combustion in a Dual Fuel Gas Engine Using Methane- Hydrogen Mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cagdas","lastName":"Aksu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nobuyuki","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kazuya","lastName":"Tsuboi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shun","lastName":"Nanba"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"JSAE 20159","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: RMAAJXP2
data:
  {"key":"RMAAJXP2","version":461,"data":{"key":"RMAAJXP2","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Diesel Engine Model Development and Experiments","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C J","lastName":"Rutland"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N","lastName":"Ayoub"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G","lastName":"Hampson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S","lastName":"Kong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D","lastName":"Mather"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D","lastName":"Montgomery"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Musculus"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Patterson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D","lastName":"Pierpont"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L","lastName":"Ricart"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P","lastName":"Stephenson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"412","pages":"","date":"1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: WXLQ45RV
data:
  {"key":"WXLQ45RV","version":461,"data":{"key":"WXLQ45RV","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The development and application of a diesel ignition and combustion model for multidimensional engine simulation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S","lastName":"Kong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z","lastName":"Han"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"An integrated numerical model has been developed for diesel engine computations based on the KIVA-II code. The model incorporates a modified RNG k-e, turbulence model, a wave breakup spray model, the Shell ignition model, the laminar-and-turbulent characteristic-time combustion model, a crevice flow model, a spray/wall impingement model that includes rebounding and breaking-up drops, and other improved submodels in the KIVA code. The model was validated and applied to model successfully different types of diesel engines under various operating conditions. These engines include a Caterpillar engine with different injection pressures at different injection timings, a small Tacom engine at different loads, and a Cummins engine modified by Sandia for optical experiments. Good levels of agreement in cylinder pressures and heat release rate data were obtained using the same computer model for all engine cases. Predictions of engine emissions were also performed and a good quantitative agreement between measured and predicted NOx and soot emission data were obtained with the use of the present modified RNG turbulence model. The results indicate that the predicted flow structures have an important impact on the prediction of NOx formation since it is very sensitive to the local temperatures in the combustion chamber.","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"","issue":"950278","pages":"","date":"1995","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/950278","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: 66AYQ4DN
data:
  {"key":"66AYQ4DN","version":461,"data":{"key":"66AYQ4DN","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Analysis of Nonequidiffusive Premixed Flames in Obstructed Channels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdulafeez","lastName":"Adebiyi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gbolahan","lastName":"Idowu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Damir","lastName":"Valiev"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V","lastName":"Akkerman"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"1","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"computational simulations"},{"tag":"lewis number"},{"tag":"non-equidiffusive flames"},{"tag":"obstructed channels"},{"tag":"premixed combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: 4PYQFY5D
data:
  {"key":"4PYQFY5D","version":461,"data":{"key":"4PYQFY5D","version":461,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A computational problem solving environment for creating and testing reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christopher J.","lastName":"Montgomery"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David A.","lastName":"Swensen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tyson V.","lastName":"Harding"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marc A.","lastName":"Cremer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael J.","lastName":"Bockelie"}],"abstractNote":"This paper describes software called computer assisted reduced mechanism problem solving environment (CARM-PSE) that gives the engineer the ability to rapidly set up, run and examine large numbers of problems comparing detailed and reduced (approximate) chemistry. CARM-PSE integrates the automatic chemical mechanism reduction code CARM and the codes that simulate perfectly stirred reactors and plug flow reactors into a user-friendly computational environment. CARM-PSE gives the combustion engineer the ability to easily test chemical approximations over many hundreds of combinations of inputs in a multidimensional parameter space. This tool allows combustion chemistry approximations to be validated and characterized with a thoroughness that was not feasible before. The demonstration problems compare detailed and reduced chemical kinetic calculations for methane-air combustion, including nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation, in a stirred reactor and selective non-catalytic reduction of NOx in coal combustion flue gas. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Advances in Engineering Software","volume":"33","issue":"2","pages":"59–70","date":"2002","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/S0965-9978(01)00054-0","ISSN":"09659978","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0965-9978","tags":[{"tag":"Chemical kinetics"},{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"Problem solving environment"},{"tag":"Reduced mechanisms"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: I7C6CT5C
data:
  {"key":"I7C6CT5C","version":460,"data":{"key":"I7C6CT5C","version":460,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Simulation and Experimental Measurement of CO2 *, OH * and CH2O * Chemiluminescence from an Optical Diesel Engine ... CO2 *, OH * and CH2O * Chemiluminescence from an Optical Diesel Engine Fueled with","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"","lastName":"Xin Yu, Kan Zha, Xi Luo, Dinu Taraza"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marcis","lastName":"Jansons"}],"abstractNote":"","date":"2013","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-24-0010","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Issue: September","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: 953IWQ3A
data:
  {"key":"953IWQ3A","version":460,"data":{"key":"953IWQ3A","version":460,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Dual Fuel Engine Simulation - A Thermodynamic Consistent HiL Compatible Model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Johann C.","lastName":"Wurzenberger"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tomaz","lastName":"Katrasnik"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":"7","issue":"1","pages":"2014–01–1094","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1094","ISSN":"1946-3944","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2014-01-1094/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: HQDDQBDT
data:
  {"key":"HQDDQBDT","version":460,"data":{"key":"HQDDQBDT","version":460,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Characteristics of near-nozzle spray development from a fouled GDI injector","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jianwei","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiqiang","lastName":"Pei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhijun","lastName":"Peng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yanfeng","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jing","lastName":"Qin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Li","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Changwen","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiaoyu","lastName":"Zhang"}],"abstractNote":"The near-nozzle spray development of a typical fouled gasoline direct injection (GDI) injector was investigated. The fouled injector had been used in a stratified-charge combustion GDI engine and showed typical characteristics, such as accumulated deposits inside and around the nozzles and a reduced flow rate of 2.9–5.7%. Back-illumination and Mie-scattering methods were employed in spray experiments, in conjunction with a high speed camera and a macro lens, to assess the near-nozzle spray behaviors. The experimental results show that at all injection pressures tested, the interaction between deposits and spray led to several poor spray behaviors during the full injection evolution, including spray distortion, residual fuel storage in the nozzles and deposits layer, liquid splashing, the formation of ligament and large droplets and tip wetting/dripping. These effects all may result in high soot emissions. The after-injection stage of the fouled injector produced more liquid ligaments than that of the new injector. It was also found that high injection pressures did not improve atomization during after-injection, nor reduce the amounts of ligaments and droplet clusters beyond the main spray boundary. The plume width and projected spray area of a single nozzle in the fouled injector were decreased by 5–7% and 17–20%, respectively, due to fuel flow losses. The delays in the start of injection and end of injection were approximately 20 μs and 30–40 μs, respectively.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"219","issue":"92","pages":"17–29","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.070","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.070","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"After-injection"},{"tag":"Fouled injector"},{"tag":"Large droplet"},{"tag":"Ligament"},{"tag":"Near-nozzle spray"},{"tag":"Tip wetting"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: 2AASC2HM
data:
  {"key":"2AASC2HM","version":460,"data":{"key":"2AASC2HM","version":460,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Fluid transients and fluid-structure interaction in flexible liquid-filled piping","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David C","lastName":"Wiggert"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Arris S","lastName":"Tijsseling"}],"abstractNote":"Fluid-structure interaction in piping systems (FSI) consists of the$\\backslash$ntransfer of momentum and forces between piping and the contained$\\backslash$nliquid during unsteady flow. Excitation mechanisms may be caused$\\backslash$nby rapid changes in flow and pressure or may be initiated by mechanical$\\backslash$naction of the piping. The interaction is manifested in pipe vibration$\\backslash$nand perturbations in velocity and pressure of the liquid. The resulting$\\backslash$nloads imparted on the piping are transferred to the support mechanisms$\\backslash$nsuch as hangers, thrust blocks, etc. The phenomenon has recently$\\backslash$nreceived increased attention because of safety and reliability concerns$\\backslash$nin power generation stations, environmental issues in pipeline delivery$\\backslash$nsystems, and questions related to stringent industrial piping design$\\backslash$nperformance guidelines. Furthermore, numerical advances have allowed$\\backslash$npractitioners to revisit the manner in which the interaction between$\\backslash$npiping and contained liquid is modeled, resulting in improved techniques$\\backslash$nthat are now readily available to predict FSI. This review attempts$\\backslash$nto succinctly summarize the essential mechanisms that cause FSI,$\\backslash$nand present relevant data that describe the phenomenon. In addition,$\\backslash$nthe various numerical and analytical methods that have been developed$\\backslash$nto successfully predict FSI will be described. Several earlier reviews$\\backslash$nregarding FSI in piping have been published; this review is intended$\\backslash$nto update the reader on developments that have taken place over the$\\backslash$nlast approximately ten years, and to enhance the understanding of$\\backslash$nvarious aspects of FSI. There are 123 references cited in this review$\\backslash$narticle.","publicationTitle":"Applied Mechanics Reviews","volume":"54","issue":"","pages":"455–481","date":"2001","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.1404122","ISSN":"00036900","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:14Z"}}


key: SY3DKLHA
data:
  {"key":"SY3DKLHA","version":460,"data":{"key":"SY3DKLHA","version":460,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Influence of steam dilution on the ignition of hydrogen , syngas and natural gas blends at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nicola","lastName":"Donohoe"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Karl A","lastName":"Heufer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christopher J","lastName":"Aul"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric L","lastName":"Petersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gilles","lastName":"Bourque"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Gordon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J","lastName":"Curran"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"162","issue":"4","pages":"1126–1135","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.005","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.005","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: XN8BI8VT
data:
  {"key":"XN8BI8VT","version":460,"data":{"key":"XN8BI8VT","version":460,"itemType":"document","title":"Combustion simulations of the fuels for advanced combustion engines in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Anand","lastName":"Krishnasamy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Youngchul","lastName":"Ra"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D.","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bruce","lastName":"Bunting"}],"abstractNote":"Numerical simulations of combustion have been performed for a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine operating on multi-component reference diesel fuels. Two surrogate representation methods were used to describe the nine fuels for advanced combustion engines. The first method of surrogates, denoted as physical-surrogate components, was formulated to describe the fuel's physical properties by matching its distillation profile, specific gravity, lower heating value, hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and cetane index with measured data. The second method of surrogates, denoted as chemical-surrogate components, was introduced to represent the chemistry of the fuel components using a new group chemistry representation model. In the model, the fuel components in the physical-surrogate components and chemical-surrogate components are related through the classification of chemical structures of the components, i.e. the component in the physical-surrogate components are grouped based on their chemical classes and the chemistry of each group is calculated using a chemical kinetics mechanism (MultiChem) that represents the combustion characteristics of its chemical class. This MultiChem mechanism includes reduced reaction mechanisms for the four main surrogate hydrocarbon chemistry components of diesel fuel, n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics, with two n-paraffins to provide the ability to mimic molecular weight effects. The computations were performed using a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamic code, KIVA-ERC-CHEMKIN, and the results show that the predictions of the present multicomponent combustion models are in good agreement with experimental measurements. The combustion characteristics of the fuels for advanced combustion engines are well represented and the present models are well suited for practical engine computations.","publisher":"","date":"2013","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1468-0874\nISSN: 14680874\nIssue: 2\nPages: 191–208\nPublication Title: International Journal of Engine Research\nVolume: 14\nDOI: 10.1177/1468087412454066","tags":[{"tag":"Fuels for advanced combustion engines"},{"tag":"Homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion"},{"tag":"Multi-component"},{"tag":"Reaction mechanism"},{"tag":"Surrogate model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: ZTEPY5NF
data:
  {"key":"ZTEPY5NF","version":460,"data":{"key":"ZTEPY5NF","version":460,"itemType":"document","title":"n-Heptane, Detailed Mechanism, Version 3.1","creators":[],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"","date":"2011","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://combustion.llnl.gov/mechanisms/alkanes/n-heptane-detailed-mechanism-version-3","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: AUSD9SDH
data:
  {"key":"AUSD9SDH","version":460,"data":{"key":"AUSD9SDH","version":460,"itemType":"bookSection","title":"3. Turbulent Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F. A.","lastName":"Williams"}],"abstractNote":"","bookTitle":"The Mathematics of Combustion","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","date":"1985-01","pages":"97–131","language":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/1.9781611971064.ch3","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"DOI: 10.1137/1.9781611971064.ch3","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: BD9CXEZJ
data:
  {"key":"BD9CXEZJ","version":460,"data":{"key":"BD9CXEZJ","version":460,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion Visualization And Particulate Matter Emission Of A Gdi Engine By Using Gasoline And by","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Po-i","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Po-i","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: D7GKKE3G
data:
  {"key":"D7GKKE3G","version":459,"data":{"key":"D7GKKE3G","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Development of an analytical AFFF formulation for the evaluation of alternative surfactants","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Katherine","lastName":"Hinnant"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Arthur","lastName":"Snow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John","lastName":"Farley"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Spencer","lastName":"Giles"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ramagopal","lastName":"Ananth"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chemistry","lastName":"Division"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Overlook","lastName":"Ave"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"environmental"},{"tag":"fire extinction"},{"tag":"firefighting foams"},{"tag":"foam degradation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: SWAKH9K8
data:
  {"key":"SWAKH9K8","version":459,"data":{"key":"SWAKH9K8","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical simulation of non-reacting diesel fuel sprays under low temperature late injection operating condition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Maghbouli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tommaso","lastName":"Lucchini"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gianluca","lastName":"D'Errico"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Angelo","lastName":"Onorati"}],"abstractNote":"Accurate simulations on combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engines are highly dependent on detailed prediction of equivalence ratio distribution inside the combustion chamber. In this study, Open-FOAM and Lib-ICE multi-dimensional CFD frameworks were used in order to model engine flow, liquid diesel fuel spray, break-up, evaporation and mixing. Simulations were conducted on the basis of experimental data from SANDIA optical engine. Initial simulation results showed tangible discrepancy with the experimental equivalence ratio data in distribution of fuel-rich zones. Investigations on three different injection angles in three different combustion chamber bowl geometries showed that cavitation phenomenon was most probably occurred in injector nozzle during the experiments. Onset of cavitation in injector nozzle internal flow can noticeably change the spray break-up length and cause asymmetric spray angle later inside the combustion chamber. Taking cavitation effects into account, simulations were performed by corrected values of spray break-up length and injection angle based on experimental injection pressure and nozzle orifice dimensions. Final spray simulations showed better agreement with experimental results for all of three bowl geometries. This enhanced accuracy of numerical prediction without unacceptable tuning of spray sub-model parameters.","publicationTitle":"Energy Procedia","volume":"81","issue":"","pages":"960–966","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.154","ISSN":"18766102","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier B.V.","tags":[{"tag":"Cavitation"},{"tag":"Diesel fuel spray"},{"tag":"Low temperature"},{"tag":"OpenFOAM"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: SSB97Q8P
data:
  {"key":"SSB97Q8P","version":459,"data":{"key":"SSB97Q8P","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Optimization of Dual Fuel Diesel-Methane Operation on a Production Passenger Car Engine - Thermodynamic Analysis","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Serrano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jerome","lastName":"Obiols"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bertrand","lastName":"Lecointe"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-2505","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2013-01-2505","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: L4ME2VT7
data:
  {"key":"L4ME2VT7","version":459,"data":{"key":"L4ME2VT7","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of pressure and preheating temperature on the laminar flame speed of methane/air and acetone/air mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yi","lastName":"Wu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vincent","lastName":"Modica"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bjorn","lastName":"Rossow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Frédéric","lastName":"Grisch"}],"abstractNote":"Laminar flame speeds of acetone/air mixtures have been investigated at elevated temperature and high pressure conditions in regards to the importance of this intermediate oxygenated molecule in hydrocarbon oxidation. Experiments were performed in an elevated pressure combustion vessel specifically designed around a concept of a premixed Bunsen flame. In a first step, measurements of the laminar flame speed of gaseous CH4/air mixtures were performed with OH rad chemiluminescence and OH-PLIF methodologies and compared with literature data in order to validate the experimental setup. The effects of the preheating temperature (373–523 K), pressure (0.1–1.0 MPa) and equivalence ratio (0.6–1.3) on the laminar flame speed of acetone/air mixtures were then examined. The experiments were finally complemented and compared with numerical simulations conducted with Cosilab commercial software package using published detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for proposing a correlation relationship of the acetone/air laminar flame speed with pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"185","issue":"","pages":"577–588","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.110","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9788578110796\n_eprint: arXiv:1011.1669v3\nPMID: 25246403","tags":[{"tag":"Acetone/air mixture"},{"tag":"High pressure Bunsen burner"},{"tag":"Laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"Methane/air mixture"},{"tag":"OH rad chemiluminescence"},{"tag":"OH-PLIF"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: 5TNYDM8A
data:
  {"key":"5TNYDM8A","version":459,"data":{"key":"5TNYDM8A","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Near-nozzle dynamics of diesel spray under varied needle lifts and its prediction using analytical model","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Weidi","lastName":"Huang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Seoksu","lastName":"Moon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Katsuyuki","lastName":"Ohsawa"}],"abstractNote":"Due to the lack of sufficient measurement methods, great difficulties are still present in clarifying the relationship between the nozzle internal flow and liquid-jet dynamics, especially when considering the needle motion effect. In this study, by utilizing the X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) technique, the in-nozzle needle motion characteristics and the liquid-jet dynamics in the near-nozzle field have been measured within a wide range of injection-pulse durations, based on which the needle-lift dependence of liquid-jet dynamics has been discussed in detail. The study is important for the nozzle related investigations, especially in view of the increasingly widely adopted multiple-injection strategies in the injection systems. The results indicate that, ruled by the mass flow equilibrium inside the nozzle sac, the liquid-jet flow dynamics in the near-nozzle field is closely related to the needle lift and injection pressure. Insufficient needle lift under short injection-pulse duration hurts the liquid-jet momentum that should be highly considered in the multiple-injection strategies. An analytical model has also been proposed to predict the jet axial velocity in the near-nozzle field. The model was found to have good agreement with the experimental results at different conditions.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"180","issue":"","pages":"292–300","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.042","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.042","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Analytical model"},{"tag":"Diesel injector"},{"tag":"Injection pulse duration"},{"tag":"Jet axial velocity"},{"tag":"Needle lift"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: WFDFN89V
data:
  {"key":"WFDFN89V","version":459,"data":{"key":"WFDFN89V","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Natural Gas Partially Stratified Charge Combustion : Extended Analysis of Experimental Validation and Study of Turbulence Impact on Flame Propagation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lorenzo","lastName":"Bartolucci"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stefano","lastName":"Cordiner"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vincenzo","lastName":"Mulone"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vittorio","lastName":"Rocco"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Edward","lastName":"Chan"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0596.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:13Z"}}


key: CDZWY7IC
data:
  {"key":"CDZWY7IC","version":459,"data":{"key":"CDZWY7IC","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Study on the potential of BML-approach and G -equation concept-based models for predicting swirling partially premixed combustion systems : URANS computations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E","lastName":"Schneider"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Maltsev"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A","lastName":"Sadiki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Janicka"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"152","issue":"","pages":"548–572","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.10.013","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"bml-approach"},{"tag":"cpva"},{"tag":"g -equation"},{"tag":"partially premixed combustion systems"},{"tag":"urans"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: DCY6NQZC
data:
  {"key":"DCY6NQZC","version":459,"data":{"key":"DCY6NQZC","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Implementation and Validation of a Solver for Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Reacting Flows in OpenFOAM","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H","lastName":"Bonart"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"October","pages":"","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"OpenFOAM"},{"tag":"diffusion"},{"tag":"reacting flows"},{"tag":"reactingFoam"},{"tag":"turbulence"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: IS6KRGHZ
data:
  {"key":"IS6KRGHZ","version":459,"data":{"key":"IS6KRGHZ","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of milling temperature on structure and reactivity of Al–Ni composites","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Oleg S.","lastName":"Lagoviyer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mirko","lastName":"Schoenitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Edward L.","lastName":"Dreizin"}],"abstractNote":"© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Reactive Al–Ni composites are of interest for combustion synthesis, for joining, and as components of energetic formulations. Mechanical milling is one of the most practical techniques used for their preparation. This study investigated the effect of ball milling at cryogenic temperatures on the reactivity and structure of Al–Ni composites. Stoichiometric mixtures of Al and Ni powders were milled both at room temperature and cooled by liquid nitrogen. Products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction. Aluminum and nickel were mixed on a finer scale in cryogenically milled powders compared to those prepared at room temperature. DSC traces of the cryogenically milled powder showed three exothermic peaks, while only two clearly resolved peaks were observed for the powders milled at room temperature. A low-temperature reaction preceding the first peak was detected only for the cryomilled material. Apparent activation energies, obtained by model-free analysis, were consistent with previous work on nanofoils. Ignition temperatures of powders prepared at room temperature decreased with increasing structural refinement. This effect was even stronger for the cryogenically milled powder. Energetic characteristics of the prepared materials were correlated with their respective structural refinement. These correlations suggest that the cryomilled material has a narrower zone separating Al and Ni in which the elements are mixed together compared to the similar material prepared by room temperature milling.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Materials Science","volume":"53","issue":"2","pages":"1178–1190","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s10853-017-1591-7","ISSN":"15734803","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"cryogenic milling"},{"tag":"ignition"},{"tag":"mechanical alloying"},{"tag":"reactive composite"},{"tag":"thermal analysis"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: 9U8R9J6A
data:
  {"key":"9U8R9J6A","version":459,"data":{"key":"9U8R9J6A","version":459,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The Effect of Sparkplug Design on Initial Flame Kernel Development and Sparkplug Performance Reprinted From : SI Combustion and Direct Injection SI Engine Technology","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Terry","lastName":"Alger"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Barrett","lastName":"Mangold"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Darius","lastName":"Mehta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles","lastName":"Roberts"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2006-01-0224","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: GYHCM78K
data:
  {"key":"GYHCM78K","version":458,"data":{"key":"GYHCM78K","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling Atomization Processes in High-Pressure Vaporizing Sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D.","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"A multi-dimensional computer model is used to study atomization and vaporization of a liquid jet injected from a round hole into a compressed gas. Atomization is described using a new method whereby 'blobs' are injected (with sizes equal to the nozzle exit diameter), and breakup of the blobs and the resulting drops is modeled using a stability analysis for liquid jets. This method can also predict various regimes of breakup which result from the action of different combinations of liquid inertia, surface tension and aerodynamic forces on the jet. The product drops are distinguished from the parent drop by having different dropsizes (previous drop breakup models have lumped the parent and product drops together). This has a significant effect on the fuel vapor distribution in a high-pressure spray because the small product drops vaporize rapidly. Like existing models, the model accounts for drop collision and coalescence, and the effect of drops on the gas turbulence. These effects are important in high-pressure sprays where breakup of the liquid yields a core region near the nozzle containing large drops. Fuel vaporization in the core is found to depend strongly on the atomization details near the nozzle. Downstream of the core, fuel-air mixing is found to be determined by a competition between local drop breakup, coalescence and vaporization rates.","publicationTitle":"Atomization and Sprays","volume":"3","issue":"","pages":"309–337","date":"1987","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"0266-3481","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0266-3481","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: TFSBNNAR
data:
  {"key":"TFSBNNAR","version":458,"data":{"key":"TFSBNNAR","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"CFD simulations of diesel spray tip penetration with multiple injections and with engine compression ratios up to 100:1","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Choong Hoon","lastName":"Lee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D.","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"A diesel spray tip penetration was simulated with CFD by varying the compression ratio from the conventional compression ratio of a diesel engine, 18:1, to an ultra-high compression ratio of 100:1. The gas densities of the spray chambers for the compression ratios of 18:1 and 100:1 were 17.97 and 74.8 kg/m3, respectively. The spray tip penetration was CFD simulated by adopting both the 'Gas jet spray model', and 'Normal gas jet profile model with breakup length formula' (NGJBL model) into the KIVA-3V code. The spray tip penetration was CFD simulated for various spray patterns, such as single injection, pilot injection and split injection. The CFD simulation of the spray tip penetration with an 18:1 compression ratio was compared with a previous study with identical experimental conditions and showed that the 'Gas jet spray model' over predicted. The CFD simulation results with the 'KIVA-3V Standard spray model' and the NGJBL model were generally in good agreement with the experimental data. The spray tip penetration was CFD simulated with the NGJBL model with step-by-step increased compression ratio. The spray tip penetration rapidly decreased for the range of compression ratio of 18:1-45:1 as the compression ratio increases and the spray tip penetration did not change much with increasing the compression ratios in the range of 60:1-100:1. The CFD simulation results of the spray tip penetration, with respect to varying compression ratios, were generally in agreement with previous experimental studies. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"111","issue":"","pages":"289–297","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.058","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.058","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 00162361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engines"},{"tag":"Gas density"},{"tag":"High compression ratio"},{"tag":"Multiple injection"},{"tag":"Spray tip penetration"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: FQBQ43TJ
data:
  {"key":"FQBQ43TJ","version":458,"data":{"key":"FQBQ43TJ","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A lattice boltzmann method for simulation of a three-dimensional drop impact on a liquid film","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zi-yuan","lastName":"Shi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yong-hua","lastName":"Yan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fan","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yue-hong","lastName":"Qian"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Guo-hui","lastName":"Hu"}],"abstractNote":"A single-phase free surface tracking model based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), which has capability of simulating liquid-gas system with the assumption that the gas phase has only negligible influence on the liquid phase, is utilized to simulate the flow of a drop impacting on a liquid film. Three typical outcomes in the flows, i.e., deposition, crown and splash, which have been observed in the previous experiments, are obtained in the present three dimensional numerical simulations. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental and analytical results available.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B","volume":"20","issue":"3","pages":"267–272","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/S1001-6058(08)60056-6","ISSN":"10016058","shortTitle":"","url":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1001605808600566","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1001-6058","tags":[{"tag":"Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)"},{"tag":"drop impact"},{"tag":"thin film"},{"tag":"two-phase flows"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: BHQKGVII
data:
  {"key":"BHQKGVII","version":458,"data":{"key":"BHQKGVII","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Autoignition Delay Time Measurements of Methane, Ethane, and Propane Pure Fuels and Methane-Based Fuel Blends","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M. M.","lastName":"Holton"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Gokulakrishnan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M. S.","lastName":"Klassen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. J.","lastName":"Roby"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G. S.","lastName":"Jackson"}],"abstractNote":"Autoignition delay experiments in air have been performed in an atmospheric flow reactor using typical natural gas components, namely, methane, ethane, and propane. Autoignition delay measurements were also made for binary fuel mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane, and ternary mixtures of methane/ethane/propane. The effect of CO2 addition to the methane-based fuel blends on autoignition delay times was also investigated. Equivalence ratios for the experiments ranged between 0.5 and 1.25, and temperatures ranged from 930 K to 1140 K. Consistent with past studies, increasing equivalence ratio and increasing inlet temperatures over these ranges decreased autoignition delay times. Furthermore, addition of 5–10% ethane or propane decreased autoignition delay time of the binary methane-based fuel by 30–50%. Further addition of either ethane or propane showed less significant reduction of autoignition delays. Addition of 5–10% CO2 slightly decreased the autoignition delay times of methane fuel mixtures. Arrhenius correlations were used to derive activation energies for the ignition of the pure fuels and their mixtures. Results show a reduction in activation energies at the higher temperatures studied, which suggests a change in ignition chemistry at very high temperatures. Measurements show relatively good agreement with predictions from a detailed kinetics mechanism, specifically developed to model ignition chemistry of C1-C3 alkanes.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power","volume":"132","issue":"9","pages":"091502","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.4000590","ISSN":"07424795","shortTitle":"","url":"http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=1475148","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0742-4795","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: BTFSCGKS
data:
  {"key":"BTFSCGKS","version":458,"data":{"key":"BTFSCGKS","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Soot Formation From Heavy Hydrocarbons Behind","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F","lastName":"Douce"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N","lastName":"Djebaili-Chaumeix"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.-E.","lastName":"Paillard"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Clinard"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.N.","lastName":"Rouzaud"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"28","issue":"","pages":"2523–2529","date":"2000","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: BNZHFVMY
data:
  {"key":"BNZHFVMY","version":458,"data":{"key":"BNZHFVMY","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Initiation and propagation of laminar premixed cool flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peng","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenkai","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sili","lastName":"Deng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chung K","lastName":"Law"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"166","issue":"","pages":"477–487","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.025","ISSN":"0016-2361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.025","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Chemiluminescence"},{"tag":"DME"},{"tag":"Low-temperature chemistry"},{"tag":"NTC"},{"tag":"Premixed cool flame"},{"tag":"Residence time"},{"tag":"low-temperature chemistry"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: 87DM99I4
data:
  {"key":"87DM99I4","version":458,"data":{"key":"87DM99I4","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Dynamics of Pulsating Planar Premixed Flames .","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"José","lastName":"Graña-otero"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amable","lastName":"Liñán"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"diffusional-thermal instability"},{"tag":"gasless flames in solids"},{"tag":"pulsating premixed flames"},{"tag":"unsteady flame propagation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:12Z"}}


key: CWLUBTH5
data:
  {"key":"CWLUBTH5","version":458,"data":{"key":"CWLUBTH5","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study of the effects of natural gas injection timing on the combustion performance and emissions of a turbocharged common rail dual-fuel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chengxun","lastName":"Xi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yifu","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"abstract Natural gas combustion with pilot ignition has been considered to be one of the most promising ways to utilize natural gas in existing diesel engine without serious engine modification and it has been widely researched all over the world. In this study, three experiments of different loads (BMEP 0.240 MPa, 0.480 MPa and 0.767 MPa) were performed on a 2.8 L four-cylinder, natural gas manifold injection dual-fuel engine to investigate the effects of natural gas injection timing on engine combustion perfor- mance and emissions. The pilot injection parameters (pilot injection timing and pressure) and natural gas injection pressure remain constant at a speed of 1600 rpm in the experiment. The cylinder pressure, HRR, CoVimep, flame development duration, CA50 and brake thermal efficiency were analyzed. The results indicated that under low and part engine loads, the flame development duration and CA50 can be reduced by properly retarding natural gas injection timing, while the CoVimep increased with retarded natural gas injection timing. As a result, the brake thermal efficiency is increased and the combustion sta- bility slightly deteriorates. Meanwhile, under low and part engine loads, PM emissions in the dual-fuel engine is much lower than that in conventional diesel engines, furthermore, at high load, the PM emis- sions are near zero. CO and HC emissions are reduced with retarded natural gas injection timing under low and part loads, however, NOx emissions are slightly increased. Under high load, the flame develop- ment duration and CA50 are obviously prolonged with retarded natural gas injection timing companied with a deterioration of brake thermal efficiency. CO and HC emissions are not significantly varied with retarded natural gas injection timing under high load, except that NOx emissions decreased slightly.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"87","issue":"","pages":"297–304","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","ISSN":"0196-8904","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: 6RZQ9ZB5
data:
  {"key":"6RZQ9ZB5","version":458,"data":{"key":"6RZQ9ZB5","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Detailed Kinetic Modeling of Low-Temperature Heat Release for PRF Fuels in an HCCI Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Mehl"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"W J","lastName":"Pitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Sjöberg"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J E","lastName":"Dec"}],"abstractNote":"Now more than ever, the increasing strictness of environmental regulation and the stronger need of higher efficiency standards are pushing for the development of cleaner and energy-efficient powertrains. HCCI engines are suitable candidates to achieve these objectives. Understanding the autoignition process and how it is affected by operating conditions is central to the development of these engines. In addition to experiments, detailed kinetic modeling represents a very effective tool for gaining deeper insight into the fundamentals of HCCI autoignition and combustion. Indeed, modeling activities are today widely used in engine design, allowing a significant reduction in prototype development costs and providing a valuable support to the improvement of control strategies.Because the amount of low-temperature heat release (LTHR) strongly affects HCCI autoignition, it is important to determine the ability of kinetic models to accurately predict the LTHR over a range of operating conditions. In this work, the combustion behavior of PRF80 (a fuel showing LTHR at the conditions studied) in a 14:1 compression ratio engine operating in HCCI mode is experimentally and computationally analyzed. A new version of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) kinetic mechanism is used. This new mechanism contains substantial changes to the low-temperature chemistry that improve its ability to predict the behavior of PRF surrogates. With these improvements, the new mechanism achieves better agreement with rapid compression machine and shock tube data over a wide range of pressures and equivalence ratios. Model results are compared with HCCI engine experiments showing the effects of equivalence the ratio and engine speed on the phasing of both the low - and high-temperature heat release. Particular emphasis is placed on the ability of the model to predict the onset of LTHR at different engine conditions.","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","volume":"2009-01-18","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2009-01-1806","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"10.4271/2009-01-1806","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"mehl2009"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: UTY3GBTI
data:
  {"key":"UTY3GBTI","version":458,"data":{"key":"UTY3GBTI","version":458,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Gas – Diesel ( dual-fuel ) modeling in diesel engine environment","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cheikh","lastName":"Mansour"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelhamid","lastName":"Bounif"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abdelkader","lastName":"Aris"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Françoise","lastName":"Gaillard"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"0729","issue":"","pages":"409–424","date":"2000","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: HYZSZ7DQ
data:
  {"key":"HYZSZ7DQ","version":457,"data":{"key":"HYZSZ7DQ","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"CHEMKIN Tutorials Manual CHEMKIN ® Software","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Reaction","lastName":"Design"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Design","volume":"","issue":"December","pages":"1–274","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: Q6TGJWH5
data:
  {"key":"Q6TGJWH5","version":457,"data":{"key":"Q6TGJWH5","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A model for multicomponent droplet vaporization in sprays","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Abraham"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V","lastName":"Magi"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Transactions","volume":"107","issue":"3","pages":"603–613","date":"1998","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/850264","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: WWEYMJY8
data:
  {"key":"WWEYMJY8","version":457,"data":{"key":"WWEYMJY8","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental and modeling study on ignition delays of lean mixtures of methane, hydrogen, oxygen, and argon at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yingjia","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zuohua","lastName":"Huang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Liangjie","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiaxiang","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chung K.","lastName":"Law"}],"abstractNote":"Ignition delays of lean mixtures of methane-hydrogen with various hydrogen volumetric contents were experimentally studied in a shock tube together with modeling analysis. Results show that the ignition behavior of the methane-hydrogen mixture depending on pressure resembles that of methane for hydrogen fraction less than 40%, with the ignition delays decreasing with increasing pressure. For the hydrogen fraction equal 60%, a negligible promoted effect of pressure on the ignition of the methane-hydrogen mixture is exhibited. For hydrogen fractions equal or greater than 80%, however, the ignition response resembles that of hydrogen in that the ignition delay exhibits a complex dependence on pressure and two-step transition in the global activation energy. Compared with calculated values using four available mechanisms, the NUI Galway mechanism yielded the closest agreement, and was adopted in the sensitivity analysis of the ignition kinetics. The sensitivity analysis well explained the experimental results which the ignition delay decreases with increasing temperature regardless of whether methane (typical fuel 80%CH 4/20%H 2) or hydrogen (typical fuel 20%CH 4/80%H 2) dominates the ignition process. Rate of production analysis shows that the promoted effect of the hydrogen on the oxidation of the methane is mainly due to the concentrations of the free radicals such as H, O and OH increase with increasing hydrogen fraction, and lead to the total reaction rate is enhanced. Consumption of methane is mainly through these reactions in which the active free radicals participate. ?? 2011 The Combustion Institute.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"159","issue":"3","pages":"918–931","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.09.010","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.09.010","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0010-2180\nPublisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"Chemical kinetics"},{"tag":"Hydrogen"},{"tag":"Ignition delay"},{"tag":"Methane"},{"tag":"Shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: 3YVFRWNZ
data:
  {"key":"3YVFRWNZ","version":457,"data":{"key":"3YVFRWNZ","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Detailed Simulations of Stratified Ignition and Combustion Processes in a Spray-Guided Gasoline Engine using the SparkCIMM / G-Equation Modeling Framework","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rainer N","lastName":"Dahms"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael C","lastName":"Drake"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ronald O","lastName":"Grover"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Arun S","lastName":"Solomon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Todd D","lastName":"Fansler"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2012-01-0132","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: AXRXFNKZ
data:
  {"key":"AXRXFNKZ","version":457,"data":{"key":"AXRXFNKZ","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spray-induced temperature stratification dynamics in a gasoline direct-injection engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Brian","lastName":"Peterson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Elias","lastName":"Baum"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Böhm"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Volker","lastName":"Sick"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andreas","lastName":"Dreizler"}],"abstractNote":"Simultaneous applications of high-speed toluene-LIF thermometry and PIV at kHz rates were utilized to investigate the evolution of gas temperature stratification imposed from direct-injection of liquid fuel within a motored SIDI engine. Temperature imaging was based on the two-color detection method that measures the LIF signal ratio from two separated wavelength ranges to enable LIF temperature imaging within inhomogeneously mixed systems. It was observed that cold gases associated with evaporative cooling exist within the regions of dense liquid fuel droplet clouds. As droplets disperse, the cold-gas regions expand and relative temperatures as low as -50 K exist. Average temperature gradients between cold- and bulk-gases are up to 30 K/mm and gradients persist but drop in magnitude throughout compression as cold- and bulk-gases mix. Temperature stratification is greatest as the fuel disperses within the field-of-view producing large areas of cold-gases with relative temperatures as low as -50 K. Individual temperature images and 2D PDFs of identified cold-gas regions reveal that local regions of cold-gas imposed from evaporative cooling can last up to 30 CAD after fuel injection for the given operating conditions. The time-resolved imaging study show the mechanics of localized evaporative cooling and bulk-flow motion-driven mixing that over time reduces temperature gradients but does not completely homogenize the temperature fields.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"35","issue":"3","pages":"2923–2931","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.103","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1540-7489","tags":[{"tag":"Direct-injection engine"},{"tag":"Evaporative cooling"},{"tag":"High-speed LIF"},{"tag":"High-speed PIV"},{"tag":"Temperature imaging"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: FYSBSKN3
data:
  {"key":"FYSBSKN3","version":457,"data":{"key":"FYSBSKN3","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of multiple-injection strategies on overall spray behavior, combustion, and emissions reduction characteristics of biodiesel fuel","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Su Han","lastName":"Park"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Seung Hyun","lastName":"Yoon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chang Sik","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"This study described the combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics of biodiesel fuel with multiple-injection strategies. Also, this investigation included the free spray characteristics and in-cylinder spray behaviors of the multiple-injection modes. Free spray and in-cylinder spray images were obtained from the spray visualization system. Combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics were analyzed using a single cylinder diesel engine with a displacement volume of 373.33cm3and a compression ratio of 17.8. The exhaust emissions were analyzed using a smoke meter and an exhaust gas analyzer. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was utilized to measure the particle number and size distribution of the nano-sized particle matter.It revealed that the injected spray before BTDC 25° developed toward the piston bowl region, and then progressed along the piston wall. When the biodiesel spray was injected at BTDC 25°, the spray targeted the piston lib. In single-injection combustion, the combustion pressure and rate of heat release at an injection timing of BTDC 30° dramatically decreased. These characteristics influenced on the decrease of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and the increase of soot, HC, and CO emissions because of the incomplete combustion. The multiple-injection modes showed a higher IMEP than the single-injection mode. In addition, the pilot injection strategy represented a higher IMEP than the split injection mode. The analysis of exhaust emissions characteristics of the multiple-injection modes showed that a short injection interval induced a decrease in soot, HC, and CO emissions, while NO.xemission increased. On the other hand, when the multiple-injection modes applied to the diesel engine, particles with large sizes were significantly decreased compared to single-injection combustion. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"88","issue":"1","pages":"88–98","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.024","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.024","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0306-2619\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Biodiesel fuel"},{"tag":"Combustion pressure"},{"tag":"In-cylinder spray behavior"},{"tag":"Multiple-injection strategy"},{"tag":"Nitrogen oxides"},{"tag":"Soot"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:11Z"}}


key: HIUEB4IV
data:
  {"key":"HIUEB4IV","version":457,"data":{"key":"HIUEB4IV","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A numerical study of laminar flames propagating in stratified mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiacheng","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John","lastName":"Abraham"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"163","issue":"","pages":"461–471","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.10.020","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.10.020","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Stratified hydrogen/a"},{"tag":"Stratified-charge combustion"},{"tag":"air mixture"},{"tag":"stratified hydrogen"},{"tag":"stratified methane"},{"tag":"stratified-charge combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: W67ARAPL
data:
  {"key":"W67ARAPL","version":457,"data":{"key":"W67ARAPL","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Direct Numerical Simulation of Complex Fuel Combustion with Detailed Chemistry : Physical Insight and Mean Reaction Rate Modeling","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Z M","lastName":"Nikolaou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N","lastName":"Swaminathan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Francis","lastName":"Zacharias"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marinou","lastName":"Nikolaou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nedunchezhian","lastName":"Swaminathan"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion Science and Technology","volume":"187","issue":"11","pages":"1759–1789","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1080/00102202.2015.1064911","ISSN":"0010-2202","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2015.1064911","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Taylor & Francis","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: BSGE3VFV
data:
  {"key":"BSGE3VFV","version":457,"data":{"key":"BSGE3VFV","version":457,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Investigation of Ignition Energy with Visualization on a Spark Ignited Engine powered by CNG","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nick","lastName":"Polcyn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Po-i","lastName":"Lee"}],"abstractNote":"The need for using alternative fuel sources continues to grow as industry looks towards enhancing energy security and lowering emissions levels. In order to capture the potential of these megatrends, this study focuses on the relationship between ignition energy, thermal efficiency, and combustion stability of a 0.5 L single cylinder engine powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) at steady state operation. The goal of the experiment was to increase ignition energy at fixed lambda values to look for gains in thermal efficiency. Secondly, a lambda sweep was performed with criteria of maintaining a 4% COVIMEP by increasing the ignition energy until an appropriate threshold for stable combustion was found. The engine performance was measured with a combustion analysis system (CAS), to understand the effects of thermal efficiency and combustion stability (COVIMEP). Emissions of the engine were measured with an FTIR. The engine was instrumented with visualization equipment to capture real-time combustion images. The results show that increasing the ignition energy will increase the thermal efficiency of combustion by roughly 2-3%. In areas of lean combustion, the ignition energy level plays a pronounced role in the COVIMEP of the engine. At λ = 1.25, drastic improvement of COVIMEP was realized based on increasing the energy level. Additionally, the reduction of NOx, CO, and THC emissions is possible as they also are sensitive to the amount of ignition energy.","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2014-01-1331.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: WZ9SP4X8
data:
  {"key":"WZ9SP4X8","version":456,"data":{"key":"WZ9SP4X8","version":456,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Extinction of laminar partially premixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Suresh K","lastName":"Aggarwal"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"35","issue":"6","pages":"528–570","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.pecs.2009.04.003","ISSN":"0360-1285","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.04.003","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: 399BZ99J
data:
  {"key":"399BZ99J","version":456,"data":{"key":"399BZ99J","version":456,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Assessing the predictions of a NO x kinetic mechanism on recent hydrogen and syngas experimental data","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yingjia","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Olivier","lastName":"Mathieu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric L","lastName":"Petersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gilles","lastName":"Bourque"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J","lastName":"Curran"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"182","issue":"x","pages":"122–141","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.03.019","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.03.019","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Chemical kinetics"},{"tag":"Hydrogen"},{"tag":"Mo"},{"tag":"NOx chemistry"},{"tag":"Syngas"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: GUFF76UL
data:
  {"key":"GUFF76UL","version":456,"data":{"key":"GUFF76UL","version":456,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of stereoisomeric structure and bond location on the ignition and reaction pathways of hexane isomers Effect of stereoisomeric structure and bond location on the ignition and reaction pathways of hexenes","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C L","lastName":"Barraza-Botet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S W","lastName":"Wagnon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M S","lastName":"Wooldridge"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Changpeng","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Cesar L","lastName":"Barraza-Botet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Scott W","lastName":"Wagnon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Margaret S","lastName":"Wooldridge"}],"abstractNote":"The current work presents new experimental autoignition and speciation data on the two cis-hexenes isomers (cis-2-hexene and cis-3-hexene). The new data","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/873824.pdf","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"gas chromatography"},{"tag":"hexene isomers"},{"tag":"however"},{"tag":"ignition"},{"tag":"significantly"},{"tag":"the mechanism for 3-hexene"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: Z72I6XZJ
data:
  {"key":"Z72I6XZJ","version":456,"data":{"key":"Z72I6XZJ","version":456,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Parametric investigation of natural gas port injection and diesel pilot injection on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged common rail dual-fuel engine at low load","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chengxun","lastName":"Xi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"143","issue":"","pages":"130–137","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.037","ISSN":"0306-2619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.037","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: B4DGSSGM
data:
  {"key":"B4DGSSGM","version":456,"data":{"key":"B4DGSSGM","version":456,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition properties of methane / hydrogen mixtures in a rapid compression machine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S","lastName":"Gersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N B","lastName":"Anikin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A V","lastName":"Mokhov"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"H B","lastName":"Levinsky"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"33","issue":"","pages":"1957–1964","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.017","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Hydrogen"},{"tag":"RCM"},{"tag":"methane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: 259MMGLB
data:
  {"key":"259MMGLB","version":456,"data":{"key":"259MMGLB","version":456,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Analysis of diesel spray dynamics using a compressible Eulerian/VOF/LES model and microscopic shadowgraphy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Ghiji"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L.","lastName":"Goldsworthy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P. A.","lastName":"Brandner"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V.","lastName":"Garaniya"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"P.","lastName":"Hield"}],"abstractNote":"This paper presents numerical and experimental analysis of diesel engine spray dynamics in the region very close to the nozzle exit. Diesel fuel is injected through a single solid cone injector with sharp-edged nozzle inlet. Numerical investigations are conducted in an Eulerian framework by applying a Volume of Fluid interface capturing technique integrated with Large-Eddy Simulation turbulence modelling. Cavitation is modelled, by allowing liquid fuel to flash to gas at the fuel vapor pressure. The computational domain and settings mimic the experimental injector internal geometry and experimental operating conditions. In-nozzle disturbances are qualitatively well modelled by implementing the no-slip condition at the injector walls as well as cavitation and compressibility effects for each phase. A mesh dependency study is conducted with four different grid resolutions. Data are presented around the start of penetration (SOP) and up to the time when shock waves at the gas-liquid interface are well developed, the quasi-steady stage of injection. At SOP, an umbrella-shaped leading edge is captured in both the numerical and experimental studies however only the experimental images demonstrated a semi-transparent cloud of air-fuel mixture at the leading edge. A previously undescribed toroidal starting vortex near the nozzle exit is captured experimentally and numerically. Development of cavitation, down to the end of nozzle hole leads to the detachment of liquid from the nozzle hole walls and subsequently the diminution of boundary layer effects and thus reduced in-nozzle turbulence, and increased liquid jet velocity.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"188","issue":"","pages":"352–366","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.041","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.041","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Cavitation"},{"tag":"Compressible flow"},{"tag":"Diesel spray"},{"tag":"Large eddy simulation"},{"tag":"Primary atomization"},{"tag":"Shock wave"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: YIB5FB2P
data:
  {"key":"YIB5FB2P","version":456,"data":{"key":"YIB5FB2P","version":456,"itemType":"book","title":"Hydrodynamics","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","name":"Sir Horace Lamb"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"6th","place":"New York","publisher":"","date":"1975","numPages":"","language":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: XKSDCMPD
data:
  {"key":"XKSDCMPD","version":456,"data":{"key":"XKSDCMPD","version":456,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Influence of Spray-Wall Interaction and Fuel Films on Cold Starting in Direct Injection Diesel Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. W.","lastName":"Stanton"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A. M.","lastName":"Lippert"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. D.","lastName":"Reitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. J.","lastName":"Rutland"}],"abstractNote":"Various single and split injection schemes are studied to provide a better understanding of fuel distribution during cold starting in DI diesel engines. Improved spray-wall interaction, fuel film and multicomponent vaporization models are used to analyze the combustion processes. Better combustion characteristics are obtained for the split injection schemes than with a single injection. An analysis of the fuel impingement processes identifies the mechanisms involved in producing the differences in vaporization and combustion of the fuel. A greater amount of splashing occurred for the split injections compared to a single injection. This behavior is attributed to the decreased film thickness (less dissipation of impingement energy), the decreased impingement area (obtained by increasing the impingement Weber number), and most importantly, the reduced frequency of drop impingement. In comparison, the single injection scheme resulted in an impingement time between drops (i.e., drop frequency) that was considerably smaller than the time required for splashing. Thus, subsequent impinging drops interfered with the splashing process, resulting in a greater quantity of adhered fuel on the walls. The increased splashing for the split injection schemes reduced the overall droplet size, which further aided vaporization and combustion. The partitioning of the injected fuel and the dwell between injection pulses have shown to provide better combustion characteristics for cold starting. One common approach to improve startability is to increase the amount of fuel injected. This type of strategy was also modeled. However, the results indicate that better combustion characteristics may be achieved through the optimization of the injection scheme as an alternative to overfueling. © 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper 982584","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"1–22","date":"1998","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/982584","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: XDD7UM8N
data:
  {"key":"XDD7UM8N","version":456,"data":{"key":"XDD7UM8N","version":456,"itemType":"book","title":"Turbulent Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Norbert","lastName":"Peters"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","date":"","numPages":"320","language":"","ISBN":"978-0-521-66082-2","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"2000. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 12 December 2016."},{"tag":"Copyright © 2000. Cambridge University Press. All"},{"tag":"GB: Cambridge University Press"},{"tag":"Norbert. Cambridge Monographs on Mechanics : Turbu"},{"tag":"Peters"},{"tag":"The combustion of fossil fuels remains a key techn"},{"tag":"and partially premixed combustion"},{"tag":"but at the same time combustion releases heat"},{"tag":"in particular"},{"tag":"nonpremixed"},{"tag":"respectively. This book will be of value to resear"},{"tag":"the role of turbulence within this process. Combus"},{"tag":"the three remaining chapters consider the three di"},{"tag":"thus enhancing the transition to turbulence. The f"},{"tag":"which generates flow instability through gas expan"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:10Z"}}


key: 5K8PGMVV
data:
  {"key":"5K8PGMVV","version":456,"data":{"key":"5K8PGMVV","version":456,"itemType":"document","title":"Mechanisms ( combustion chemistry )","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Valeri","lastName":"Golovichev"}],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"","date":"","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/{~}valeri/MECH.html","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: PEEDFWVB
data:
  {"key":"PEEDFWVB","version":455,"data":{"key":"PEEDFWVB","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modeling and Simulation of a Dual Fuel ( Diesel / Natural Gas ) Engine With Multidimensional CFD","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Youtong","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Song-charng","lastName":"Kong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0755","volume":"","issue":"724","pages":"1–14","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: YBY2T8U4
data:
  {"key":"YBY2T8U4","version":455,"data":{"key":"YBY2T8U4","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Two-dimensional soot volume fraction measurements in flames doped with large hydrocarbons","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dhrubajyoti D.","lastName":"Das"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William J.","lastName":"Cannella"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles S.","lastName":"McEnally"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles J.","lastName":"Mueller"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lisa D.","lastName":"Pfefferle"}],"abstractNote":"Developing diesel surrogates that mimic the essential characteristics of target fuels such as their sooting tendency and volatility is a necessary but challenging endeavor, owing in part to the scarcity of available experimental sooting data for compounds in the appropriate high molecular weight range. To address this, in this work we demonstrate an experimental approach which provides quantitative sooting data for such compounds. Specifically, we have measured spatially resolved two-dimensional soot volume fraction distributions for three large hydrocarbons: 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (tipb), 1,3,5-triisopropylcyclohexane (tipcx), and perhydrophenanthrene (php), as well as benzene and n-hexane. Measurements were performed in methane/air coflowing flames whose fuel was doped separately with these compounds (dopant mass fraction 0.5%). Color-ratio pyrometry was used to measure soot temperature and soot volume fraction distributions. Sooting tendencies were tipb \\textgreater benzene \\textgreater php \\textgreater tipcx \\textgreater hexane. These data are expected to be useful in formulation of surrogates with greater fidelity to the volatility and sooting characteristics of real diesel, and in validation of numerical soot models involving such surrogates.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"36","issue":"1","pages":"871–879","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.047","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Color-ratio pyrometry"},{"tag":"Diesel surrogates"},{"tag":"YSI"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: DWZLQ5KP
data:
  {"key":"DWZLQ5KP","version":455,"data":{"key":"DWZLQ5KP","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental investigation on heat transfer of n-pentane spray impingement on piston surface","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhi Fu","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Safwan Hanis","lastName":"Mohd Murad"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jia Meng","lastName":"Tian"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Joseph","lastName":"Camm"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Richard","lastName":"Stone"}],"abstractNote":"Fuel spray impingement on piston surfaces is a concern because it can cause particulate exhaust emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. Transient heat transfer plays an important role that directly influences liquid film evaporation and its lifetime. In this paper, the effects of injection temperature, injection pressure, piston temperature and impact distance on n-pentane spray impingement heat transfer were fully examined. Results showed that increasing the piston temperature could increase the rate of heat transfer with a larger surface temperature reduction and a higher heat flux, which led to a shorter liquid film lifetime on the piston surface. Increasing the fuel injection temperature helped to improve atomization of the fuel spray, reduce the penetration distance and mitigate impact, which in turn led to reduced surface cooling and less liquid film on the piston surface. A decrease in impact distance and an increase in injection pressure both caused an increase in surface temperature reduction and heat flux but a decrease in the liquid film residence time. The dimensionless heat flux in terms of Biot and Fourier numbers presented a high similarity during the rapid cooling stage. A dimensionless correlation was formed to quantify this fast time-varying heat transfer behaviour.","publicationTitle":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"138","issue":"December 2017","pages":"197–206","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.059","ISSN":"13594311","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.059","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"GDI engines"},{"tag":"Particulate matter emissions"},{"tag":"Spray impingement"},{"tag":"Transient heat transfer"},{"tag":"n-pentane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: VLN26YPS
data:
  {"key":"VLN26YPS","version":455,"data":{"key":"VLN26YPS","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Turbulent Flame Speeds of G-equation Models in Unsteady Cellular Flows","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y-y","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Xin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Y","lastName":"Yu"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"8","issue":"3","pages":"198–205","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1051/mmnp/20138312","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"and phrases"},{"tag":"cellular flows"},{"tag":"frequency"},{"tag":"front speed computation"},{"tag":"g-equations"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: WP2Q64I3
data:
  {"key":"WP2Q64I3","version":455,"data":{"key":"WP2Q64I3","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Fuel Vapor Cloud Formation During and After Low Temperature Droplet Burning in Microgravity","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D L","lastName":"Dietrich"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"V","lastName":"Nayagam"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"F A","lastName":"Williams"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"cool flames"},{"tag":"droplet combustion"},{"tag":"microgravity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: DIDV5Y57
data:
  {"key":"DIDV5Y57","version":455,"data":{"key":"DIDV5Y57","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Validation of OpenFOAM 1.6.x with the German VDI guideline for obstacle resolving micro-scale models","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Franke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Sturm"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.","lastName":"Kalmbach"}],"abstractNote":"The open source flow solver OpenFOAM 1.6.x is validated for the computation of the statistically steady turbulent flow around single and multiple obstacles. To that end the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved together with the standard k-ϵ turbulence model. Five cases are computed comprising a 2D beam, a wall mounted cube, a wall mounted cube rotated by 45° against the approach flow, a cuboid and an array of 21 cuboids. A block structured hexahedral, an unstructured tetrahedral and an unstructured hybrid mesh of tetrahedra and prisms are used for each case. The computed mean velocity components are compared with corresponding experimental results. From the relative or absolute difference of the results a hit rate is computed. For all cases and meshes the computed hit rate is larger than the hit rate required for successful validation if all available measurement positions are taken into account. When only positions in the near field are used for the hit rate, at least for one case and velocity component the successful validation criterion is not met, independent of the mesh. Thus only partial validation is achieved, which is consistent with published results obtained with other flow solvers. Furthermore it is shown that the metrics are not very sensitive to the choice of numerical and physical parameters, which raises the question whether the pass or fail criterion adopted by the guideline is too weak. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"104-106","issue":"","pages":"350–359","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.jweia.2012.02.021","ISSN":"01676105","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.02.021","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"CFD"},{"tag":"Hit rate"},{"tag":"RANS"},{"tag":"Standard k-ϵ model"},{"tag":"Unstructured grids"},{"tag":"Urban flow"},{"tag":"Validation"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: QBISGLY9
data:
  {"key":"QBISGLY9","version":455,"data":{"key":"QBISGLY9","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An ignition delay and kinetic modeling study of methane , dimethyl ether , and their mixtures at high pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ultan","lastName":"Burke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kieran P","lastName":"Somers"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter O","lastName":"Toole"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chis M","lastName":"Zinner"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nicolas","lastName":"Marquet"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gilles","lastName":"Bourque"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric L","lastName":"Petersen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wayne K","lastName":"Metcalfe"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zeynep","lastName":"Serinyel"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J","lastName":"Curran"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"162","issue":"2","pages":"315–330","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.08.014","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.08.014","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: PJ4CYGYU
data:
  {"key":"PJ4CYGYU","version":455,"data":{"key":"PJ4CYGYU","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Improvement of dual-fuel biodiesel-producer gas engine performance acting on biodiesel injection parameters and strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A. P.","lastName":"Carlucci"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Ficarella"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Laforgia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L.","lastName":"Strafella"}],"abstractNote":"Dual-fuel biodiesel-producer gas combustion has shown potential in reducing nitric oxides and particulate emission levels compared to only diesel operation; however, engine overall efficiency is slightly penalized, while the main drawbacks are represented by the higher levels of total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. In this work, the improvements in the combustion development deriving from the splitting of the liquid fuel injection at low loads have been assessed using a 0.51 L single-cylinder research diesel engine equipped with a high pressure common rail injection system and operated in dual-fuel mode. In this case, a synthetic producer gas was used as inducted gaseous fuel, while biodiesel was used as pilot fuel. Initially, the spray morphology was characterized in a constant-volume vessel for different values of injection duration and pressure, as well as vessel backpressure. Then, the experimental campaign, run on the engine at 1500 rpm, was divided in two sessions. During the former, only one pilot injection of constant fuel amount (11 mm3/cycle) was performed, the rail pressure was set equal to 500 or 1000 bar, the injection timing was varied in the range −50 ÷ 5 degrees crank angle after top dead center while the amount of gaseous fuel inducted in the cylinder was varied on three levels. During the latter, the pilot fuel amount, kept equal to the one pilot injection tests, was split in two smaller injections and the effect of the dwell between them – varied in the range 5 ÷ 50 degrees crank angle – was investigated as well. The results of the first set of experiments revealed that pilot injection timing and pressure both affect the combustion development. This resulted in sensible variations on thermal and combustion efficiencies, and therefore on fuel conversion efficiency, the last one exhibiting higher values with pilot injection timing slightly advanced respect to top dead center and lower injection pressure. In these conditions, total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are lowered, while nitric oxides are increased. The amount of gas demonstrated to have a secondary effect on combustion development and emissions levels at the exhaust. Splitting pilot injection, demonstrated to be an effective way to increase fuel conversion efficiency and to reduce the levels of all the pollutant species compared to the single pilot injection strategy. Based on the extensive experimental activity described in this paper, a dwell ranging between 10 and 30 degrees of crank angle, combined with a first injection timing ranging between 35 and 20 degrees of crank angle before top dead center guarantee the highest fuel conversion efficiency and the lowest pollutants emission levels. Injection pressure confirmed to be a significant factor in affecting the combustion development, while a secondary effect was determined by the gaseous mass inducted in the cylinder. Ultimately, pilot injection splitting demonstrated to be an effective way for improving gaseous fuel combustion in dual-fuel mode at low load (lean mixture) conditions.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"209","issue":"July","pages":"754–768","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.100","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.100","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier","tags":[{"tag":"Biodiesel"},{"tag":"Dual-fuel"},{"tag":"Injection pressure"},{"tag":"Injection splitting"},{"tag":"Injection timing"},{"tag":"Producer gas"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:09Z"}}


key: LSJEXMKU
data:
  {"key":"LSJEXMKU","version":455,"data":{"key":"LSJEXMKU","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Kinetic modeling of gasoline surrogate components and mixtures under engine conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Mehl"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William J.","lastName":"Pitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles K.","lastName":"Westbrook"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry J.","lastName":"Curran"}],"abstractNote":"Real fuels are complex mixtures of thousands of hydrocarbon compounds including linear and branched paraffins, naphthenes, olefins and aromatics. It is generally agreed that their behavior can be effectively reproduced by simpler fuel surrogates containing a limited number of components. In this work, an improved version of the kinetic model by the authors is used to analyze the combustion behavior of several components relevant to gasoline surrogate formulation. Particular attention is devoted to linear and branched saturated hydrocarbons (PRF mixtures), olefins (1-hexene) and aromatics (toluene). Model predictions for pure components, binary mixtures and multi-component gasoline surrogates are compared with recent experimental information collected in rapid compression machine, shock tube and jet stirred reactors covering a wide range of conditions pertinent to internal combustion engines (3-50 atm, 650-1200 K, stoichiometric fuel/air mixtures). Simulation results are discussed focusing attention on the mixing effects of the fuel components. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"33","issue":"1","pages":"193–200","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.027","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.027","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Auto-ignition"},{"tag":"Blending effects"},{"tag":"Gasoline surrogates"},{"tag":"Kinetic modeling"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: 43XPR5IX
data:
  {"key":"43XPR5IX","version":455,"data":{"key":"43XPR5IX","version":455,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A New Finite-Conductivity Droplet Evaporation Model Including Liquid Turbulence Effect","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M S","lastName":"Balasubramanyam"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C P","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"9"},{"tag":"a new approach to"},{"tag":"account for finite thermal"},{"tag":"and chen"},{"tag":"atomizatiodspray model of trinh"},{"tag":"atomizing droplets of an"},{"tag":"conductivity and turbulence effects"},{"tag":"evaporating spray is presented"},{"tag":"evaporation"},{"tag":"extension of"},{"tag":"in this paper"},{"tag":"numerical modeling"},{"tag":"spray"},{"tag":"the model is an"},{"tag":"the t-blob and t-tab"},{"tag":"this finite conductivity"},{"tag":"within"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: QNCVI4EM
data:
  {"key":"QNCVI4EM","version":454,"data":{"key":"QNCVI4EM","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Implementation and improvement of ISAT in HCCI engine multidimensional modeling with detailed chemical kinetics","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M","lastName":"Jia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.-Z.","lastName":"Xie"}],"abstractNote":"In situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) has been implemented into homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine multidimensional modeling with detailed chemical kinetics, and the performance of ISAT was discussed. The results showed that ISAT could reduce the computational time remarkably, and control the global error efficiently. Taking into account of the characteristics of chemical reactions during HCCI engine combustion process, an enhanced approach, the partial ISAT (PaISAT) is presented, and it can significantly improve the accuracy and speed-up factor. Moreover, the required memory of ISAT is reduced due to adoption of dynamic trimming technique.","publicationTitle":"Neiranji Xuebao/Transactions of CSICE (Chinese Society for Internal Combustion Engines)","volume":"24","issue":"1","pages":"9–14","date":"2006","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2008-01-0978","ISSN":"10000909","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645450533{\\&}partnerID=40{\\&}rel=R8.2.0","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Chemical kinetics model"},{"tag":"Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine"},{"tag":"In situ adaptive tabulation"},{"tag":"Storage/retrieve approach"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: N9E9EMM8
data:
  {"key":"N9E9EMM8","version":454,"data":{"key":"N9E9EMM8","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Inert gas influence on the laminar burning velocity of methane-air mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Maria","lastName":"Mitu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Venera","lastName":"Giurcan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Domnina","lastName":"Razus"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dumitru","lastName":"Oancea"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"321","issue":"","pages":"440–448","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.033","ISSN":"0304-3894","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.033","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier B.V.","tags":[{"tag":"laminar burning velocity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: 64GTXWL2
data:
  {"key":"64GTXWL2","version":454,"data":{"key":"64GTXWL2","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Optimization of Dual Fuel Diesel-Methane Operation on a Production Passenger Car Engine - Thermodynamic Analysis","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Serrano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jerome","lastName":"Obiols"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bertrand","lastName":"Lecointe"}],"abstractNote":"With the emergence of stringent emissions standards and needs for fuel diversification, many countries are considering a massive use of natural gas for transportation. In this context, dual fuel diesel-CNG combustion is considered as a promising solution for highly efficient internal combustion engines. This concept offers the possibility to combine a diesel pilot injection as a high energy combustion initiation event, with an indirect injection of methane as main energy source. Low CO2 emissions can be reached thanks to the use of a conventional compression ignition engine with high compression ratio, and thanks to methane's high knocking resistance and low carbon content. Another benefit of dual fuel operation with high diesel substitution rates is the drastic reduction of PM emissions since methane is a very stable molecule containing no soot precursor. Moreover, the additional cost of the gas injection system is counterbalanced by the fuel cost reduction: indeed, CNG is cheaper than diesel fuel in most countries. Until now, dual fuel approach has been applied mainly on heavy duty engines using a basic approach of diesel fuel substitution. This paper presents an example of application based on a production Euro 6 diesel passenger car engine equipped with a modern diesel common rail injection system. A port fuel gas injection system was easily implemented to allow dual fuel functionality. The advantage of this configuration is that full diesel operation can be maintained and no major modification of engine hardware is needed, which is valuable for progressive introduction of dual fuel into the automotive market. The objective of the study was to optimize the dual fuel combustion process on the largest engine operating range and to maximize the methane to diesel fuel ratio. Optimal combustion mode between stoichiometry and lean burn was selected for several operating points taking into account the Euro 6 target for engine-out NOx emissions and the maximization of CO2 savings. A first step, not detailed in this paper, consisted in optimizing the swirl level, the combustion chamber and the compression ratio. On the optimal configuration, the boundaries of dual fuel operating range were determined at part and full load. The main limitations of the concept were identified such as pre-ignition at high load and unburned HC emissions at low load caused by fuel trapped on engine crevices and flame quenching. The optimal dual fuel settings were compared to diesel operation thanks to a split of losses approach allowed by means of an in-house dedicated tool. This methodology allows identifying precisely the gains and the losses for each contributor involved in the combustion process (e.g. heat losses, pumping losses, combustion phasing and duration, etc.). This comparison is well adapted for prospective concepts in order to unlink complex phenomena. Copyright © 2013 SAE International and Copyright © 2013 KSAE.","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"11","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-2505","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84890324313{\\&}partnerID=tZOtx3y1","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: JL9AMMV7
data:
  {"key":"JL9AMMV7","version":454,"data":{"key":"JL9AMMV7","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spray Characterization of Ethanol Gasoline Blends and Comparison to a CFD Model for a Gasoline Direct Injector","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Atsushi","lastName":"Matsumoto"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wayne R","lastName":"Moore"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yi","lastName":"Zheng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matthew","lastName":"Foster"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing-Bin","lastName":"Xie"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David","lastName":"Yen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Keith","lastName":"Confer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eunjoo","lastName":"Hopkins"}],"abstractNote":"Operation of flex fuel vehicles requires operation with a range of fuel properties. The significant differences in the heat of vaporization and energy density of E0-E100 fuels and the effect on spray development need to be fully comprehended when developing engine control strategies. Limited enthalpy for fuel vaporization needs to be accounted for when developing injection strategies for cold start, homogeneous and stratified operation. Spray imaging of multi-hole gasoline injectors with fuels ranging from E0 to E100 and environmental conditions that represent engine operating points from ambient cold start to hot conditions was performed in a spray chamber. Schlieren visualization technique was used to characterize the sprays and the results were compared with Laser Mie scattering and Back-lighting technique. Open chamber experiments were utilized to provide input and validation of a CFD model. In addition to the fuel variation and operating conditions three different injectors were investigated with differences in static flow rate and internal nozzle geometry. This empirical data was used in the initial development of a robust CFD model for predicting spray behaviors from a multi-hole gasoline direct injector. Comparisons of spray penetration were made between the optimized CFD model and the empirical results. Image processing techniques were presented for characterizing the spray images to quantify the penetration and the vapor cloud development. 3D-CFD numerical simulation is commonly used in order to make selections of engine injection in the early design period. In this article, the spray behavior was predicted by CONVERGE, The characteristics of the spray tip penetration and mass of the liquid and vapor phases were calculated under different temperature and pressure conditions, Testing was also conducted at realistic chamber operating conditions for stratified operation. In these test the piston crown geometry was included in the spray chamber to evaluate fuel impingement effects. Schlieren imaging provided insight into the effect of spray impingement resulting in spray bounce and fuel puddles.","publicationTitle":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":"3","issue":"1","pages":"402–425","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2010-01-0601","ISSN":"19463936","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2010-01-0601","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: P7EKU4XY
data:
  {"key":"P7EKU4XY","version":454,"data":{"key":"P7EKU4XY","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effect of the diesel injection timing and the pilot quantity on the combustion characteristics and the fine-particle emissions in a micro-diesel pilot-ignited natural-gas engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lei","lastName":"Zhou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yi-Fu","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chen-Bo","lastName":"Wu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Lu","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zuo-Hua","lastName":"Huang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":"227","issue":"8","pages":"1142–1152","date":"2013-08","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1177/0954407013480452","ISSN":"0954-4070","shortTitle":"","url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954407013480452","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: U2RIU68D
data:
  {"key":"U2RIU68D","version":454,"data":{"key":"U2RIU68D","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"On the propagation limits and speeds of premixed cool flames at elevated pressures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yiguang","lastName":"Ju"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"178","issue":"","pages":"61–69","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.01.006","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.01.006","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Cool flames"},{"tag":"Dilution"},{"tag":"Flamm"},{"tag":"Heat loss"},{"tag":"High pressure"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: 4FMKPUGL
data:
  {"key":"4FMKPUGL","version":454,"data":{"key":"4FMKPUGL","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Assessment and application of tomographic PIV for the spray-induced flow in an IC engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Peterson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Baum"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. P.","lastName":"Ding"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.","lastName":"Michaelis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Dreizler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Böhm"}],"abstractNote":"Spray-induced turbulence proceeding late-injection is regarded to augment mixing, playing a primary role in controlling heat-release rates and pollutant formation in direct-injection engines. This work presents the first application of tomographic PIV (TPIV) to resolve the 3-dimensional, 3-component (3D3C) spray-induced turbulent flow in a spray-guided direct-injection spark-ignition (SG-DISI) engine. TPIV measurements were performed after a single-injection from a hollow-cone spray when particle distributions were suited for accurate particle reconstruction. High-speed PIV (HS-PIV) measurements (4.8 kHz) were combined with phase-locked TPIV measurements (3.3 Hz) to provide the time history of the 2D2C flow-field preceding TPIV. HS-PIV is also used to validate TPIV measurements within the z = 0 mm plane. TPIV uncertainties of 12% are assessed for non-injection operation. TPIV is used to spatially resolve spray-induced turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), shear (S), and vorticity ($Ømega$) distributions. The added 3D3C velocity information is capable of resolving 3D shear layers that produce spatially-coherent 3D turbulent vortical structures, which are anticipated to augment fuel-air mixing. Measurements spatially quantify the increase of these parameters from injection and quantity distributions reveal significant differences to non-injection operation. The isosurface density (ρ), defined as the volume percentage for which a flow parameter exceeds a given value, is used to identify distributions of the largest TKE, S, and $Ømega$ magnitudes. Distributions quantify the increase of TKE, S, and $Ømega$ from injection and describe the decay of spray-induced turbulence with time. At ρ values below 10%, fuel injection increases TKE, S, and $Ømega$ magnitudes in excess of 400% compared to the tumble flow without injection. Magnitudes remained 2-times larger than non-injection operation 16 crank-angle degrees (CADs) after injection. This indicates that spray-induced turbulence enhancement can remain for a significant time after injection. Measurements and analyses provide insight into spray-induced turbulence phenomena and are anticipated to support predictive model development for engine sprays.","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"36","issue":"3","pages":"3472–3475","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.114","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.114","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"IC engine"},{"tag":"Planar particle image velocimetry"},{"tag":"Spray-induced turbulent flow"},{"tag":"Tomographic particle image velocimetry (TPIV)"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: MVDMCSWB
data:
  {"key":"MVDMCSWB","version":454,"data":{"key":"MVDMCSWB","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Investigation of the ignition and combustion processes of a dual-fuel spray under diesel-like conditions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. J.","lastName":"López"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R.","lastName":"Novella"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"García"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. F.","lastName":"Winklinger"}],"abstractNote":"Recent research activities in the field of diesel engines have shown the potential to reduce pollutant emissions and improve the thermal efficiency by controlling the fuel reactivity. However, understanding the impact of blending fuels with different physical and especially chemical properties on diesel-like spray mixing and combustion processes is still a challenge. Since the experimental techniques are still far from providing detailed temporal and spatial information about local spray conditions, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling tools have become the key source of information for investigating the characteristics of these dual-fuel sprays. In this frame, the present research focuses on modeling a dual-fuel spray in diesel-like conditions, comparing different gasoline and diesel blends in terms of ignition characteristics and flame structure. The results confirm the suitability of the state of the art computational CFD modeling tools for reproducing the complex phenomena associated to dual-fuel sprays. Moreover, the important benefits provided by dual-fuel blends, considering the expected reduction in pollutant emissions as a consequence of the differences observed in terms of flame structure, are confirmed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","publicationTitle":"Mathematical and Computer Modelling","volume":"57","issue":"7-8","pages":"1897–1906","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.mcm.2011.12.030","ISSN":"08957177","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.12.030","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0895-7177\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling"},{"tag":"Diesel combustion"},{"tag":"Dual fuel"},{"tag":"Mixing controlled combustion"},{"tag":"Spray ignition"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:08Z"}}


key: 3M7K5LR7
data:
  {"key":"3M7K5LR7","version":454,"data":{"key":"3M7K5LR7","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Direct numerical simulations of ignition of a lean n-heptane/air mixture with temperature inhomogeneities at constant volume: Parametric study","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chun Sang","lastName":"Yoo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tianfeng","lastName":"Lu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jacqueline H.","lastName":"Chen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chung K.","lastName":"Law"}],"abstractNote":"The effect of thermal stratification on the ignition of a lean homogeneous n-heptane/air mixture at constant volume and high pressure is investigated by direct numerical simulations (DNS) with a new 58-species reduced kinetic mechanism developed for very lean mixtures from the detailed LLNL mechanism (H.J. Curran et al., Combust. Flame 129 (2002) 253-280). Two-dimensional DNS are performed in a fixed volume with a two-dimensional isotropic velocity spectrum and temperature fluctuations superimposed on the initial scalar fields. The influence of variations in the initial temperature field, imposed by changing the mean and variance of temperature, and the ratio of turbulence to ignition delay timescale on multi-stage ignition of a lean n-heptane/air mixture is studied. In general, the mean heat release rate increases more slowly with increasing thermal stratification regardless of the mean initial temperature. Ignition delay decreases with increasing thermal stratification for high mean initial temperature relative to the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) regime. It is, however, increased with increasing thermal fluctuations for relatively low mean initial temperature resulting from a longer overall ignition delay of the mixture. Displacement speed and Damköhler number analyses reveal that the high degree of thermal stratification induces deflagration rather than spontaneous ignition at the reaction fronts, and hence, the mean heat release rate is smoother subsequent to thermal runaway occurring at the highest temperature regions in the domain. Chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) also verifies that mixing counterbalances chemical explosion at the reaction fronts for cases with large temperature fluctuation. It is also found that if the ratio of turbulence to ignition delay timescale is short, resultant diminished scalar fluctuations cause the overall ignition to occur by spontaneous ignition. However, the overall effect of turbulence is small compared to the effect of thermal stratification. These results suggest that the critical degree of thermal stratification for smooth operation of homogeneous charge compression-ignition (HCCI) engines depends on both the mean and fluctuations in initial temperature which should be considered in controlling ignition timing and preventing an overly rapid increase in pressure in HCCI combustion. © 2011 The Combustion Institute.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"158","issue":"9","pages":"1727–1741","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.025","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.025","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0010-2180\nPublisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[{"tag":"Auto-ignition"},{"tag":"Chemical explosive mode analysis"},{"tag":"DNS"},{"tag":"HCCI"},{"tag":"N-Heptane reduced mechanism"},{"tag":"Thermal stratification"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: KDKNBM5E
data:
  {"key":"KDKNBM5E","version":454,"data":{"key":"KDKNBM5E","version":454,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Evaluation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium evaporation models for many-droplet gas-liquid ¯ ow simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R S","lastName":"Miller"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K","lastName":"Harstad"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J","lastName":"Bellan"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"24","issue":"","pages":"1025–1055","date":"1998","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"0 0 0 2"},{"tag":"00"},{"tag":"0301-9322"},{"tag":"1 - 9 3"},{"tag":"19"},{"tag":"1998 elsevier science ltd"},{"tag":"2 2"},{"tag":"8 - 7"},{"tag":"9 8"},{"tag":"98"},{"tag":"all rights reserved"},{"tag":"condensation"},{"tag":"corresponding author"},{"tag":"droplet"},{"tag":"evaporation"},{"tag":"non-euilibrium"},{"tag":"pii"},{"tag":"s 0 3 0"},{"tag":"spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: SDL8TQW9
data:
  {"key":"SDL8TQW9","version":453,"data":{"key":"SDL8TQW9","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Development of multi-component diesel surrogate fuel models - Part I: Validation of reduced mechanisms of diesel fuel constituents in 0-D kinetic simulations","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hiew Mun","lastName":"Poon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kar Mun","lastName":"Pang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hoon Kiat","lastName":"Ng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Suyin","lastName":"Gan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jesper","lastName":"Schramm"}],"abstractNote":"In the present work, development and validation of reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for several different hydrocarbons are performed. These hydrocarbons are potential representative for practical diesel fuel constituents. n-Hexadecane (HXN), 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN), cyclohexane (CHX) and toluene are selected to represent straight-alkane, branched-alkane, cyclo-alkane and aromatic compounds in the diesel fuel. A five-stage chemical kinetic mechanism reduction scheme formulated in the previous work is applied to develop the reduced HMN and CHX models based on their respective detailed mechanisms. Alongside with the development of the reduced CHX model, a skeletal toluene sub-mechanism is constructed since the elementary reactions for toluene are subset of the detailed CHX mechanism. The final reduced HMN mechanism comprises 89 species with 319 elementary reactions, while the final reduced CHX mechanism which includes the toluene sub-mechanism consists of 80 species with 287 elementary reactions. Both reduced models are approximately 92% smaller than their respective detailed models in terms of total number of species and elementary reactions. Following that, both the newly developed fuel constituent reduced mechanisms, together with the formerly derived reduced HXN mechanism are comprehensively validated in zero-dimensional chemical kinetic simulations under a wide range of shock tube and jet-stirred reactor (JSR) conditions. Well agreement between the reduced and detailed mechanisms is achieved for ignition delay (ID) and species concentration predictions under both auto-ignition and JSR conditions, with a maximum relative error of 40%. In addition, the reduced models are further validated against the JSR experimental results for each diesel fuel constituents. The surrogate models are able to reasonably reproduce the experimental species concentration profiles in view of their simplified fuel chemistries. Deviations within one order of magnitude in the absolute values are recorded between the computations and measurements. Validation of these reduced models for each diesel fuel constituents in this work serves as a prerequisite for constructing a multi-component diesel surrogate fuel model. The compact yet accurate chemical models proposed here aid to reduce the chemistry size of the final multi-component diesel surrogate model such that it remains computationally efficient when it is incorporated with multi-dimensional CFD simulations. The reduced mechanism of each fuel constituent can also be used individually for other CFD applications.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"180","issue":"","pages":"433–441","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.043","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.114 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.043","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Aromatics"},{"tag":"Branched-alkanes"},{"tag":"Cyclo-alkanes"},{"tag":"Diesel fuel"},{"tag":"Mechanism reduction"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: HID7MM2Z
data:
  {"key":"HID7MM2Z","version":453,"data":{"key":"HID7MM2Z","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Measurements of CO 2 and H 2 O near 2.7 µ m using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Aamir","lastName":"Farooq"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hejie","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jay B","lastName":"Jeffries"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ronald K","lastName":"Hanson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"High","lastName":"Temperature"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"July","pages":"1–9","date":"2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"co"},{"tag":"h 2 o"},{"tag":"laser absorption"},{"tag":"nitromethane"},{"tag":"pyrolysis"},{"tag":"shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: HTH6VVN6
data:
  {"key":"HTH6VVN6","version":453,"data":{"key":"HTH6VVN6","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine fuelled with diesel and LNG ( liquid natural gas )","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kraipat","lastName":"Cheenkachorn"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chedthawut","lastName":"Poompipatpong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Choi","lastName":"Gyeung"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"53","issue":"","pages":"52–57","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.027","ISSN":"0360-5442","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.027","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"engine"},{"tag":"modi fi ed diesel"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: N299B566
data:
  {"key":"N299B566","version":453,"data":{"key":"N299B566","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"No Title No Title","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David R.","lastName":"Tobergte"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shirley","lastName":"Curtis"}],"abstractNote":"applicability for this approach.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling","volume":"53","issue":"9","pages":"1689–1699","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004","ISSN":"1098-6596","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9788578110796\n_eprint: arXiv:1011.1669v3\nPMID: 25246403","tags":[{"tag":"icle"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: KB58Z4UM
data:
  {"key":"KB58Z4UM","version":453,"data":{"key":"KB58Z4UM","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Description of Knock Limit in a CFR Engine : Effects of Engine Settings and Gas Quality","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Saikaly","lastName":"Khalil"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rahmouni","lastName":"Camal"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Le Corre","lastName":"Olivier"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Truffet","lastName":"Laurent"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"4970","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2009-01-2620","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: PFDTB34U
data:
  {"key":"PFDTB34U","version":453,"data":{"key":"PFDTB34U","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Large-eddy simulation on the influence of injection pressure in reacting Spray A","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heikki","lastName":"Kahila"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Armin","lastName":"Wehrfritz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ossi","lastName":"Kaario"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mahdi","lastName":"Ghaderi Masouleh"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Noud","lastName":"Maes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bart","lastName":"Somers"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ville","lastName":"Vuorinen"}],"abstractNote":"The Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray A target case corresponds to high-pressure liquid fuel injection in conditions relevant to diesel engines. Following the procedure by Wehrfritz et al. (2016), we utilize large-eddy simulation (LES) and flamelet generated manifold (FGM) methods to carry out an injection pressure sensitivity study for Spray A at 50, 100 and 150 MPa. Comparison with experiments is shown for both non-reacting and reacting conditions. Validation results in non-reacting conditions indicate relatively good agreement between the present LES and experimental data, with some deviation in mixture fraction radial profiles. In reacting conditions, the simulated flame lift-off length (FLOL) increases with injection pressure, deviating from the experiments by 4–14%. Respectively, the ignition delay time (IDT) decreases with increasing injection pressure and it is underpredicted in the simulations by 10–20%. Analysis of the underlying chemistry manifold implies that the observed discrepancies can be explained by the differences between experimental and computational mixing processes.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"191","issue":"","pages":"142–159","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.01.004","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"FGM"},{"tag":"Ignition"},{"tag":"Ignition kernels"},{"tag":"LES"},{"tag":"Spray A"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: GICBHLDY
data:
  {"key":"GICBHLDY","version":453,"data":{"key":"GICBHLDY","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Acoustic Suppression of Alkane Fueled Line-Flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Adam N","lastName":"Friedman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Stanislav I","lastName":"Stoliarov"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"acoustics"},{"tag":"flame suppression"},{"tag":"spalding b number"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:07Z"}}


key: T8KQMYP2
data:
  {"key":"T8KQMYP2","version":453,"data":{"key":"T8KQMYP2","version":453,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Shock tube determination of ignition delay times in full-blend and surrogate fuel mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B. M.","lastName":"Gauthier"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. F.","lastName":"Davidson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. K.","lastName":"Hanson"}],"abstractNote":"Autoignition characteristics of n-heptane/air, gasoline/air, and ternary surrogate/air mixtures were studied behind reflected shock waves in a high-pressure, low-temperature regime similar to that found in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine cycles. The range of experiments covered combustion of fuel in air for lean, stoichiometric, and rich mixtures (??=0.5, 1.0, 2.0), two pressure ranges (15-25 and 45-60 atm), temperatures from 850 to 1280 K, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) loadings of (0, 20, and 30%). The ignition delay time measurements in n-heptane are in good agreement with the shock tube study of Fieweger et al. (Proc. Combust. Inst. 25 (1994) 1579-1585) and support the observation of a pronounced, low-temperature, NTC region. Strong agreement was seen between ignition delay time measurements for RD387 gasoline and surrogate (63% iso-octane/20% toluene/17% n-heptane by liquid volume) over the full range of experimental conditions studied. Ignition delay time measurements under fuel-lean (??=0.5) mixture conditions were longer than with ??=1.0 mixtures at both the low- (15-25 atm) and high- (45-60 atm) pressure conditions. Ignition delay times in fuel-rich (??=2.0) mixtures for both gasoline and surrogate were indistinguishable in the low-pressure (15-25 atm) range, but were clearly shorter at high-pressures (45-60 atm). EGR loading affected the ignition delay times similarly for both gasoline and surrogate, with clear trends indicating an increase in ignition delay time with increased EGR loading. This data set should provide benchmark targets for detailed mechanism validation and refinement under HCCI conditions. ?? 2004 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"139","issue":"4","pages":"300–311","date":"2004","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.08.015","ISSN":"00102180","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0010-2180","tags":[{"tag":"Gasoline"},{"tag":"Gasoline surrogate"},{"tag":"Ignition times"},{"tag":"Shock tube"},{"tag":"n-Heptane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:06Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:06Z"}}


key: SGMN7U2Z
data:
  {"key":"SGMN7U2Z","version":453,"data":{"key":"SGMN7U2Z","version":453,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Correlations of Laminar Combustion Data for Alternative S.I. Engine Fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Omer L","lastName":"Gulder"}],"abstractNote":"Most of the spark ignition engine cycle simulations use turbulent burning models which require a knowledge of laminar burning velocity of the fuel-air mixture as a function of mixture strength, unburned mixture temperature and pressure. In this work burning velocity data of different alternative spark ignition engine fuels obtained by various workers have been compared and critically evaluated. Empirical and semi-empirical correlations, suitable for cycle simulation studies, are presented for laminar burning velocity as a function of mixture strength, unburned mixture temperature, pressure, and residual gas fraction. Fuels considered include ethanoi, methanoi, alcohol/water blends, isooctane/alcohol blends, propane and isooctane. Experimental data obtained by the present author constitute the major part of the data used in correlations. Published data of other workers and the predictions of theoretical thermo-kinetic models have also been considered in correlations. IN THE SIMULATION of the spark ignition engine cycles, modelling of the turbulent flame propagation presents particular problems [1].* Generally, turbulent flame propagation models are based on laminar burning velocity, turbulence intensity, and one or more scale parameters of turbulence [1-5], ^or a given fuel, laminar burning velocity is a function of the mixture strength, unburned mixture temperature and pressure. However, for engine combustion applications, mass fraction of the residual gases in the fresh mixture should also be taken into account. ^Numbers In brackets designate references at end of paper. The burning velocity, which is also called flame velocity or normal combustion velocity, is the velocity at which unburned fuel-air gas mixture moves through the combustion wave in the direction normal to the wave surface. Although, this definition of the flame velocity is straightforward, the experimental determination of it presents some complications. Different measurement and data evaluation techniques have long been known to produce burning velocity data with significant deviations. Detailed critical reviews of various measurement and data evaluation techniques can be found in [6,7]. It was suggested that closed vessel explosion techniques accompanied by density corrections can give good possibilities for the accurate measurement of burning velocity [b,7]. Although thermokinetic combustion models have recently been quite successful for combustion predictions of simple hydrocarbon fuels [8-11], uncertainties in the rates of the elementary reactions [12], and in transport properties of intermediate oxidation species [13] prevent, at the moment, the use of kinetic models for practical fuels in engine cycle simulations.","date":"1984","proceedingsTitle":"West Coast Internatiana! Meeting & Exposition San Diego, California August 6-9,1984","conferenceName":"","place":"Detroit","publisher":"SAE","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:06Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:06Z"}}


key: YFYSNR3W
data:
  {"key":"YFYSNR3W","version":484,"data":{"key":"YFYSNR3W","version":484,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical study of combustion and emission characteristics of dual-fuel engines using 3D-CFD models coupled with chemical kinetics","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Maghbouli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rahim Khoshbakhti","lastName":"Saray"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sina","lastName":"Shafee"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jafar","lastName":"Ghafouri"}],"abstractNote":"Dual-fuel combustion provides a relatively easy and inexpensive alternative to conventional diesel engine combustion by drastically reducing fuel consumption with comparable performance characteristics. Accurate simulation of the dual-fuel combustion requires utilization of a detailed chemistry combined with a flow simulation code. In the present study, the combustion process within the diesel and diesel/gas dual-fuel engine is investigated by use of a coupled 3D-CFD/chemical kinetics framework. In this study, methane and n-heptane are used as representatives of the natural gas and diesel fuels. The multi-dimensional KIVA-3V code, with modified combustion and heat transfer models, incorporates a chemical kinetics mechanism for n-heptane and methane oxidation chemistry. The source terms in energy and species conservation equations due to chemical reactions are calculated by integrating the CHEMKIN chemistry solver into the KIVA code. The model is applied to simulation of a medium duty dual-fuel converted diesel engine. A chemical kinetics mechanism which consists of 42 species and 57 reactions is used for prediction of n-heptane oxidation chemistry. Simulation of dual-fuel combustion is performed using the same mechanism with addition of a series of major methane oxidation pathways. The results show that Zheng and Yao's n-heptane mechanism which had been previously validated in their work, can model the diesel and dual-fuel combustion, where fuel-rich zones are present. The predictive model of this study is validated using available published experimental data. Results show that pressure and ignition delay predictions are in good agreement with experiments. Based on constant total mixture input energy in dual-fuel combustion, increasing pilot fuel amount leads to shorter ignition delay and peak pressure increment. It is found that concentrations of NOx and CO emissions tend to increase at higher pilot fuel injection quantities. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"106","issue":"","pages":"98–105","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.055","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.055","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361","tags":[{"tag":"Chemical kinetics"},{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"Dual-fuel"},{"tag":"KIVA"},{"tag":"Pilot fuel"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: WAFKYL94
data:
  {"key":"WAFKYL94","version":484,"data":{"key":"WAFKYL94","version":484,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"ScienceDirect Influence of CO 2 , CH 4 , and initial temperature on H 2 / CO laminar flame speed","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Denis","lastName":"Lapalme"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Patrice","lastName":"Seers"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Notre-dame","lastName":"Ouest"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"39","issue":"7","pages":"3477–3486","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.109","ISSN":"0360-3199","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.109","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: DC6SUA2Z
data:
  {"key":"DC6SUA2Z","version":483,"data":{"key":"DC6SUA2Z","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Upward flame spread over fire resistant fabric under external heating","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Maria","lastName":"Thomsen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xinyan","lastName":"Huang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Carlos","lastName":"Fernandez-Pello"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"David L.","lastName":"Urban"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gary A.","lastName":"Ruff"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"47th International Conference on Environmental Systems","volume":"","issue":"July","pages":"1–10","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"external heating"},{"tag":"fire resistant"},{"tag":"flame spread"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: HZRS364P
data:
  {"key":"HZRS364P","version":483,"data":{"key":"HZRS364P","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spray inner structure of evaporating multi-component fuel","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kwang J.","lastName":"Myong"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hirotaka","lastName":"Suzuki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jiro","lastName":"Senda"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hajime","lastName":"Fujimoto"}],"abstractNote":"This study was conducted to assess the effect of the composition of mixed fuels on the spray inner structure in an evaporating transient spray under various ambient conditions. The spray structure and spatial distribution of the liquid phase of the multi-component fuels (three-component mixed fuels) were investigated using thin laser sheet illumination with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser as the light source. The experiments were conducted in a constant-volume vessel with optical access. Fuel was injected into the vessel with an electronically controlled common rail injector. In low-volatility multi-component fuel, droplet clusters occur at almost regular intervals resulting from fuel properties such as high liquid density and viscosity of a fuel with a high boiling point. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"87","issue":"2","pages":"202–210","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2007.04.017","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361","tags":[{"tag":"Liquid phase"},{"tag":"Multi-component fuel"},{"tag":"Spray inner structure"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: 5U5D4BHA
data:
  {"key":"5U5D4BHA","version":483,"data":{"key":"5U5D4BHA","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A Thermal Time-Constant Experiment *","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kyle","lastName":"Ressler"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kyle","lastName":"Brucker"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark","lastName":"Nagurka"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Engineering Education","volume":"19","issue":"4","pages":"","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: 95UCB9TD
data:
  {"key":"95UCB9TD","version":483,"data":{"key":"95UCB9TD","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Experimental study on the spray characteristics discharging from elliptical diesel nozzle at typical diesel engine conditions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shenghao","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bifeng","lastName":"Yin"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Weixin","lastName":"Deng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hekun","lastName":"Jia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ze","lastName":"Ye"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bin","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Huaping","lastName":"Xu"}],"abstractNote":"The elliptical orifice diesel nozzle has potential beneficial for improving spray and air-fuel mixing quality, which has great impact on combustion and emission performances for diesel engine. This paper presents experimental studies on the macro spray characteristics and the mechanism of axis-switching for elliptical and circular orifice diesel nozzles with same cross section area, with biodiesel fuel by using shadowgraph technique, under various injection pressures (50 MPa, 70 MPa, 90 MPa) and backpressures (1MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa). Two CCD cameras were adopted to acquire the macro spray images at the minor and major view planes simultaneously. Macroscopic spray characteristics from different view planes of spray were processed by MATLAB. The results indicated that the spray width of the elliptical spray was greater than that of the circular spray in all the view planes. Elliptical orifice spray exhibited axis-switching phenomenon during the injection process even at high injection pressure and backpressure. The increasing of backpressure enhances the aerodynamic effects, resulting in suppressing axis-switching of elliptical spray. However, increasing the injection pressure is beneficial for improving the axis-switching frequency, because the higher spray inertia resulting from higher injection pressure can cause greater spray surface-instabilities, which are conductive to enhance the axis-switching. Moreover, the spray width at the downstream increases as the backpressure increases, and for all geometrical orifices exhibited greater spray width under the higher injection pressure. In addition, the spray tip penetration of circular orifice was longer than that of elliptical orifice during the whole injection process. This is due to the larger spray surface of elliptical spray resulting in larger aerodynamic drag. Furthermore, the spray cone angle of the circular orifice is consistently smaller than that of elliptical orifice under typical diesel engine conditions. Because the axis-switching phenomenon of elliptical spray is helpful to improve the air entrainment ratio and thus resulting in larger spray cone angle. Finally, the present experiment results indicate that elliptical sprays are conductive to increase air entrainment ratio and air–fuel mixing quality as compared to circular sprays, due to the axis-switching phenomenon, larger spray cone angle and width.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"221","issue":"January","pages":"28–34","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.090","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Axis-switching"},{"tag":"Diesel nozzle"},{"tag":"Elliptical orifice"},{"tag":"Spray characteristic"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: WPRVJLPM
data:
  {"key":"WPRVJLPM","version":483,"data":{"key":"WPRVJLPM","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A comprehensive detailed kinetic mechanism for the simulation of transportation fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Mehl"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kuiwen","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Scott","lastName":"Wagnon"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Goutham","lastName":"Kukkadapu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Charles K","lastName":"Westbrook"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William J","lastName":"Pitz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yinjia","lastName":"Zhang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Henry","lastName":"Curran"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mariam Al","lastName":"Rachidi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nour","lastName":"Atef"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mani S","lastName":"Sarathy"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th U.S. National Combustion Meeting","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"detailed kinetics"},{"tag":"fuel surrogates"},{"tag":"transportation fuels"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: 7P6PQR5E
data:
  {"key":"7P6PQR5E","version":483,"data":{"key":"7P6PQR5E","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Lower Temperature Limits for Cold Starting of Diesel Engine with a Common Rail Fuel Injection System. SAE International","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Walter Bryzik","lastName":"Zhong, S.G., A. Naeim. Henein"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","volume":"","issue":"2007-01-0934","pages":"","date":"2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2007-01-0934","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: B9WSFEYZ
data:
  {"key":"B9WSFEYZ","version":483,"data":{"key":"B9WSFEYZ","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Investigation of Low Temperature Combustion in An Optical Engine Fueled with Low Cetane Sasol IPK Fuel Using OH-PLIF and HCHO Chemiluminescence Imaging","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kan","lastName":"Zha"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xin","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marcis","lastName":"Jansons"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE 2013 World Congress","volume":"","issue":"October","pages":"","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-0898","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: 3U86IYYT
data:
  {"key":"3U86IYYT","version":483,"data":{"key":"3U86IYYT","version":483,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Spark ignition engine combustion modeling using a level set method with detailed chemistry","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Long","lastName":"Liang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rd","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"2006","issue":"724","pages":"","date":"2006","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://papers.sae.org/2006-01-0243/","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:37Z"}}


key: CCBNVVRD
data:
  {"key":"CCBNVVRD","version":482,"data":{"key":"CCBNVVRD","version":482,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Numerical Investigation of Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with End Gas Ignition","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"A.","lastName":"Talekar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M-C.","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"E.","lastName":"Tomita"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N.","lastName":"Kawahara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"B.","lastName":"Yang"}],"abstractNote":"© 2018 SAE International. All Rights Reserved. The present study helps to understand the local combustion characteristics of PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region (PREMIER) combustion mode while using increasing amount of natural gas as a diesel substitute in conventional CI engine. In order to reduce NO x emission and diesel fuel consumption micro-pilot diesel injection in premixed natural gas-air mixture is a promising technique. New strategy has been employed to simulate dual fuel combustion which uses well established combustion models. Main focus of the simulation is at detection of an end gas ignition, and creating an unified modeling approach for dual fuel combustion. In this study G-equation flame propagation model is used with detailed chemistry in order to detect end-gas ignition in overall low temperature combustion. This combustion simulation model is validated using comparison with experimental data for dual fuel engine.","date":"2018","proceedingsTitle":"SAE Technical Papers","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"","volume":"2018-April","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2018-01-0199","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISSN: 01487191","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: W65ZMEG4
data:
  {"key":"W65ZMEG4","version":482,"data":{"key":"W65ZMEG4","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Impact of Supplemental Natural Gas on Engine Efficiency, Performance, and Emissions","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Claire","lastName":"Maxey"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Vickey","lastName":"Kalaskar"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dongil","lastName":"Kang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andre","lastName":"Boehman"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE International","volume":"2013-01-08","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-0847","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: 86N63IAG
data:
  {"key":"86N63IAG","version":482,"data":{"key":"86N63IAG","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The comparative and combined effects of hydrogen addition on the laminar burning velocities of methane and its blends with ethane and propane","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Elna J K","lastName":"Nilsson"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Astrid Van","lastName":"Sprang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jenny","lastName":"Larfeldt"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alexander A","lastName":"Konnov"}],"abstractNote":"Laminar burning velocities of hydrocarbon blends of relevance to natural gas combustion, with addition of 0, 10, 35 and 50% hydrogen, were measured using the heat flux method. Hydrocarbon blends were methane (80%)/ethane (20%), methane (80%)/propane (20%) and methane (80%)/ethane (10%)/propane (10%), and in addition experiments were performed using pure methane as a fuel. For the first time it was shown experimentally that hydrogen promotes laminar burning velocity of blends with heavier hydrocarbons to a smaller extent than the well-studied effect on methane. Measurements show that enrichment by hydrogen results in 20–40% lower increase in laminar burning velocity for hydrocarbon blends compared to pure methane, depending on stoichiometry. Modeling points at the importance of increasing concentrations of OH, O and H radicals in H2 enriched flames. At lean conditions increase in H atom concentration is of particular importance. The results are rationalized based on asymptotic flame theory analysis.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"189","issue":"","pages":"369–376","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.103","ISSN":"0016-2361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.103","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"laminar burning velocity"},{"tag":"laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"methane: ethane"},{"tag":"propane"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: QTWYMVZF
data:
  {"key":"QTWYMVZF","version":482,"data":{"key":"QTWYMVZF","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Combustion in Gas Fueled Compression: Ignition Engines of the Dual Fuel Type","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"G. a.","lastName":"Karim"}],"abstractNote":"In the dual fuel engine much of the energy release comes from the combustion of the gaseous fuel while only a small amount of diesel liquid fuel provides ignition through timed cylinder injection. Such operation with optimum conversion methods has the potential to provide operational characteristics that are comparable or superior to those of the corresponding diesel or spark ignition engines. These characteristics may be realized only if sufficiently effective measures can be ensured both for the avoidance of knock, usually at high loads, and incomplete gaseous fuel utilization at relatively light loads. An objective of this contribution is to demonstrate that the main effort needed to overcome the problems associated with the operation of gas fueled dual fuel engines is via a better control of the relatively complex processes of combustion. Both experimental and analytical modeling procedures for effecting optimum improvement to the combustion process are described.","publicationTitle":"Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power","volume":"125","issue":"3","pages":"827","date":"2003","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1115/1.1581894","ISSN":"07424795","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: CGH7SBNL
data:
  {"key":"CGH7SBNL","version":482,"data":{"key":"CGH7SBNL","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Computationally efficient implementation of combustion chemistry using in situ adaptive tabulation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S B","lastName":"Pope"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"1","issue":"1","pages":"41–63","date":"1997-01","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1080/713665229","ISSN":"1364-7830","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713665229","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Taylor & Francis","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: VGZ85S6M
data:
  {"key":"VGZ85S6M","version":482,"data":{"key":"VGZ85S6M","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Drop impact onto a dry surface: Role of the dynamic contact angle","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"I. V.","lastName":"Roisman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"L.","lastName":"Opfer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C.","lastName":"Tropea"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"M.","lastName":"Raessi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J.","lastName":"Mostaghimi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"S.","lastName":"Chandra"}],"abstractNote":"We have developed a new algorithm for modeling the dynamic contact angle, in which the dynamic contact angle is a function of the instantaneous velocity of the contact line. It is emphasized that in general this velocity cannot be approximated by the velocity of any material point, even when the point is very close to the contact line. The algorithm was implemented into a two-phase flow model. The model, which is two-dimensional axisymmetric, uses the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. The model was used to simulate the spreading of drops impacting a dry solid surface at low Weber numbers. The spread factor, the height of the drop and the dynamic contact angle obtained by the numerical simulations were compared with the experimental data. The numerical results agree well with the experimental data. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"322","issue":"1-3","pages":"183–191","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.03.005","ISSN":"09277757","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0927-7757\nPMID: 43949132093","tags":[{"tag":"Drop impact"},{"tag":"Dynamic contact angle"},{"tag":"Vof method"},{"tag":"Wettability"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: ZX42URTH
data:
  {"key":"ZX42URTH","version":482,"data":{"key":"ZX42URTH","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition Delay Measurements for Alternative Jet Fuels at Mid to Low Temperatures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Giacomo","lastName":"Flora"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Moshan S P","lastName":"Kahandawala"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matthew","lastName":"Dewitt"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"alternative jet fuels"},{"tag":"ignition delay times"},{"tag":"shock tube"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: V9YGDFWQ
data:
  {"key":"V9YGDFWQ","version":482,"data":{"key":"V9YGDFWQ","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Assembly and encapsulation of aluminum NP's within AP/NC matrix and their reactive properties","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Haiyang","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rohit J.","lastName":"Jacob"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jeffery B.","lastName":"DeLisio"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael R.","lastName":"Zachariah"}],"abstractNote":"Aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) are commonly employed as fuel supplement to increase the energy density of propellants. However, due to the highly agglomerated state of the NPs and significant pre-combustion sintering, ignition and combustion are not as facile as they could be. In this work, we employed a spray approach to generate near monodisperse microparticles of Al NP's encapsulated within ammonium perchlorate (AP) and a binder (nitrocellulose (NC)) The results show that Al/AP/NC composites have an ignition temperature (∼700 K), which is significantly lower than Al melting point (∼933 K). The reactivity of Al/AP/NC composites was also tested in a confined cell where we find that although the peak pressure for Al/AP/NC is comparable to that of physically mixed Al/CuO nanothermite, the impulse generated is more than two times higher. The measured flame temperature of Al/AP/NC composites were as high as 2800 K, which is ∼500 K higher than Al/AP composites without NC. Furthermore, the potential mechanism for the early ignition of these composites were investigated. It is proposed that gaseous acid released from AP could play an important role in weakening the protective oxide shell on Al nanoparticles which could subsequently lead to the reaction of Al in the high-pressure oxygenated environment at lower temperature.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"180","issue":"","pages":"175–183","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.02.036","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"aluminum"},{"tag":"ammonium perchlorate"},{"tag":"encapsulation"},{"tag":"ignition temperature"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: M2BPQ4TD
data:
  {"key":"M2BPQ4TD","version":482,"data":{"key":"M2BPQ4TD","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Characterization and Potential of Premixed Micro Pilot Combustion in a Dual - Fuel Natural Gas / Diesel Engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ian","lastName":"May"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2016-01-0790.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:36Z"}}


key: 5WNR2D6I
data:
  {"key":"5WNR2D6I","version":482,"data":{"key":"5WNR2D6I","version":482,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Parametric investigation of natural gas port injection and diesel pilot injection on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged common rail dual-fuel engine at low load","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xing","lastName":"Wei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chengxun","lastName":"Xi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yifu","lastName":"Liu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ke","lastName":"Zeng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"}],"abstractNote":"abstract Natural gas combustion with pilot ignition has been considered to be one of the most promising ways to utilize natural gas in existing diesel engine without serious engine modification and it has been widely researched all over the world. In this study, three experiments of different loads (BMEP 0.240 MPa, 0.480 MPa and 0.767 MPa) were performed on a 2.8 L four-cylinder, natural gas manifold injection dual-fuel engine to investigate the effects of natural gas injection timing on engine combustion perfor- mance and emissions. The pilot injection parameters (pilot injection timing and pressure) and natural gas injection pressure remain constant at a speed of 1600 rpm in the experiment. The cylinder pressure, HRR, CoVimep, flame development duration, CA50 and brake thermal efficiency were analyzed. The results indicated that under low and part engine loads, the flame development duration and CA50 can be reduced by properly retarding natural gas injection timing, while the CoVimep increased with retarded natural gas injection timing. As a result, the brake thermal efficiency is increased and the combustion sta- bility slightly deteriorates. Meanwhile, under low and part engine loads, PM emissions in the dual-fuel engine is much lower than that in conventional diesel engines, furthermore, at high load, the PM emis- sions are near zero. CO and HC emissions are reduced with retarded natural gas injection timing under low and part loads, however, NOx emissions are slightly increased. Under high load, the flame develop- ment duration and CA50 are obviously prolonged with retarded natural gas injection timing companied with a deterioration of brake thermal efficiency. CO and HC emissions are not significantly varied with retarded natural gas injection timing under high load, except that NOx emissions decreased slightly.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"87","issue":"","pages":"297–304","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","ISSN":"0196-8904","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.030","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: D9S8235W
data:
  {"key":"D9S8235W","version":481,"data":{"key":"D9S8235W","version":481,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The Level Set Approach for Turbulent Premixed Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Norbert","lastName":"Peters"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: FHBGE6GT
data:
  {"key":"FHBGE6GT","version":481,"data":{"key":"FHBGE6GT","version":481,"itemType":"document","title":"Pseudotumor cerebri","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D","lastName":"Friedman"}],"abstractNote":"","publisher":"","date":"2004","language":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0733861903000963","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1359-7345\nISSN: 07338619\nIssue: 1\nPages: 99–131\nPublication Title: Neurologic Clinics\nVolume: 22\n_eprint: 1707.04192\nDOI: 10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00096-3\nPMID: 24239943","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: 68AYE83W
data:
  {"key":"68AYE83W","version":481,"data":{"key":"68AYE83W","version":481,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"ScienceDirect Kinetic analysis of H 2 addition effect on the laminar flame parameters of the C1 e C4 n-alkane-air mixtures : From one step overall assumption to detailed reaction mechanism","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yu","lastName":"Cheng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chenglong","lastName":"Tang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zuohua","lastName":"Huang"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"40","issue":"1","pages":"703–718","date":"2014","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.010","ISSN":"0360-3199","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.010","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: QBHLUHUU
data:
  {"key":"QBHLUHUU","version":481,"data":{"key":"QBHLUHUU","version":481,"itemType":"conferencePaper","title":"Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Defroster Flow Field","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","name":"Bashar S. AbdulNour"}],"abstractNote":"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used in this investigation to determine the velocity field in the vicinity of vehicle windshield due to defroster flow. The analysis was performed using the CFD package STAR-CD. CFD results were obtained and compared to test data. Hotwire anemometry was used to experimentally determine the velocity field in the vicinity of the defroster nozzle jet flow and windshield interior surface. The experimental results were used to verify the integrity of the CFD models and validate our use of CFD modeling. The ability of the CFD models to quantify the flow field can be inferred from the present results. Based on the degree of correlation of the velocity profiles between the CFD simulations and the experimental work, it can be concluded that CFD simulation is a valid technique to investigate the air flow characteristics of vehicle defroster and windshield flow field.","date":"1998","proceedingsTitle":"","conferenceName":"","place":"","publisher":"SAE International Congress","volume":"","pages":"","series":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISBN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: AEQJDPKM
data:
  {"key":"AEQJDPKM","version":481,"data":{"key":"AEQJDPKM","version":481,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Phenomenology of methane flame propagation into compositionally stratified , gradually richer mixtures","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Taekyu","lastName":"Kang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dimitrios C","lastName":"Kyritsis"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"32","issue":"1","pages":"979–985","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.007","ISSN":"1540-7489","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.007","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute","tags":[{"tag":"flame propagation"},{"tag":"flame stability"},{"tag":"laminar flame speed"},{"tag":"stratified combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: L5WH6VIB
data:
  {"key":"L5WH6VIB","version":481,"data":{"key":"L5WH6VIB","version":481,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Macroscopic spray characteristics of kerosene and diesel based on two different piezoelectric and solenoid injectors","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenbin","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenming","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kunlin","lastName":"Tay"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Balaji","lastName":"Mohan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Feiyang","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yunpeng","lastName":"Zhang"}],"abstractNote":"In this study, the behaviours like injection momentum and spray characteristics for piezoelectric and solenoid injectors were compared. With piezoelectric injector, the macroscopic spray characteristics of kerosene and diesel were investigated. The characteristic like spray penetration, spray velocity, spray angle and air entrainment were used to understand the fuel spray behaviours. The result shows that the piezoelectric injector has the advantage of faster injection response and needle opening than the conventional solenoid injector, which will enable precise and rapid injection control and must be beneficial to air-fuel mixing before ignition in a real engine. Due to the lower value of viscosity in kerosene, the injection durations for kerosene are longer than diesel. Also longer injection intervals will be needed for kerosene to realize multiple injections. Kerosene has shorter spray penetration and lower spray velocity compared with diesel, while the spray angle of kerosene is larger than diesel. Entrained air mass is a typical trade-off result of comprehensive influence of spray penetration, spray angle and charge density. Kerosene sprays get more entrained air than diesel, which means the usage of kerosene has advantage in fuel-air mixing.","publicationTitle":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"76","issue":"","pages":"12–23","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.008","ISSN":"08941777","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.008","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0894-1777\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Constant volume spray chamber"},{"tag":"Diesel"},{"tag":"Kerosene"},{"tag":"Piezoelectric injector"},{"tag":"Spray characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: 2PQT9W5W
data:
  {"key":"2PQT9W5W","version":481,"data":{"key":"2PQT9W5W","version":481,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Theoretical study of the effects of pilot fuel quantity and its injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"R. G.","lastName":"Papagiannakis"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D. T.","lastName":"Hountalas"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. D.","lastName":"Rakopoulos"}],"abstractNote":"Various solutions have been proposed for improving the combustion process of conventional diesel engines and reducing the exhaust emissions without making serious modifications on the engine, one of which is the use of natural gas as a supplement for the conventional diesel fuel, the so called dual fuel natural gas diesel engines. The most common type of these is referred to as the pilot ignited natural gas diesel engine (PINGDE). Here, the primary fuel is natural gas that controls the engine power output, while the pilot diesel fuel injected near the end of the compression stroke auto-ignites and creates ignition sources for the surrounding gaseous fuel mixture to be burned. Previous research studies have shown that the main disadvantage of this dual fuel combustion is its negative impact on engine efficiency compared to the normal diesel operation, while carbon monoxide emissions are also increased. The pilot diesel fuel quantity and injection advance influence significantly the combustion mechanism. Then, in order to examine the effect of these two parameters on the performance and emissions, a comprehensive two-zone phenomenological model is employed and applied on a high-speed, pilot ignited, natural gas diesel engine located at the authors' laboratory. According to the results, the simultaneously increase of the pilot fuel quantity accompanied with an increase of its injection timing results to an improvement of the engine efficiency (increase) and of the emitted CO emissions (decrease) while it has a negative effect (increase) of NO emissions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","publicationTitle":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"48","issue":"11","pages":"2951–2961","date":"2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.003","ISSN":"01968904","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0196-8904","tags":[{"tag":"Combustion"},{"tag":"Dual fuel diesel engine"},{"tag":"Emissions"},{"tag":"Injection timing"},{"tag":"Natural gas"},{"tag":"Pilot ignition"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: IYLT79F8
data:
  {"key":"IYLT79F8","version":481,"data":{"key":"IYLT79F8","version":481,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A shock tube laser schlieren study of cyclopentane pyrolysis","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"John B.","lastName":"Randazzo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Christopher J.","lastName":"Annesley"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kirsten","lastName":"Bell"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Robert S.","lastName":"Tranter"}],"abstractNote":"Abstract The dissociation of cyclopentane has been investigated in a diaphragmless shock tube with laser schlieren densitometry at nominal post-shock pressures, P2, of 35, 70, 150, and 300 Torr and temperatures, T2, of 1472–2074 K. These are the first experimental data reported in the high temperature fall-off regime for cyclopentane. The experimental density gradients were simulated using a chemical-kinetic model with good agreement between simulations and experiments. Rate coefficients for dissociation of cyclopentane were obtained and mechanistic details were elucidated. An {RRKM} model was developed to best fit the experimental results, and the rate coefficients calculated are: k1(35 Torr) = (7.93 ± 3.96) × 1084 T−19.815 exp(−64366/T) s−1, k1(70 Torr) = (4.79 ± 2.39) × 1077 T−17.705 exp(−62316/T) s−1, k1(150 Torr) = (2.42 ± 1.21) × 1069 T−15.295 exp(−59862/T) s−1, k1 (300 Torr) = (4.66 ± 2.33) × 1061 T−13.065 exp(−57493/T) s−1, and k1∞ = (1.69 ± 0.85) × 1016 T−0.005 exp(−42983/T). Results show that cyclopentane dissociation is similar to that of cyclohexane, and involves formation of a biradical intermediate. The high-pressure limit rates for cyclopentane dissociation are also compared with previous results in the literature and show good agreement with a study by Tsang (1978) [21].","publicationTitle":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"36","issue":"1","pages":"273–280","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.proci.2016.05.038","ISSN":"15407489","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 9781627488426","tags":[{"tag":"Cycloalkanes"},{"tag":"Cyclopentane"},{"tag":"Diaphragmless shock tube"},{"tag":"Hydrocarbon pyrolysis"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: J7LQ7PC2
data:
  {"key":"J7LQ7PC2","version":481,"data":{"key":"J7LQ7PC2","version":481,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A parametric study of burning of multicomponent droplets in a dilute spray","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Achintya","lastName":"Mukhopadhyay"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dipankar","lastName":"Sanyal"}],"abstractNote":"The model for sphericosymmetric thin-flame combustion of a multicomponent fuel droplet in a dilute spray using a unit cell approach, developed in the companion paper, has been used for studying the interaction effect between droplets. The effects of droplet spacing, ambient oxidizer concentration, ambient temperature and pressure have been considered. Droplet life increases with decrease in droplet spacing, ambient temperature and ambient oxidizer concentration. However, droplet life has a weak dependence on ambient pressure. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","publicationTitle":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"25","issue":"14","pages":"1295–1314","date":"2001","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1002/er.756","ISSN":"0363907X","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0363-907X$\\backslash$n1099-114X","tags":[{"tag":"Dilute spray"},{"tag":"Droplet interaction"},{"tag":"Multicomponent droplet combustion"},{"tag":"Unit-cell model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:35Z"}}


key: C6L6SV39
data:
  {"key":"C6L6SV39","version":480,"data":{"key":"C6L6SV39","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A canonical form of the complex reaction mechanism","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Artur","lastName":"Ratkiewicz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Thanh N","lastName":"Truong"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Energy","volume":"43","issue":"1","pages":"64–72","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.029","ISSN":"0360-5442","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.029","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: E639DDAF
data:
  {"key":"E639DDAF","version":480,"data":{"key":"E639DDAF","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"The influence of flash boiling conditions on spray characteristics with closely coupled split injection strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Changzhao","lastName":"Jiang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tawfik","lastName":"Badawy"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bo","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yizhou","lastName":"Jiang"}],"abstractNote":"The isooctane spray characteristics under various flash boiling conditions were studied with high speed imaging technique and Phase Doppler particle Analyser (PDPA) technique. The potential of closely coupled split injection strategy to alleviate fuel impingement and the corresponding spray characteristics were also investigated. It was found that flash boiling led to obvious collapse of spray and improved atomization. The increasing strength of flash boiling (excluding the transitional stage) resulted in increasing penetration and potential impingement. Stronger flash boiling caused smaller droplets and higher possibility for the droplets to further breakup. Closely coupled split injection strategy effectively reduced the overall spray penetration and the potential impingement. The flash boiling considerably weakened the collision between split injections and the interaction in liquid phase but strengthened the interaction in gas phase. The dwell interval exerted marginal effects on the penetration rate for each split injection event under flash boiling conditions due to the weakened interaction in liquid phase. By contrast, under non-flash boiling condition, the second split injection observably affected by the variation of dwell interval. Besides, split injection strategy resulted in larger droplet sizes than single injection strategy and the increasing flash boiling strength decreased the size difference between injection strategies.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"187","issue":"","pages":"523–533","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.089","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.089","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0306-2619\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Droplet"},{"tag":"Flash boiling"},{"tag":"Split injection"},{"tag":"Spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: T46JX4FJ
data:
  {"key":"T46JX4FJ","version":480,"data":{"key":"T46JX4FJ","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Modelling of diesel spray flames under engine-like conditions using an accelerated Eulerian Stochastic Field method","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kar Mun","lastName":"Pang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mehdi","lastName":"Jangi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xue Song","lastName":"Bai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jesper","lastName":"Schramm"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jens Honore","lastName":"Walther"}],"abstractNote":"This paper aims to simulate diesel spray flames across a wide range of engine-like conditions using the Eulerian Stochastic Field probability density function (ESF-PDF) model. The ESF model is coupled with the Chemistry Coordinate Mapping approach to expedite the calculation. A convergence study is carried out for a number of stochastic fields at five different conditions, covering both conventional diesel combustion and low-temperature combustion regimes. Ignition delay time, flame lift-off length as well as distributions of temperature and various combustion products are used to evaluate the performance of the model. The peak values of these properties generated using thirty-two stochastic fields are found to converge, with a maximum relative difference of 27% as compared to those from a greater number of stochastic fields. The ESF-PDF model with thirty-two stochastic fields performs reasonably well in reproducing the experimental flame development, ignition delay times and lift-off lengths. The ESF-PDF model also predicts a broader hydroxyl radical distribution which resembles the experimental observation, indicating that the turbulence–chemistry interaction is captured by the ESF-PDF model. The validated model is subsequently used to investigate the flame structures under different conditions. Analyses based on flame index and formaldehyde distribution suggest that a triple flame, which consists of a rich premixed flame, a diffusion flame and a lean premixed flame, is established in the earlier stage of the combustion. As the combustion progresses, the lean premixed flame weakens and diminishes with time. Eventually, only a double-flame structure, made up of the diffusion flame and the rich premixed flame, is observed. The analyses for various ambient temperatures show that the triple-flame structure remains for a longer period of time in cases with lower ambient temperatures. The present study shows that the ESF-PDF method is a valuable alternative to Lagrangian particle PDF methods.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"193","issue":"","pages":"363–383","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.030","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.030","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Diesel engine"},{"tag":"Eulerian Stochastic Field"},{"tag":"Probability density function"},{"tag":"Spray flame"},{"tag":"Turbulent combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: PNGLX7YK
data:
  {"key":"PNGLX7YK","version":480,"data":{"key":"PNGLX7YK","version":480,"itemType":"book","title":"Contact angle measurement and contact angle interpretation","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"D.Y.","lastName":"Kwok"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"a W.","lastName":"Neumann"}],"abstractNote":"Recent progress in the correlation of contact angles with solid surface tensions are summarized. The measurements of meaningful contact angles in terms of surface energetics are also discussed. It is shown that the controversy with respect to measurement and interpretation of contact angles are due to the fact that some (or all) of the assumptions made in all energetic approaches are violated when contact angles are measured and processed. For a large number of polar and non-polar liquids on different solid surfaces, the liquid–vapor surface tension times cosine of the contact angle, γlvcos$þeta$, is shown to depend only on the liquid–vapor surface tension γlv, and the solid–vapor surface tension γsv when the appropriate experimental techniques and procedures are used. Equations which follow these experimental patterns and which allow the determination of solid surface tensions from contact angles are discussed. Universality of these experimental contact angle patterns is illustrated; other reasons which may cause data to deviate from the patterns slightly are discussed. It is found that surface tension component approaches do not reflect physical reality. Assuming the fact that solid surface tension is constant for one and the same solid surface, experimental contact angle patterns are employed to deduce a functional relationship to be used in conjunction with Young's equation for determining solid surface tensions. The explicit form of such a relation is obtained by modifying Berthelot's rule together with experimental data; essentially constant solid surface tension values are obtained, independent of liquid surface tension and molecular structure. A new combining rule is also derived based on an expression similar to one used in molecular theory; such a combining rule should allow a better understanding of the molecular interactions between unlike solid–liquid pairs from like pairs. Existing static contact angles for 34 different types of solid surfaces from Zisman et al. are evaluated in terms of their solid surface tensions using experimental contact angle patterns. A FORTRAN computer program has been implemented to automate these procedures. It is found that literature contact angles do not have to be discarded completely; they can be used to determine solid surface tensions, with caution. The surface tensions for the 34 solid surfaces from Zisman et al. are also reported.","series":"","seriesNumber":"3","volume":"81","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"","date":"1999","numPages":"167–249","language":"","ISBN":"1-4169-7812-7","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISSN: 00018686\nPublication Title: Advances in Colloid and Interface Science\nDOI: 10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00087-6\nPMID: 19528865","tags":[{"tag":"combining rule"},{"tag":"contact angle"},{"tag":"drop"},{"tag":"solid surface tension"},{"tag":"surface tension component"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: 7YG7LC35
data:
  {"key":"7YG7LC35","version":480,"data":{"key":"7YG7LC35","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Numerical Study of Ultra Low Solidity Airfoil Diffuser in an Automotive Turbocharger Compressor Harold Sun and Tim Schram SAE Paper No . 2009-01-1470","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Liangjun","lastName":"Hu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ce","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Eric","lastName":"Krivitzky"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Louis","lastName":"Larosiliere"}],"abstractNote":"For the application of advanced clean combustion technologies, such as diesel HCCI/LTC, a compressor with high efficiency over a broad operation range is required to supply a high amount of EGR with minimum pumping loss. A compressor with high pitch of vaneless diffuser would substantially improve the flow range of the compressor, but it is at the cost of compressor efficiency, especially at low mass flow area where most of the city driving cycles resides. In present study, an ultra-low-solidity compressor vane diffuser was numerically investigated. It is well known that the flow leaving the impeller is highly distorted, unsteady and turbulent, especially at relative low mass flow rate and near the shroud side of the compressor. A conventional vaned diffuser with high stagger angle could help to improve the performance of the compressor at low end. However, adding diffuser vane to a compressor typically restricts the flow range at high end. Due to the limitation of flow range, vaned diffuser is mostly used on turbocharger compressor for large diesels where the work conditions don't vary too much; e.g., generation sets. Due to the wide operation range requirement in a light-duty automotive diesel application, a centrifugal compressor with ultra-low-solidity airfoil diffuser was designed. Calibrated CFD simulation was carried out to predict its performance. It was also compared with the performance of the compressor with the same impeller but vaneless diffuser. The preliminary results showed that the ultra-low-solidity airfoil diffuser could improve the stage efficiency while","publicationTitle":"Engineering","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2009-01-1470","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Airfoils Calibration Compressors Computational flu"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: H85XKEFY
data:
  {"key":"H85XKEFY","version":480,"data":{"key":"H85XKEFY","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Development of an Experimental Database and Kinetic Models for Surrogate Jet Fuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tim","lastName":"Edwards"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Meredith","lastName":"Colket"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nick","lastName":"Cernansky"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fred","lastName":"Dryer"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fokion","lastName":"Egolfopoulos"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dan","lastName":"Friend"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ed","lastName":"Law"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Dave","lastName":"Lenhert"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter","lastName":"Lindstedt"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heinz","lastName":"Pitsch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Adel","lastName":"Sarofim"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kal","lastName":"Seshadri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mitch","lastName":"Smooke"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wing","lastName":"Tsang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Skip","lastName":"Williams"}],"abstractNote":"The engineering and scientific community has been searching for the identification of surrogate fuels that can reasonably represent the performance and emissions behavior of jet fuels (e.g., Jet A, JP-8) in engines . Many proposals exist in the literature, but there has been no consensus of opinion. I t has been recognized that if the surrogate (or its) components were identified and agreed upon, then the research community could focus their resources on the development of chemical kinetic models for accurate representation of this surrogate . This manuscript reviews the findings and recommendations of a working group created by AFOSR, ARO and NIST t o identify a sur r o gate fuel and/or i t s compone n ts. As a par t of this study, the chemi ca l kinetica lly limited pro cesses within a g a s turbine ar e identified . In additi on , a p a lette of c o m p ou nds is presented fr om which a surrogate fuel might be construc ted. We i n it ia lly sug g e sted a simplified surroga te compo s ed of n-decane, n-butylcyclohexane and n-butylbenzene and experiments were performed and","publicationTitle":"45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit","volume":"2007","issue":"724","pages":"1–21","date":"2007","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.2514/6.2007-770","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.stanford.edu/group/pitsch/publication/ColketJet{\\_}Fuel{\\_}Surrogate{\\_}AIAA{\\_}2007.pdf{\\%}5Cnhttp://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2007-770","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 978-1-62410-012-3","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: VGLTMPE7
data:
  {"key":"VGLTMPE7","version":480,"data":{"key":"VGLTMPE7","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"New and realistic pathways from cyclopentadiene ( CPD ) to naphthalene , phenanthrene , and other soot precursors","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alan E","lastName":"Long"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Colin A","lastName":"Grambow"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Aäron G","lastName":"Vandeputte"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Shamel S","lastName":"Merchant"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"William H","lastName":"Green"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"cyclopentadiene"},{"tag":"pah"},{"tag":"polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"},{"tag":"quantum chemistry"},{"tag":"soot"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: S2PFXP9P
data:
  {"key":"S2PFXP9P","version":480,"data":{"key":"S2PFXP9P","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Laminar Flame Learn more about Laminar Flame Combustion and Flames Fuel flexibility in gas turbine systems : impact on burner design and perfor- mance","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Desmond E Winterbone","lastName":"Freng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ali","lastName":"Turan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Advanced","lastName":"Ther-"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:34Z"}}


key: VXVFH437
data:
  {"key":"VXVFH437","version":480,"data":{"key":"VXVFH437","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Effects of split injection proportion and the second injection time on the mixture formation in a GDI engine under catalyst heating mode using stratified charge strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zhaolei","lastName":"Zheng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xuefeng","lastName":"Tian"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiaoyu","lastName":"Zhang"}],"abstractNote":"Abstract The effects of split injection proportion and start of injection for the second injection event (SOI2) are investigated with multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics in a gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine under catalyst heating mode using stratified stoichiometric charge strategy. Results show that when the injection timing is fixed, the equivalence ratio in the spark plug at ignition time decreases with the decrease in the second injection proportion. The homogeneity of the overall mixtures increases at the same time. The 25%-75% case can form an ideal ignitable mixture and exhibits good combustion performance, which results in rapid catalyst light-off and low soot emissions. NO emissions are relatively high but can be addressed by a three-way catalyst. When the split injection proportion is fixed, the cases with SOI2 of 610°CA, 620°CA, 630°CA, and 660°CA can form an ideal mixture at ignition time. The cases with SOI2 of 610°CA and 620°CA produce a more homogeneous mixture and thus exhibit better combustion performance; however, the detonation tendency is obvious. The mixture of the case with SOI2 of 630°CA is more homogeneous than that of the case with SOI2 of 660°CA. The former exhibits better combustion performance and has a lower amount of soot emission. Although the NO emissions of 630°CA SOI2 are slightly high, it contributes to rapid catalyst light-off. Therefore, 630°CA is the ideal SOI2 in the present conditions.","publicationTitle":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"84","issue":"","pages":"237–245","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.041","ISSN":"13594311","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.041","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"GDI"},{"tag":"SOI2"},{"tag":"Split injection proportion"},{"tag":"Stratified stoichiometric charge"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z"}}


key: 3X2RFXXK
data:
  {"key":"3X2RFXXK","version":480,"data":{"key":"3X2RFXXK","version":480,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An experimental and numerical study on diesel injection split of a natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at a low engine load","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amin","lastName":"Yousefi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongsheng","lastName":"Guo"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Madjid","lastName":"Birouk"}],"abstractNote":"Natural gas/diesel dual-fuel combustion is currently one of the most promising LTC strategies for the next generation of heavy-duty engines. While this concept is not new and it has been deliberated lengthily in the past two decades, several uncertainties still exist. A major shortcoming of this concept is associated with its low thermal efficiency and high level of unburned methane and CO emissions under low engine load conditions. The present paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the effect of different injection strategies (single and two pulses injection of pilot diesel fuel) on the combustion performance and emissions of a heavy duty natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at 25% engine load. The results of single diesel injection mode showed that advancing diesel injection timing from 10 to 30 °BTDC reduced unburned methane and CO emissions by 62% and 61% and increased thermal efficiency by 6%; however, NOxemissions increased by 74%. In order to achieve NOx– CH4and NOx– CO trade-off and increased thermal efficiency at low load conditions, the effect of split injection strategy was experimentally and numerically examined. The results of split injection mode revealed that split injection strategy considerably increases the in-cylinder peak pressure compared to that of single injection (10 °BTDC). The results showed also that the heat release produced by the first injection of diesel fuel considerably increased the in-cylinder charge temperature before the start of the second injection. The flame zone of the split injection mode is markedly higher than that of the single injection due to larger heat release produced during the first injection which promotes the combustion of the second one. When the first injection timing is close to the second injection timing, the MPRR of split injection mode is higher than that of single injection (10 °BTDC). However, further advancing of the first injection timing continuously decreased the MPRR. OH radical analysis showed that for advanced first injection timings (38–50 °BTDC), the overall growth rate of OH radical becomes slower and its distribution is narrower as indicated by the wider non-reactive blue zones compared with those observed at a late first injection timing in the initial stages of combustion. However, OH radicals gradually grow during last stages of combustion in the expansion stroke, indicating that a more premixed combustion takes place in these cases. For very advanced first injection timing of 55 °BTDC, the OH distribution is similar to that of the single injection mode with lower OH intensity at initial stages of combustion and they barely grow during the late expansion stroke. At this condition, the ignition of premixed mixture is mainly controlled by the second diesel fuel injection. The trade-off between NOx– CH4and NOx– CO is achieved when applying split injection. Compared to single injection (10 °BTDC), the first injection timing of 50 °BTDC decreased unburned methane and CO emissions by 60% and 63%, respectively, and increased the thermal efficiency by 8.9%. However, NOxemissions were maintained at the same level as single injection mode (10 °BTDC).","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"212","issue":"September 2017","pages":"332–346","date":"2018","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.053","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"Conventional single diesel injection timing"},{"tag":"Dual-fuel combustion"},{"tag":"Split injection mode"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z"}}


key: J5E6RJSE
data:
  {"key":"J5E6RJSE","version":479,"data":{"key":"J5E6RJSE","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Macroscopic spray characteristics of wide distillation fuel (WDF)","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenbin","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenming","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Balaji","lastName":"Mohan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kun Lin","lastName":"Tay"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Feiyang","lastName":"Zhao"}],"abstractNote":"In this study, the performance of piezoelectric and solenoid injectors were compared. With a piezoelectric injector, the spray characteristics of kerosene and G50 (gasoline/diesel blend fuel), which are kinds of WDF, were investigated and compared to diesel. The characteristics such as spray penetration, spray velocity, spray angle and air entrainment were used to understand the spray behaviour of the test fuels. The results indicate that the piezoelectric injector shows significant improvement over the conventional solenoid injector in injection response and needle opening speed, which enables precise and rapid control of injection. The trade-off effects of charge density and injection pressure on spray penetration and spray velocity are quite clear, while spray angle is almost insensitive to injection pressure. Kerosene and G50 give smaller but similar spray penetration and velocity compared to diesel. The spray angle of kerosene and G50 are larger compared to diesel. The spray volume and mass of entrained air for kerosene and G50 are higher compared to diesel, which indicates kerosene and G50 can form better fuel–air mixing, which is very important for the performance of engine when fuelled by WDF.","publicationTitle":"Applied Energy","volume":"185","issue":"","pages":"1372–1382","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.051","ISSN":"03062619","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.051","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0306-2619\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Constant volume spray chamber"},{"tag":"Gasoline/diesel blend fuel"},{"tag":"Kerosene"},{"tag":"Piezoelectric"},{"tag":"Spray characteristics"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z"}}


key: G7JKAZDQ
data:
  {"key":"G7JKAZDQ","version":479,"data":{"key":"G7JKAZDQ","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Study of Combustion Development in Methane-Diesel Dual Fuel Engines, Based on the Analysis of In-Cylinder Luminance","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Antonio Paolo","lastName":"Carlucci"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Domenico","lastName":"Laforgia"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Roberto","lastName":"Saracino"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Giuseppe","lastName":"Toto"}],"abstractNote":"The effects of several operating parameters on dual fuel combustion at light load were investigated by means of direct endoscopic observation of the process. Therefore, an intense experimental campaign was performed on a single cylinder diesel common rail research engine, converted to operate in dual fuel mode and equipped with optical accesses and variable intake configuration. Three bulk flow structures of the charge were induced inside the cylinder by activating/deactivating the two different inlet valves of the engine (i.e. swirl and tumble). Methane was injected into the inlet manifold at different pressure levels and varying the injector position. In order to obtain a stratified-like air-methane mixture, the injector was mounted very close to the inlet valve, while, to obtain a homogeneous-like one, methane was injected more upstream. By combining the different positions of the methane injector and the three possible bulk flow structures, seven different engine inlet setup were tested. Moreover, pressure and quantity of the diesel pilot injection were varied. For each acquired combustion image, the luminance plane was extracted and a luminance value, averaged over the whole frame, was calculated in order to obtain an indicator of the combustion intensity. These crank angle-based luminance curves were compared while the total integral and the peak values were calculated. From the analysis of the luminance curves it can be observed that the in-cylinder bulk flow associated with the swirl port is characterized by a more rapid development of the combustion. Especially for certain combinations of the engine operating parameters, higher peaks of luminance values can be noticed while the luminance curves fall to zero earlier with respect to the other inlet configurations. Concerning the methane injector position, some noticeable effects on the intensity and distribution of the flame during dual fuel combustion were observed. Depending on the bulk flow structure induced inside the cylinder, methane injector position can induce a certain degree of stratification of the in-cylinder charge, capable to enhance dual fuel combustion at low loads.","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1297–2010","date":"2010","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2010-01-1297","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1297","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z"}}


key: UVIBUB35
data:
  {"key":"UVIBUB35","version":479,"data":{"key":"UVIBUB35","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Three-phase CFD analytical modeling of blood flow","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jonghwun","lastName":"Jung"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Hassanein"}],"abstractNote":"The behavior of blood cells in disturbed flow regions of arteries has significant relevance for understanding atherogenesis. However, their distribution with red blood cells (RBCs) and leukocytes is not so well studied and understood. Our three-phase computational fluid dynamics approach including plasma, RBCs, and leukocytes was used to numerically simulate the local hemodynamics in such a flow regime. This model has tracked the wall shear stress (WSS), phase distributions, and flow patterns for each phase in a concentrated suspension shear flow of blood. Unlike other computational approaches, this approach does not require dispersion coefficients as an input. The non-Newtonian viscosity model was applied to a wide physiological range of hematocrits, including low shear rates. The migration and segregation of blood cells in disturbed flow regions were computed, and the results compared favorably with available experimental data. The predicted higher leukocyte concentration was correlated with relatively low WSS near the stenosis having a high WSS. This behavior was attributed to flow-dependent interactions of the leukocytes with RBCs in pulsatile flow. This three-phase hemodynamic analysis may have application to vulnerable plaque formation in arteries with in vivo complex flow conditions. ?? 2007.","publicationTitle":"Medical Engineering and Physics","volume":"30","issue":"1","pages":"91–103","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.12.004","ISSN":"13504533","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1350-4533 (Print)$\\backslash$n1350-4533 (Linking)\nPMID: 17244522","tags":[{"tag":"Hemodynamic interaction"},{"tag":"Non-Newtonian"},{"tag":"Plaque formation"},{"tag":"Shear flow"},{"tag":"Three-phase flow"},{"tag":"Wall shear stress"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z"}}


key: SVFL6RFZ
data:
  {"key":"SVFL6RFZ","version":479,"data":{"key":"SVFL6RFZ","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Automated transition state theory calculations of abstraction by OOH from novel biofuels","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nathan D","lastName":"Harms"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Belinda L","lastName":"Slakman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jason","lastName":"Cain"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Richard H","lastName":"West"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th International Conference on Chemical Kinetics","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1039/C5CP04706D.Gao","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"papers3://publication/uuid/F9614DCA-7E09-4F1E-BFF1-28DF64C5441D","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"hydrogen abstraction"},{"tag":"kinetics"},{"tag":"mechanism generation"},{"tag":"transition state"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z"}}


key: 6XBN8FPT
data:
  {"key":"6XBN8FPT","version":479,"data":{"key":"6XBN8FPT","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Assessment of turbulence-chemistry interaction models in MILD combustion regime","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Harshavardhana A.","lastName":"Uranakara"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Swetaprovo","lastName":"Chaudhuri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Himanshu L.","lastName":"Dave"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Paul G.","lastName":"Arias"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hong G.","lastName":"Im"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alessandro","lastName":"Parente"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohammad Rafi","lastName":"Malik"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Francesco","lastName":"Contino"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alberto","lastName":"Cuoci"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bassam B.","lastName":"Dally"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Philipp","lastName":"Trisjono"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Konstantin","lastName":"Kleinheinz"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Evatt R.","lastName":"Hawkes"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Heinz","lastName":"Pitsch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matthias","lastName":"Ihme"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yee Chee","lastName":"See"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ashoke","lastName":"De"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Akshay","lastName":"Dongre"},{"creatorType":"author","name":"Fethi Bouras"},{"creatorType":"author","name":"Fouad Khaldi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Desmond E Winterbone","lastName":"Freng"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ali","lastName":"Turan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Advanced","lastName":"Ther-"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Amir","lastName":"Mardani"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mohammadreza","lastName":"Farokhi"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Madjid","lastName":"Birouk"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Irvin","lastName":"Glassman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Richard A","lastName":"Yetter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fourth","lastName":"Edition"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Prithwish","lastName":"Kundu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tarek","lastName":"Echekki"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yuanjiang","lastName":"Pei"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sibendu","lastName":"Som"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"K.","lastName":"Fukumoto"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"C. J.","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"J. X.","lastName":"Wen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Debolina","lastName":"Dasgupta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenting","lastName":"Sun"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marc","lastName":"Day"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Tim","lastName":"Lieuwen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Prithwish","lastName":"Kundu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Muhsin M.","lastName":"Ameen"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Sibendu","lastName":"Som"}],"abstractNote":"Small-scale grate-firing biomass combustors generate high level of pollutants as a result of poor air/fuel mixing and short residence time of combustion. Reliable gas-phase combustion modeling can play a key role in the improvement and optimization of the design of a biomass furnace. This paper proposes a new combustion model based on the framework of the well-known eddy dissipation concept (EDC) approach. The ability of EDC to incorporate detailed chemical reactions in turbulent reacting flows has made it attractive for modeling combustion. However, its application poses a challenge especially for modeling weakly turbulent reacting flow conditions, as well as reacting flows with comparable flow and chemical time scales. The newly proposed combustion scheme can reasonably describe the interaction of chemistry and turbulent flow over a wider range of turbulence conditions. To validate the model, simulations are carried out using diffusion and partially premixed jet flames covering weakly to highly turbulent flow conditions. Moreover, the capability of the new model in predicting NOx emissions, based on fuel bound nitrogen source as well as thermal NOx, is investigated. All numerical results are compared with their counterparts' experimental measurements of temperature and species concentrations. Compared to the standard EDC, the results of the new EDC approach reveal noticeable improvement in the predictions, especially for slow-forming and kinetically dominated species such as CO and NOx.","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"176","issue":"6","pages":"5561–5581","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00130","ISSN":"15562921","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.029 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.125 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.056 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.020 http://dx.doi.or","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 1049401495878\nPublisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"Autoignition"},{"tag":"Combustion modeling"},{"tag":"DNS"},{"tag":"Direct numerical simulation"},{"tag":"Displacement flame speed"},{"tag":"ECN spray A"},{"tag":"EDC"},{"tag":"Eddy Dissipation Concept"},{"tag":"Energy cascade model"},{"tag":"Engine combustion network"},{"tag":"Flame particle tracking"},{"tag":"Flame speed"},{"tag":"Flameless combustion"},{"tag":"Flamelet history"},{"tag":"Flamelet modeling"},{"tag":"Flamelets"},{"tag":"Hydrogen"},{"tag":"LES"},{"tag":"Large-eddy simulation"},{"tag":"Lifted flames"},{"tag":"Low temperature combustion"},{"tag":"MILD combustion"},{"tag":"Methane"},{"tag":"Non-premixed combustion"},{"tag":"PDF transport modeling"},{"tag":"Premixed combustion"},{"tag":"Premixed flames"},{"tag":"Tabulation"},{"tag":"Turbulence-chemistry interaction"},{"tag":"Turbulence/chemistry interactions"},{"tag":"Turbulent combustion"},{"tag":"Turbulent non-premixed combustion"},{"tag":"Turbulent premixed flames"},{"tag":"Turbulent–che"},{"tag":"Unsteady flamelet modeling"},{"tag":"computational fluid dynamics (CFD)"},{"tag":"diffusion flame"},{"tag":"hydrogen fuel"},{"tag":"large eddy simulation (LES)"},{"tag":"non-premixed combustion"},{"tag":"probability density function (PDF)"},{"tag":"turbulence"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:33Z"}}


key: WJDADSYT
data:
  {"key":"WJDADSYT","version":479,"data":{"key":"WJDADSYT","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A microscopic formulation of condensation coefficient and interface transport phenomena","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Takaharu","lastName":"Tsuruta"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Gyoko","lastName":"Nagayama"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"30","issue":"","pages":"795–805","date":"2005","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2004.04.011","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: 2Y75UUT3
data:
  {"key":"2Y75UUT3","version":479,"data":{"key":"2Y75UUT3","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Film condensation in a horizontal rectangular duct","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Qing","lastName":"Lu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"N. V.","lastName":"Suryanarayana"}],"abstractNote":"Condensation heat transfer in a horizontal rectangular duct was experimentally and analytically investigated. To prevent the dripping of condensate on the film, the experiment was conducted inside a horizontal rectangular duct with vapor condensing only on the bottom cooled plate of the duct. R-113 and FC-72 (Fluorinert Electronic Fluid developed by the 3M Company) were used as the condensing fluids. The experimental program included measurements of film thickness, local and average heat transfer coefficients, wave length, wave speed, and a study of wave initiation. The measured film thickness was used to obtain the local heat transfer coefficient. The wave initiation was studied both with condensation and with an adiabatic air-liquid flow. The test sections used in both experiments were identical.","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"1993","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: FEJV2W7B
data:
  {"key":"FEJV2W7B","version":479,"data":{"key":"FEJV2W7B","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"ECN Spray G external spray visualization and spray collapse description through penetration and morphology analysis","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Raul","lastName":"Payri"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Francisco Javier","lastName":"Salvador"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pedro","lastName":"Martí-Aldaraví"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Vaquerizo"}],"abstractNote":"Inside a DISI engine, a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions are possible, and with the current evolution of the systems, many of the conditions are subject to be encountered at the moment of injection. Given the great differences between Diesel injectors and GDi fuel injectors, the effects of such conditions on the development of the fuel injected can cause phenomena like flash boiling and spray collapse that fundamentally change the behavior of sprays. In this work, the Spray G injector developed by Delphi for the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) group has been tested in a High Pressure High Temperature Constant Pressure Flow Rig (HPHT - CPFR) in a wide range of experimental conditions capturing the liquid and vapor phases of the spray by means of DBI and Schlieren imaging. The work presents the results obtained by spray visualization through comparisons of parametric variations with special focus on the collapse of the spray that occurs under high ambient temperature and density conditions. Spray collapse has been described by showing the direct increase that can cause in spray penetration and the great closing effect that can produce to the aperture of the spray (spray angle). Several contour comparisons using the raw images and the detected contours have been discussed in order to support and further explain the observed trends.","publicationTitle":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"112","issue":"","pages":"304–316","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.023","ISSN":"13594311","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.023","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"DBI"},{"tag":"DISI"},{"tag":"ECN"},{"tag":"GDi"},{"tag":"Gasoline direct injection"},{"tag":"Schlieren"},{"tag":"Spray G"},{"tag":"Spray angle"},{"tag":"Spray collapse"},{"tag":"Spray penetration"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: PV8969FH
data:
  {"key":"PV8969FH","version":479,"data":{"key":"PV8969FH","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Reducing the Emissions and Efficiency Penalties of Low Temperature Combustion ( LTC ) through Low Heat Rejection ( LHR )","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Timothy","lastName":"Kroeger"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Timothy","lastName":"Jacobs"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"advanced combustion"},{"tag":"low heat rejection"},{"tag":"low temperature combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: SV9E3QFF
data:
  {"key":"SV9E3QFF","version":479,"data":{"key":"SV9E3QFF","version":479,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"GDi Skew-Angled Nozzle Flow and Near-Field Spray Analysis using Optical and X-Ray Imaging and VOF-LES Computational Fluid Dynamics","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bizhan","lastName":"Befrui"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andreas","lastName":"Aye"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Peter","lastName":"Spiekermann"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Daniel L","lastName":"Varble"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Mark A","lastName":"Shost"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ming Chia","lastName":"Lai"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Jin","lastName":"Wang"}],"abstractNote":"Improvement of spray atomization and penetration characteristics$\\backslash$nof the gasoline direct-injection (GDi ) multi-hole injector is a$\\backslash$ncritical component of the GDi combustion developments, especially$\\backslash$nin the context of engine down-sizing and turbo-charging trend that$\\backslash$nis adopted in order to achieve the European target CO₂, US CAFE,$\\backslash$nand concomitant stringent emissions standards. Significant R&D$\\backslash$nefforts are directed towards optimization of the nozzle designs, in$\\backslash$norder to improve the GDi multi-hole spray characteristics.This publication reports VOF-LES analyses of GDi single-hole$\\backslash$nskew-angled nozzles, with β=30° skew (bend) angle and different$\\backslash$nnozzle geometries. The objective is to extend previous works to$\\backslash$ninclude the effect of nozzle-hole skew angle on the nozzle flow and$\\backslash$nspray primary breakup. VOF-LES simulations of a single nozzle-hole$\\backslash$nof a purpose-designed GDi multi-hole seat geometry, with three$\\backslash$nidentical nozzle-holes per 120° seat segment, are performed. The$\\backslash$nsimulations are complemented by comparison with the spray$\\backslash$nnear-field breakup structure obtained through optical shadowgraphy$\\backslash$nand phase-contrast x-ray imaging techniques.The spray shadographic and X-ray imaging data reveal the jet$\\backslash$nprimary breakup in the immediate vicinity of the nozzle,$\\backslash$nrepresentative of the","publicationTitle":"SAE Technical Paper","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2013","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2013-01-0255","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0255","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: K5KDBT4I
data:
  {"key":"K5KDBT4I","version":478,"data":{"key":"K5KDBT4I","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Bouncing to Merging Transition in Drop Impact on Liquid Film : Role of Viscosity","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Xiaoyu","lastName":"Tang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Abhishek","lastName":"Saha"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chung K","lastName":"Law"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chao","lastName":"Sun"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"10th US Combustion meeting","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"1–6","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03936","ISSN":"0743-7463","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[{"tag":"bouncing-merging transition"},{"tag":"drop-impact"},{"tag":"viscosity"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: HBVLPA8Q
data:
  {"key":"HBVLPA8Q","version":478,"data":{"key":"HBVLPA8Q","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Near-nozzle microscopic characterization of diesel spray under cold start conditions with split injection strategy","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ziman","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Yanfei","lastName":"Li"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Chongming","lastName":"Wang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Hongming","lastName":"Xu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Miroslaw L.","lastName":"Wyszynski"}],"abstractNote":"Near-nozzle microscopic characteristics of diesel spray under room temperature (25 °C) and low temperature (-2 °C) were investigated by microscopic imaging technique. The primary breakup of winter diesel (WD) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) sprays were investigated with single and split injection strategies. It was shown that increased viscosity and surface tension under low temperature lead to much poorer dispersion. Under low injection pressure with split injection strategy, the first split injection was unexpectedly severely affected by both temperature and dwell, with significant breakup characteristic differences when dwell varied. By contrast, the second split under low injection pressure tended to be affected only by temperature rather by dwell. High injection pressure considerably alleviated the breakup characteristic difference of the first split injection caused by temperature and dwell although the effects of fuel properties were still seen, leading to better fuel dispersion and more predictable spray characteristics. In addition, RME with higher viscosity and surface tension consistently presented much poorer dispersion quality compared with WD even under high injection pressure where the influence of fuel properties may be insignificant.","publicationTitle":"Fuel","volume":"181","issue":"","pages":"366–375","date":"2016","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.103","ISSN":"00162361","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.103","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0016-2361\nPublisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"Low temperature"},{"tag":"Split injection strategy"},{"tag":"Spray microscopic characterization"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: LU29QKY3
data:
  {"key":"LU29QKY3","version":478,"data":{"key":"LU29QKY3","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Ignition of turbulent non-premixed flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Epaminondas","lastName":"Mastorakos"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"35","issue":"1","pages":"57–97","date":"2009","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.pecs.2008.07.002","ISSN":"0360-1285","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2008.07.002","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","tags":[{"tag":"turbulent non-premixed"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: RHZMJ4DA
data:
  {"key":"RHZMJ4DA","version":478,"data":{"key":"RHZMJ4DA","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"A graph-based approach to developing adaptive representations of complex reaction mechanisms","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kaiyuan","lastName":"He"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Marianthi G","lastName":"Ierapetritou"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Ioannis P","lastName":"Androulakis"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"155","issue":"4","pages":"585–604","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.05.004","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.05.004","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier Inc.","tags":[{"tag":"adaptive reduction"},{"tag":"flux graph"},{"tag":"graph clustering"},{"tag":"kinetic model"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: ZZ23JGKC
data:
  {"key":"ZZ23JGKC","version":478,"data":{"key":"ZZ23JGKC","version":478,"itemType":"book","title":"Combustion","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Irvin","lastName":"Glassman"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Richard A.","lastName":"Yetter"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Nick G.","lastName":"Glumac"}],"abstractNote":"","series":"","seriesNumber":"","volume":"","numberOfVolumes":"","edition":"","place":"","publisher":"","date":"2015","numPages":"","language":"","ISBN":"978-0-12-407913-7","shortTitle":"","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012407913701001X","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publication Title: Combustion\nDOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407913-7.01001-X","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:32Z"}}


key: IRQDD6T9
data:
  {"key":"IRQDD6T9","version":478,"data":{"key":"IRQDD6T9","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Some Basic Issues of the Averaged","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Open","lastName":"Access"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Andrei N","lastName":"Lipatnikov"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"2","pages":"53–58","date":"2008","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z"}}


key: GUZDNRX7
data:
  {"key":"GUZDNRX7","version":478,"data":{"key":"GUZDNRX7","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Measured and Predicted Soot Particle Emissions from Natural Gas Engines","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Riccardo","lastName":"Amirante"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Elia","lastName":"Distaso"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Paolo","lastName":"Tamburrano"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Politecnico","lastName":"Bari"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Rolf D","lastName":"Reitz"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","date":"2017","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.4271/2015-24-2518.Copyright","ISSN":"","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z"}}


key: Z2AJNDTX
data:
  {"key":"Z2AJNDTX","version":478,"data":{"key":"Z2AJNDTX","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Accurate analysis of multicomponent fuel spray evaporation in turbulent flow","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Bastian","lastName":"Rauch"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Raffaela","lastName":"Calabria"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Fabio","lastName":"Chiariello"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Patrick Le","lastName":"Clercq"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Patrizio","lastName":"Massoli"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Rachner"}],"abstractNote":"The aim of this paper is to perform an accurate analysis of the evaporation of single component and binary mixture fuels sprays in a hot weakly turbulent pipe flow by means of experimental measurement and numerical simulation. This gives a deeper insight into the relationship between fuel composition and spray evaporation. The turbulence intensity in the test section is equal to 10%, and the integral length scale is three orders of magnitude larger than the droplet size while the turbulence microscale (Kolmogorov scales) is of same order as the droplet diameter. The spray produced by means of a calibrated droplet generator was injected in a gas flow electrically preheated. N-nonane, isopropanol, and their mixtures were used in the tests. The generalized scattering imaging technique was applied to simultaneously determine size, velocity, and spatial location of the droplets carried by the turbulent flow in the quartz tube. The spray evaporation was computed using a Lagrangian particle solver coupled to a gas-phase solver. Computations of spray mean diameter and droplet size distributions at different locations along the pipe compare very favorably with the measurement results. This combined research tool enabled further investigation concerning the influencing parameters upon the evaporation process such as the turbulence, droplet internal mixing, and liquid-phase thermophysical properties. © Springer-Verlag 2011.","publicationTitle":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"52","issue":"4","pages":"935–948","date":"2012","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s00348-011-1169-0","ISSN":"07234864","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"ISBN: 0034801111","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z"}}


key: Q2CU9V9K
data:
  {"key":"Q2CU9V9K","version":478,"data":{"key":"Q2CU9V9K","version":478,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"On the extraction of laminar flame speed and Markstein length from outwardly propagating spherical flames","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Zheng","lastName":"Chen"}],"abstractNote":"","publicationTitle":"Combustion and Flame","volume":"158","issue":"2","pages":"291–300","date":"2011","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.09.001","ISSN":"0010-2180","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.09.001","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: The Combustion Institute.","tags":[],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z"}}


key: UXU2D3UY
data:
  {"key":"UXU2D3UY","version":477,"data":{"key":"UXU2D3UY","version":477,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"An SMLD Joint PDF Model for Turbulent Non-Premixed Combustion Using the Flamelet Progress-Variable Approach","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Alessandro","lastName":"Coclite"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Giuseppe","lastName":"Pascazio"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Pietro","lastName":"De Palma"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Luigi","lastName":"Cutrone"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Matthias","lastName":"Ihme"}],"abstractNote":"This paper provides an improved flamelet/progress variable (FPV) model for the simulation of turbulent combustion, employing the statistically most likely distribution (SMLD) approach for the joint probability density function (PDF) of the mixture fraction, Ζ, and of the progress parameter, Λ. Steady-state FPV models are built presuming the functional shape of the joint PDF of Ζ and Λ in order to evaluate Favre-averages of thermodynamic quantities. The mixture fraction is widely assumed to behave as a passive scalar with a mono-modal behaviour modelled by a β-distribution. Moreover, under the hypothesis that Ζ and Λ are statistically independent, the joint PDF coincides with the product of the two marginal PDFs. In this work we discuss these two constitutive hypotheses. The proposed model evaluates the most probable joint distribution of Ζ and Λ, relaxing some crucial assumption on their statistical behaviour. This provides a more general model in the context of FPV approach and an effective tool to verify the adequateness of widely used hypotheses. The model is validated versus experimental data of well-known test cases, namely, the Sandia flames. The results are also compared with those obtained by the standard FPV approach, analysing the role of the PDF functional form on turbulent combustion simulations.","publicationTitle":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"95","issue":"1","pages":"97–119","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1007/s10494-015-9609-1","ISSN":"15731987","shortTitle":"","url":"","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"_eprint: 1504.04957","tags":[{"tag":"Methane combustion"},{"tag":"Presumed PDF"},{"tag":"Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations"},{"tag":"Turbulent non-premixed combustion"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z"}}


key: 943534K8
data:
  {"key":"943534K8","version":477,"data":{"key":"943534K8","version":477,"itemType":"journalArticle","title":"Multiple Injections Study Based on an Advanced Combustion Investigation System","creators":[{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenbin","lastName":"Yu"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Wenming","lastName":"Yang"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Balaji","lastName":"Mohan"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Kunlin","lastName":"Tay"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Feiyang","lastName":"Zhao"},{"creatorType":"author","firstName":"Siaw Kiang","lastName":"Chou"}],"abstractNote":"An advanced combustion investigation system was established in this paper. Based on this system, the multiple-injection spray development under various operating conditions was presented. The experiment result shows that the effect of ambient pressure and injection pressure on multiple injection spray are very conspicuous, especially the effect of injection fluctuation on multiple injections.","publicationTitle":"Energy Procedia","volume":"75","issue":"","pages":"900–905","date":"2015","series":"","seriesTitle":"","seriesText":"","journalAbbreviation":"","language":"","DOI":"10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.222","ISSN":"18766102","shortTitle":"","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.222","accessDate":"","archive":"","archiveLocation":"","libraryCatalog":"","callNumber":"","rights":"","extra":"Publisher: Elsevier B.V.","tags":[{"tag":"advanced combustion investigation system"},{"tag":"injection pressure"},{"tag":"multiple injections"},{"tag":"spray"}],"collections":["KPPT2T45"],"relations":{},"dateAdded":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z","dateModified":"2021-09-21T03:41:31Z"}}


